ART 507 Project Management

MODULE 4
SAFETY MANAGEMENT
Causes of risk
▪ Unsafe methods

▪ Human element

▪ Unsafe equipment

▪ Job site conditions

▪ Nature of industry and management failures

▪ Workers’ negligence and ignorance

▪ Noncompliance to safety procedures
▪ Work at high elevations and critical locations
▪ Equipment operations without safety gadgets
▪ Poor site management and harsh work operations
Source: Harbhajan Singh, 2017, Construction Project Management, Abhishek Publications
SUBHASH VARMA C R, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, ARCHITECTURE, TKM
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOLLAM
 MOM - Manufacturing Operations Management
Source: Construction Safety Handbook,September 2012, Land Transport Authority, Singapore
SUBHASH VARMA C R, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, ARCHITECTURE, TKM
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOLLAM
 Risk hierarchy
1. Eliminate hazards and risks
Highest level of protection and
most effective control.
2. Reduce the risk
i) Substitution: Substitute the
risks with lesser risks
ii) Isolation: Isolate people
from the risks
3. Engineering Control
Reduce the risks through
engineering changes or
changes to systems of work.
Source: Construction Safety Handbook,September 2012, Land Transport Authority, Singapore
SUBHASH VARMA C R, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, ARCHITECTURE, TKM
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOLLAM
 4. Administrative controls
Low level of protection and
less reliable control.
Use administrative actions to
minimize exposure to hazards
and to reduce the level of
harm.
5. PPE - Personal protective
equipment
Lowest level of protection and
least reliable control.
Use PPE to protect people
from harm.
Source: Construction Safety Handbook,September 2012, Land Transport Authority, Singapore
SUBHASH VARMA C R, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, ARCHITECTURE, TKM
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOLLAM
 Risk management
Step 1 Hazard Identification
Identify hazards
Identify potential accidents or incidents
Step 2 Risk Evaluation
Evaluate the risk levels
Prioritize the hazards to be controlled
Step 3 Risk Control
Formulate control measures according to the
Hierarchy of Controls
Analyze and evaluate outstanding risks

Source: Construction Safety Handbook,September 2012, Land Transport Authority, Singapore

SUBHASH VARMA C R, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, ARCHITECTURE, TKM
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOLLAM
 Risk management policies
The 3 principles of the for management of Workplace Safety and
Health (WSH) are :

a) reducing risk at source;

b) instilling greater industry ownership of WSH outcome; and

c) preventing accidents through higher penalties for poor WSH

management.

The employer, self-employed person and principal shall take all

reasonably practicable steps to eliminate any foreseeable risk to any
person who may be affected by his undertaking in the workplace.

Source: Construction Safety Handbook,September 2012, Land Transport Authority, Singapore

SUBHASH VARMA C R, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, ARCHITECTURE, TKM
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOLLAM
 Where it is not reasonably practicable to eliminate the risk, the
employer, self-employed person or principal shall implement :

a) such reasonably practicable measures to minimize the risk; and

b) such safe work procedures to control the risk.

A ‘hazard’ means anything with the potential to cause bodily injury,

and includes any physical, chemical, biological, mechanical, electrical or
ergonomic hazard.

A ‘risk’ means the likelihood that a hazard will cause a specific bodily
injury to any person.

Source: Construction Safety Handbook,September 2012, Land Transport Authority, Singapore

SUBHASH VARMA C R, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, ARCHITECTURE, TKM
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOLLAM
 Accident Frequency (LTA General Specification)
The Contractor shall;

▪ Utilizing the risk matrix, list all activities that are essential to safety.

▪ Make sure that every task has a method statement created and
approved by the engineer prior to starting.

Source: Construction Safety Handbook,September 2012, Land Transport Authority, Singapore

SUBHASH VARMA C R, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, ARCHITECTURE, TKM
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOLLAM
 Accident Severity
(LTA General
Specification)
Note:
(*) If more than one of the
descriptions occurs, the
severity rating would be
increased to the next
higher level. Applicable to
item numbers 2 and 3 only.

1For man-days lost greater

than 7 days

2For man-days lost greater

than 4 to 7 days

3For man-days lost greater

than 1 to 3 days

Source: Construction Safety Handbook,September 2012, Land Transport Authority, Singapore

SUBHASH VARMA C R, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, ARCHITECTURE, TKM
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOLLAM
Source: Construction Safety Handbook,September 2012, Land Transport Authority, Singapore
SUBHASH VARMA C R, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, ARCHITECTURE, TKM
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOLLAM
 Behaviour Based Safety (BBS)
a) Developing safety culture

b) Training of management staff, site supervisory staff, workers and the

appointed observers periodically, conduct mock drills

c) Assigning observers to conduct observations of safe and unsafe

behaviors for monitoring and analysis

d) Organize goal setting committees introduce intervention strategies

to correct the unsafe behaviors for continual improvement

BBS is a proactive safety strategy that emphasizes encouraging people to work

safely and correcting colleagues' potentially harmful conduct. Its ultimate goal
is to mold the way of thinking of the target group, considering and promoting
constructive safety attitudes, values, and beliefs which will subsequently affect
how they behave and contribute to creating a positive safety culture.
Source: Construction Safety Handbook,September 2012, Land Transport Authority, Singapore
SUBHASH VARMA C R, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, ARCHITECTURE, TKM
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOLLAM
Role of construction manager in ensuring safety and
minimising risk
1. Management and leadership

2. Coordination and communication

3. Worker education and training

4. Program evaluation and improvement

5. Hazard identification, prevention and control

6. Risk identification, analysis, response planning and control

Source:
SUBHASH VARMA C R, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, ARCHITECTURE, TKM
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOLLAM
 Safety measures in different stages of construction

a) Confined space

b) Electrical installations

c) Excavations

d) Ladders

e) Scaffolding

f) Working at height

Source: Construction Safety Handbook,September 2012, Land Transport Authority, Singapore

SUBHASH VARMA C R, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, ARCHITECTURE, TKM
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOLLAM
 a) Confined space
Tunnels

Manholes

Culvert drains

Enclosed formwork

Partially enclosed excavations

Excavations more than 4 meters deep

Source: Construction Safety Handbook,September 2012, Land Transport Authority, Singapore

SUBHASH VARMA C R, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, ARCHITECTURE, TKM
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOLLAM
 Confined space with little natural ventilation and no easy means of
escape for personnel, where there may be danger;

a) from :

(i) excessive concentration of certain gases, such as oxygen, that

supports combustion;

(ii) the accumulation of flammable or explosive air-gas mixtures;

(iii) gases harmful to health; or

b) from a combination of such gases; or

c) from deficiency of oxygen

Source: Construction Safety Handbook,September 2012, Land Transport Authority, Singapore
SUBHASH VARMA C R, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, ARCHITECTURE, TKM
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOLLAM
 Warning signage
▪ Make a record of the description and location

▪ Inform persons who are liable to be exposed to the hazards, the

existence and hazards of the confined space

Warning signage to inform workers before entering into confined space

Source: Construction Safety Handbook,September 2012, Land Transport Authority, Singapore
SUBHASH VARMA C R, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, ARCHITECTURE, TKM
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOLLAM
 The following aspects to be ensured

▪ The confined space is adequately ventilated

▪ Oxygen level is within the range of 19.5% to 23.5% by volume

▪ Level of flammable gas/ vapor > 10% of its lower explosive limit

▪ Levels of toxic substances do not exceed the permissible levels

▪ Ingress of dangerous gases or any substances to be prevented

▪ The safety and health of persons who will be entering or working

in the confined space.

Source: Construction Safety Handbook,September 2012, Land Transport Authority, Singapore

SUBHASH VARMA C R, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, ARCHITECTURE, TKM
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOLLAM
 Monitoring and Displays

Permit-To-Work displayed
on site

Display of gas check: Gas monitoring shall be

conducted at every four-hour intervals

Real-time Gas Monitoring System

Source: Construction Safety Handbook,September 2012, Land Transport Authority, Singapore
SUBHASH VARMA C R, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, ARCHITECTURE, TKM
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOLLAM
 Emergency Escape Route and Assembly Confined space attendant maintaining regular
Area signs prominently displayed on site contact with worker inside confined space

Emergency Escape Route and Assembly Area signs prominently displayed on site

Source: Construction Safety Handbook,September 2012, Land Transport Authority, Singapore

SUBHASH VARMA C R, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, ARCHITECTURE, TKM
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOLLAM
 Ventilating confined space
Confined space
ventilation: Provision of
ventilation fan and duct

Use of
suitable
breathing
apparatus in
Confined space

Source of free air is obstructed

Source: Construction Safety Handbook,September 2012, Land Transport Authority, Singapore
SUBHASH VARMA C R, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, ARCHITECTURE, TKM
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOLLAM
 Forced ventilation:
The air supply shall be from a source free from contamination.

Confined space
ventilation
Exhaust ventilation:
Exhaust air from the ventilation system shall be exhausted to a location
outside the confined space.
Source: Construction Safety Handbook,September 2012, Land Transport Authority, Singapore
SUBHASH VARMA C R, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, ARCHITECTURE, TKM
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOLLAM
 Escape routes and emergency precautions

Two escape routes from the excavation area

Source: Construction Safety Handbook,September 2012, Land Transport Authority, Singapore

SUBHASH VARMA C R, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, ARCHITECTURE, TKM
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOLLAM
 Man-riding cage which is capable of taking a stretcher and two persons together
Source: Construction Safety Handbook,September 2012, Land Transport Authority, Singapore
SUBHASH VARMA C R, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, ARCHITECTURE, TKM
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOLLAM
 Flowchart of procedures for confined space entry
Source: Construction Safety Handbook,September 2012, Land Transport Authority, Singapore
SUBHASH VARMA C R, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, ARCHITECTURE, TKM
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOLLAM
 b) Electrical installations
All electrical wiring in a worksite shall:
a) be supported on proper insulators; and
b) not be looped over nails or brackets.

No electrical wiring or cable shall be left

Hang cables on proper insulator, not
or laid on the ground or the floor of a left on wet ground
worksite unless it is :
a) of the weather-proof type;
b) provided with adequate protection to
withstand the wear and tear; and
c) maintained in good & safe working
order.
Cables left lying on ground
Source: Construction Safety Handbook,September 2012, Land Transport Authority, Singapore
SUBHASH VARMA C R, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, ARCHITECTURE, TKM
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOLLAM
Risk and safety management in construction

Electrical wiring are not maintained in a safe working environment

Proper cable management

Cables to be installed without obstructing the passageways, walkways, ladders, stairs, etc.
Source: Construction Safety Handbook,September 2012, Land Transport Authority, Singapore
SUBHASH VARMA C R, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, ARCHITECTURE, TKM
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOLLAM
Distribution board with Residual
Current Circuit Breaker(RCCB) and
other safety devices

Ensure that:

a) effective residual current circuit breakers are installed for all

temporary electrical installations to provide earth leakage protection;

b) overcurrent protective devices with the appropriate ratings are

installed in the distribution board to provide overcurrent or short-
circuit protection.

Source: Construction Safety Handbook,September 2012, Land Transport Authority, Singapore

SUBHASH VARMA C R, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, ARCHITECTURE, TKM
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOLLAM
 Temporary electrical installations
shall be inspected at least once a
month.

All plugs, sockets outlets and

cable couplers shall be identified
by different colors:

55 V White

110 V Yellow

230 V Blue

400 V Red
Socket outlets identified by different colours

Source: Construction Safety Handbook,September 2012, Land Transport Authority, Singapore

SUBHASH VARMA C R, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, ARCHITECTURE, TKM
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOLLAM
 Warning signage displayed word ‘DANGER’ and
the operating voltage of the equipment:

a) in block letters of at least 30mm high and

5mm wide;

b) in 4 official languages;

c) in black against a yellow background; and

d) maintained in a clear and legible condition

at all times.

All plugs, socket-outlets and cable couplers

shall be contained in waterproof enclosures
unless they are of the weatherproof type.

Source: Construction Safety Handbook,September 2012, Land Transport Authority, Singapore

SUBHASH VARMA C R, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, ARCHITECTURE, TKM
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOLLAM
Risk and safety management in construction

A current photograph of the Licensed Electrical Workers (LEWs) and the

contact number(s) shall be displayed on the outside of all boxes
containing DBs for ease of reference.
Source: Construction Safety Handbook,September 2012, Land Transport Authority, Singapore
SUBHASH VARMA C R, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, ARCHITECTURE, TKM
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOLLAM
 c) Excavations

Where the depth of any excavation

exceeds 1.5 meters or where the
banks are undercut, adequate
shoring by underpinning, sheet
piling, bracing or other means of
shoring shall be provided to prevent
collapse of the excavation, or any
structure adjoining or over areas to
be excavated.

No shoring for excavation exceeding 1.5m

Source: Construction Safety Handbook,September 2012, Land Transport Authority, Singapore
SUBHASH VARMA C R, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, ARCHITECTURE, TKM
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOLLAM
 Where the depth of any
excavation in a worksite exceed 4
meters, adequate shoring by
underpinning, sheet piling,
bracing or other means of shoring
shall be made or erected in
accordance with the design of a
professional engineer to prevent
collapse of the excavation, or any
other structures adjoining or over
Shoring to be designed by a
areas to be excavated. professional engineer for depths > 4 m

Source: Construction Safety Handbook,September 2012, Land Transport Authority, Singapore

SUBHASH VARMA C R, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, ARCHITECTURE, TKM
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOLLAM
Risk and safety management in construction
The open side of any excavation in
a worksite which exceeds 2 meters
in depth shall be provided with
adequate guard-rails to prevent
persons from falling into the
Notices and guardrail provided at
excavation. excavation zone

Notices shall be put up at

appropriate and conspicuous
positions to warn persons about the
excavation in a worksite.
Proper guardrail around a shaft

Source: Construction Safety Handbook,September 2012, Land Transport Authority, Singapore

SUBHASH VARMA C R, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, ARCHITECTURE, TKM
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOLLAM
 Equipment and loose
materials placed near
edge of excavation

Excavated material or other superimposed loads shall be placed away

from the edge of the excavation in a worksite to prevent the materials
or other loads from falling into the excavation, or cause the banks to
slip or cause the upheaval of the excavation bed.
Source: Construction Safety Handbook,September 2012, Land Transport Authority, Singapore
SUBHASH VARMA C R, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, ARCHITECTURE, TKM
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOLLAM
 All measures shall be taken during any
excavation to prevent any person from:
a) falling into the excavation;
b) being trapped by the collapse of
the excavation;
c) being struck by an object, such as Working area of excavator is
an excavating machine or by any barricaded
material dislodged by the
machine; and
d) inhaling, or otherwise being
exposed to, carbon monoxide or
other impurity of the air in the
excavation.
Source: Construction Safety Handbook,September 2012, Land Transport Authority, Singapore
SUBHASH VARMA C R, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, ARCHITECTURE, TKM
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOLLAM
 It shall be the duty of the occupier of worksite where any excavation
work is carried out to ensure that:
a) safe access to and egress from the excavation in the worksite is
provided where persons are required to work in the excavation; and
b) the access and egress is sufficient in numbers and installed in such
locations so as to be readily accessible.

Provision of well maintained

walkway and access into
excavation
Source: Construction Safety Handbook,September 2012, Land Transport Authority, Singapore
SUBHASH VARMA C R, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, ARCHITECTURE, TKM
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOLLAM
 Proper walkways shall be provided
along struts and walers for access
and egress. Walkways shall also be
provided on planned emergency
escape routes.
Proper walkways provided along struts

Walkways were provided to ease evacuation in case of emergencies

Source: Construction Safety Handbook,September 2012, Land Transport Authority, Singapore

SUBHASH VARMA C R, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, ARCHITECTURE, TKM
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOLLAM
Risk and safety management in construction
Designated walkways along walers and struts shall be levelled, flushed
without tripping hazards and with rigid guardrails and toe boards
securely provided.

Toe boards and netting are added to prevent loose material from falling into excavation

Source: Construction Safety Handbook,September 2012, Land Transport Authority, Singapore

SUBHASH VARMA C R, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, ARCHITECTURE, TKM
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOLLAM
 The Contractor shall implement a RFID (Radio-Frequency Identification)
based personnel tracking system for all deep excavation works,
underground stations and tunnels on site.

RFID Tag taped inside worker’s helmet RFID gantry was erected to track access
to and egress from confined space
Source: Construction Safety Handbook,September 2012, Land Transport Authority, Singapore
SUBHASH VARMA C R, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, ARCHITECTURE, TKM
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOLLAM
 Excavators within the excavation pit shall have suitably reinforced cabin
roofs capable of withstanding impact from falling objects from the top
of the excavation and its movement coordinated by one of its operator,
who shall be appointed as a leader by the Contractor.

Excavator with reinforced roof

Source: Construction Safety Handbook,September 2012, Land Transport Authority, Singapore
SUBHASH VARMA C R, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, ARCHITECTURE, TKM
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOLLAM
 d) Ladders
Every ladder in the worksite shall be positioned and securely fixed
when used by any person carrying out any work so as to prevent
slipping, swaying or sagging.

Ladders should be
secured during use
Source: Construction Safety Handbook,September 2012, Land Transport Authority, Singapore
SUBHASH VARMA C R, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, ARCHITECTURE, TKM
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOLLAM
 No proper landing platform, ladder not secured
Secured ladders

Crooked and unsecured ladder

should be removed from site
Source: Construction Safety Handbook,September 2012, Land Transport Authority, Singapore
SUBHASH VARMA C R, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, ARCHITECTURE, TKM
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOLLAM
 No vertical access ladders exceeding three
meters in length is allowed on site.

Landing was provided but at an interval

exceeding 3 meters
Source: Construction Safety Handbook,September 2012, Land Transport Authority, Singapore
SUBHASH VARMA C R, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, ARCHITECTURE, TKM
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOLLAM
 e) Scaffolding
Every scaffold in a workplace shall be constructed, erected or installed
on structures or foundations of adequate strength.

In the case of a scaffold in a workplace exceeding 15m in height or

being erected on poorly drained soil, base plates shall bear upon sole
plates that are :
a) of strength not less than 670 kg force per square meter; and
b) of a length suitable to distribute the load.

There shall be no cavity under the sole plate immediately below any
standard of a scaffold in a workplace.

Source: Construction Safety Handbook,September 2012, Land Transport Authority, Singapore

SUBHASH VARMA C R, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, ARCHITECTURE, TKM
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOLLAM
Stacked timber pieces as
foundation is not acceptable

Scaffold erected on a proper foundation

Absence of base plate
Source: Construction Safety Handbook,September 2012, Land Transport Authority, Singapore

SUBHASH VARMA C R, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, ARCHITECTURE, TKM

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOLLAM
 Proper stairs provided for access from
No proper access provided one level of the scaffold to another level
Source: Construction Safety Handbook,September 2012, Land Transport Authority, Singapore

SUBHASH VARMA C R, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, ARCHITECTURE, TKM

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOLLAM
 Work platforms shall be provided:
a) at any place of work which does not
afford a proper and secure foothold;
and
b) in the case of a building under
construction, around the edge of the
building at every uppermost permanent
floor which is under construction.
Scaffold without proper working platform, access and edge protection.

Any board or plank which forms part of a work platform

shall project beyond its end support to a distance of not
less than 50 mm and not more than 4 times the thickness
of the board or plank unless it is effectively secured to
prevent tipping or uplift.
End of board was effectively secured
Source: Construction Safety Handbook,September 2012, Land Transport Authority, Singapore
SUBHASH VARMA C R, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, ARCHITECTURE, TKM
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOLLAM
 All board, planks or decking
used in the construction of
work platform shall:

a) be of uniform thickness;

b) be capable of supporting
a load of 670kgf per square
meter with due regard to
the spacing of the supports;
and

c) be flushed along their

Work platform not flushed along their lengths
lengths and secured. and secured

Source: Construction Safety Handbook,September 2012, Land Transport Authority, Singapore

SUBHASH VARMA C R, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, ARCHITECTURE, TKM
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOLLAM
 Sides of work platform, from which a person is liable to fall from more than 2 m
height to be provided with toe-boards and guards-rails. Overlay or screening
nets shall be used to envelope any timber or metal scaffold.

Toe-boards and guard-rails were provided along the Screening nets used to
work platform envelope scaffold

Source: Construction Safety Handbook,September 2012, Land Transport Authority, Singapore

SUBHASH VARMA C R, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, ARCHITECTURE, TKM
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOLLAM
 f) Working at height
Any person who has to work at a place from which he is liable to fall:
a) a distance of more than 2 meters; or
b) into a substance which is likely to cause drowning or asphyxiation
shall be provided with a secure foothold and handhold at a place so far
as is reasonably practicable for ensuring his safety.

Provision of secure foothold and handhold

Source: Construction Safety Handbook,September 2012, Land Transport Authority, Singapore
SUBHASH VARMA C R, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, ARCHITECTURE, TKM
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOLLAM
 Where it is not practical to provide a secure foothold or handhold,
other suitable means such as safety harness or safety belt shall be
provided for the safety of every person working at such places.

Safety harness should be provided

Source: Construction Safety Handbook,September 2012, Land Transport Authority, Singapore
SUBHASH VARMA C R, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, ARCHITECTURE, TKM
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOLLAM
 All openings in floors shall be securely
covered or fenced unless the nature of
the work renders such covering or
fencing impracticable.

Opening in floor is not covered to prevent fall

Covered openings
Source: Construction Safety Handbook,September 2012, Land Transport Authority, Singapore
SUBHASH VARMA C R, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, ARCHITECTURE, TKM
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOLLAM
 A13 mesh, fixed to the Provision of standard method of railings, toe-
top steel and cast into boards and netting. Height of railings to be at
the slab least 1.1m high
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
The protection is as follows:
a) eye protection b) fall protection c) foot protection d) hand protection
e) head protection f ) hearing protection; and g) respiratory protection.
Source: Construction Safety Handbook,September 2012, Land Transport Authority, Singapore
SUBHASH VARMA C R, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, ARCHITECTURE, TKM
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOLLAM
 Eye Protection

Safety goggles

Head Protection

Safety helmet
Source: Construction Safety Handbook,September 2012, Land Transport Authority, Singapore
SUBHASH VARMA C R, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, ARCHITECTURE, TKM
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOLLAM
 Visibility Protection

High-visibility vest

Source: Construction Safety Handbook,September 2012, Land Transport Authority, Singapore

SUBHASH VARMA C R, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, ARCHITECTURE, TKM
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOLLAM
Source: Construction Safety Handbook,September 2012, Land Transport Authority, Singapore
SUBHASH VARMA C R, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, ARCHITECTURE, TKM
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOLLAM
Source: Construction Safety Handbook,September 2012, Land Transport Authority, Singapore
SUBHASH VARMA C R, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, ARCHITECTURE, TKM
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOLLAM
Source: Construction Safety Handbook,September 2012, Land Transport Authority, Singapore
SUBHASH VARMA C R, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, ARCHITECTURE, TKM
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOLLAM
Source: Construction Safety Handbook,September 2012, Land Transport Authority, Singapore
SUBHASH VARMA C R, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, ARCHITECTURE, TKM
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOLLAM
Source: Construction Safety Handbook,September 2012, Land Transport Authority, Singapore
SUBHASH VARMA C R, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, ARCHITECTURE, TKM
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOLLAM