Class 10th

ENGLISH
Narration
Narration Meaning - (to say / to state )।
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech

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•Direct Speech /Direct Narration
(हू -ब-हू) किसी िो व्यक्त िरते हैं ,तो उसे Direct Narration िहा जाता है ।
Direct Narration िो Inverted Commas में बंद किया जाता है । जैसे-
•She said to me,”I am going to Jaipur”.
Sachin said to Lavi,”I shall go to college tomorrow”.
•Indirect Speech / Indirect Narration
अपने शब्ों में व्यक्त िरते हैं तो उसे Indirect Narration िहते हैं । जैसे -He
said that he was going to college.

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Narration में Direct Speech िे दो भाग होते हैं -
[Link] Speech
[Link] Speech .
Reporting Speech क्या है ?
Direct Speech िा वह भाग जो Inverted Commas(“….”)
िे बाहर होता है उसे Reporting Speech िहते हैं । जैसे –
Ragini said to me,”I am going to Jaipur”. इस वाक्य में
‘She said to me‘ Reporting Speech है ।
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Reported Speech क्या है ?
Direct Speech िा वह भाग जो Inverted Commas(”….’) िे अन्दर होता है , उसे
Reported Speech िहा जाता है ।
जैसे –Sachin said to Lavi,”I shall go to college tomorrow“.

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DIrect Speech िो Indirect में बदलने िे General Rules-
Rule-1 Direct Speech से Indirect Speech में पररवततन होने पर
Inverted Commas हटा कदए जाते हैं ।
Rule-2 उसिे बाद Reporting Verb िा Tense दे खें –
यकद Direct Narration में Reporting Verb, Present या Future
tense में है तो Indirect में पररवततन िरते समय Reported Speech िे
tense में कोई परिवर्तन नही किया जाता है ।
Reporting Verb िे Past, में होने िी स्थिकत में कनम्नकलस्खत प्रिार से
Tense में पररवततन किया जाता है –
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Direct Narration Indirect Narration

Present Indefinite Past Indefinite

Present Continuous Past Continuous
Present Perfect Past Perfect
Present Perfect Past Perfect
Continuous Continuous
Past Indefinite Past Perfect
Past Perfect
Past Continuous
Continuous 7

No change of
Past Perfect
Tense
Past Perfect No change of
Continuous Tense
Rules for Change in Future Sentences (Reported Speech)

Direct Narration Indirect Narration

Will/shall Would/should
Can Could
May Might

Could/should/woul
No change
d/might

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Rule-3. First Person:- Reporting verb िे subject
िे अनुसार बदलता है ।
Second Person:- Reporting verb िे object िे
अनुसार बदलता है ।
Third Person:- इसमें िोई पररवततन नही होता है ।

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Rule-4.यकद Reporting Verb say,says,will say या said रहे तो
Indirect Speech में भी say,says,will say या said ही रहे गी ,लेकिन
यकद Reporting verb िे साि ‘to’ लगा हो तो पररवततन कनम्न प्रिार से
होता है –
say to—-tell
says to—tells
said to—told
Note:- tells या told िे बाद object आना आवश्यि है । जैसे- He
tells,"Ram is playing."(Incorrect)
He told,"I am going"(Incorrect)
He told that he was going.(Incorrect)
उपरोक्त वाक्य गलत हैं ,क्योंकि यहााँ Tells/told िे साि िोई object
नही है । यहााँ tells िी जगह says एवं told िी जगह said िा प्रयोग
किया जाना चाकहए िा। 11
Rule-5
Direct:-He says,”I am going to Jaipur.”
Indirect:-He says that he is going to Jaipur.
•Direct से Indirect बनाते समय सबसे पहले दे खें िी Reporting verb िा Tense क्या है । यह
Present tense है । अतः Reporting Speech िे tense में िोई पररवततन नही होगा।
•Reporting verb ,says है । अतः Indirect में भी says ही रहे गी।
•Reported Speech में ,I First Person pronoun है जो िी Subject(he) िे अनुसार
बदलिर I िा He हो जाएगा और am,verb बदलिर is हो जायेगी।

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Direct:- She says to me,”You are writing a letter to
him.”
Indirect:-She tells me that I am writing a letter to him.
•उपरोक्त वाक्य में Reporting Verb ,says to बदलिर tells
हो जायेगी।
•Reported Speech में you एवं him ,II एवं III person
pronouns हैं । II person pronoun(you)-object िे अनुसार
बदलता है । अतः object’me ‘ िे अनुसार I हो जाएगा ,III
person pronoun–him में िोई पररवततन नहीं होगा।

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Direct Narration Indirect Narration
This That
These Those
Here There
Hence Thence
Hither Thither
Now Then
Ago Before
Thus So
Today That day
Tomorrow The next day /the following day
Yesterday The previous day
Last week/month/year The previous week/month/year
The last fortnight The previous fortnight
The day before yesterday The day before previous day
 Direct Narration Indirect Narration
Present Indifinite:-
Present Indefinite Past Indefinite
Direct-He said to me,”I never eat
Present Continuous Past Continuous
sweets.” Present Perfect Past Perfect
Indirect-He told me that he never ate Present Perfect Past Perfect
Continuous Continuous
sweets.
Past Indefinite Past Perfect
Past Perfect
Past Continuous
Present Continuous:- Continuous
No change of
Direct-Ram said to Shyam,”I am Past Perfect
Tense
watching T.V.” Past Perfect No change of
Indirect-Ram told Shyam that he was Continuous Tense
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watching T.V.
Example:
•Direct: My friend said, “I am an early riser.”
Indirect: My friend said that he is an early riser.

•Direct: Father said, “Man is the only animal that cooks his food.”
Indirect: Father said that man is the only animal that cooks his food.

•Direct: The teacher said, “Honesty is the best policy.”

Indirect: The teacher said that honesty is the best policy.
•Direct: The teacher said, “The earth moves around the sun.”
Indirect: The teacher said that the earth moves around the sun.
Rule-1 Interrogative Sentence जो Auxiliary verb से शुरू होते हैं कजनिा
Answer, Yes/No में कदया जा सिता है उनिो Indirect में पररवकततत िरते समय
‘that’ िी जगह if या whether िा प्रयोग किया जाता है ।

👉Rule-2Indirect Speech में Interrogative Sentences िो Assertive

Sentences में बदला जाता है अिात त Indirect Speech में पररवकततत होने िे बाद
,वाक्य एि प्रश्न िे रूप में नही रहता है तिा वाक्य िे अंत में लगा Question
Mark(?) भी हट जाता है । वाक्य िा Tense एवं Pronoun पूवत में बताये कनयमानुसार
(General Rules )बदले जाते हैं ।

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Rule-3Reporting verb;say,says,said िी
जगह ask,asks,asked प्रयोग किया जाता है । िई बार ask िी जगह
Inquire या enquire of िा प्रयोग किया जाता है । enquire of
िा प्रयोग तब किया जाता है जब इसिे बाद Object (जैसे He
enquired of me) लगता है ।

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 Solved Examples-Direct-
She said to me,”Are you going to college?”
Indirect-She asked me whether I was going to college.
Direct-She said to Shyam,”Have you an extra copy?”
Indirect-She asked Shyam if he had an extra copy.

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👉Rule-4 यकद Interrogative Sentence िे
साि वाक्य में उसिा उत्तर भी जुडा हुआ है तो ध्यान
रखें ,Yes में Answer दे ते समय assertive में दे ना
होगा और No में answer दे ते समय Negative में
Answer दे ना होगा। जैसे:-
Direct-She said to me,”Can you solve this question?” “No” I said.
Indirect-She asked me if I could solve that question, I said, I couldn’t
(or I replied in Negative).
Direct-He said to me,”Do you know me?” I said,”Yes.”
Indirect-He asked me if I knew him,I said,I did(or I replied in
affirmative).
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 Rule-5ऐसे Interrogative Sentences जो Wh-Words से शुरू
होते हैं (कजनिा Answer Yes/No में नहीं कदया जा सिता ) ऐसे
वाक्यों िो जब Indirect में पररवकततत िरते हैं तो Conjunction;
that/if/whether नहीं लगता है बस्ि Wh-words ही
Conjunction िा िायत िरते हैं
Direct-He said to her,”What do you want?”
Indirect-He asked her what she wanted.
Direct-He said to me,”Why are you happy?”
Indirect-He asked me why I was happy.
Direct-Ram said to Hari,”Where do you live?”
Indirect-Ram asked Hari where he lived.
Direct-Ram said to Sita,”Who are you?”
Indirect-Ram asked Sita who she 24
Imperative Sentences ऐसे वाक्य होते हैं कजनमे आदे श
(Order), कनदे श (Direction,Command),प्राितना
(Request),सुझाव (Suggestion),सलाह (Advice) िा
भाव कनकहत होता है । ऐसे वाक्यों िो Imperative Sentence
िहते है । जैसे:- She said to me ,”Please bring my
book.” , She said to me,”Have a glass of milk.” etc.

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Rule-6 वाक्य में यकद Please,Kindly जैसे शब् हैं तो
Indirect Speech में नहीं रखें। वाक्य िे भावाित िे
अनुसार Request िा प्रयोग किये जाने से ये स्वतः ही
वाक्य िे भाव में आ जाते हैं ।

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िई बार Imperative Sentence िे साि एि Tag Question लगा रहता है ,Tag
Question िा प्रयोग अपनी बात िा महत्व बढाने िे कलए / ध्यान आिकषतत िर,
उत्तर पाने िी आिां क्षा िे कलए किया जाता है । इस प्रिार िे वाक्यों िो Indirect में
बदलते समय ,Tag Question िो महत्व नही कदया जाता है । Examples-

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Sentences with ‘Let’ -Let वाले वाक्यों िो Indirect में बदलने िे कनयम –
👉Rule-1
Let से शुरू होने वाले वाक्य भी एि प्रिार िे Imperative वाक्य ही होते हैं ।
Let से िई अित कनिलते है -सुझाव (suggestion),प्रस्ताव (Proposal)हे तु
Let िा प्रयोग होता है ।
इन वाक्यों िो Indirect में उपरोक्तानुसार ‘to’ लगािर िर सिते हैं ।

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Rule-4
Let से Order/Request िा भाव भी व्यक्त किया जाता है । ऐसे वाक्यों में
Reporting Verb, order या request िा प्रयोग िरते हैं । ऐसे वाक्यों में जब
अनुमकत मां गी या दी जाती है तो ‘to allow’ िा प्रयोग िरिे conjunction
िी तरह किया जाता है ।जैसे –

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Present Perfect:-
Direct-Sita said,”I have already cooked.”
Indirect-Sita said that she had already cooked.
Present Perfect Continuous:-
Direct– Sonu said to me,”I have been reading for an
hour”
Indirect-Sonu told me that he had been reading for an
hour.

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Past Indefinite;-
Direct-She said to Ram,”I went to Jaipur last week.”
Indirect-She told Ram that she had gone to Jaipur the previous week

Past Continuous:-
Direct-She said to me,”I was waiting for you.”
Indirect-She told me that she had been waiting for me.

Past Perfect:-
Direct-He said to me,”I had completed my project.”
Indirect-He told me that he had completed his project.

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Past Perfect Continuous:-
Direct-He said,”I had been playing chess for two hours”
Indirect-He said that he had been playing chess for two hours.

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Future Indefinite:-
Direct-Ram said to Meena,”I shall write a letter.”
Indirect-Ram told Meena that he would write a letter.
Future Continuous:-
Direct-Rahim said to Ram,”Sita will be waiting for you.”
Indirect-Rahim told Ram that Sita would be waiting for him.
Future Perfect:-
Direct-Sita said to Ram,”I will have completed my work.”
Indirect-Sita told Ram that she would have completed her work.
Future Perfect Continuous:-
Direct-Nisha said to me,”I shall have been reading the book.”
Indirect-Nisha told me that she wold have been reading the book.

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