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Module-1
Introduction and Analysis of Plane Trusses
Structural forms
Structure refers to a system of connected parts that can support loads while performing its
primary functions.
A structural system is composed of structural members joined together by structural connections.
Each structural system may be compared of one or more of the following four basic types of
structure
1) Frame structure
2) Surface structure
3) Trusses
4) Cable or Arches
[Link] structure
Frames are commonly used in building structures.
Frames are composed of beams and columns that are connected together.
Steel frames and concrete frames are most commonly used structures in buildings.
There are two types of Frame structure
Planar frame or Plane frame: all members are in one plane.
Space frame: all members exist in more than one plane.
[Link] structure
Membrane, plates or shell type of structures with less thickness as compared to its other
dimension.
This kind of structure exists in a single plane.
Surface structure may be made of rigid material such as reinforced concrete.
[Link]
Trusses consists of slender members arranged in a triangular pattern.
All members are connected together by pins which are free to rotate.
Loads that cause entire truss to bend are converted into axial tensile and compressive force in
members.
There are two types of trusses
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Plane truss Eg: Bridges and roofs.
Space truss Eg: stadium, Transmission line tower
[Link] or Arches
Cables and Arch type of structures are used to span long distances.
The external load is usually applied vertically. As a result, the cable deforms with a sag.
Cables are commonly used to support bridges and building roofs.
Cables have an advantage over beams and trusses, especially for span greater than 150feet.
An arch has reverse curvature of cable and it achieves its strength in compression.
An arch must be rigid in order to maintain its shape.
Statically determinate structures
Structures which can be analyzed using the equation of equilibrium. Eg: Simply supported beam,
Trusses with (m+r)=2j
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Statically Indeterminate structure
Structures which cannot be analyzed completely using equations of equilibrium. Eg: Fixed beam,
Building frames, Trusses with (m+r)>2j
Continuous beam
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Sl No Determinate Structure Indeterminate Structure
1 Equilibrium conditions are fully Conditions of equilibrium are not
adequate to analyze the structure adequate to fully analyze the structure
2 Bending moment or shear force at any Bending moment or shear force at any
section is independent of the material section depends upon the material
property of the structure property
3 The bending moment or shear force at The bending moment or shear force at
any section is independent of the cross- any section depends upon the cross-
section or moment of inertia section or moment of inertia
4 Temperature variations do not cause Temperature variations cause stresses
stresses
5 No stresses are caused due to lack of fit Stresses are caused due to lack of fit
6 Extra conditions like compatibility of Extra conditions like compatibility of
displacements are not required to displacements are required to analyze the
analyze the structure structure along with the equilibrium
equations
Conditions of equilibrium
An object is said to be in equilibrium, when it neither moves nor rotates when subjected to
external loads. The condition of zero linear displacement indicates that the resultant force on the
given object is zero. R=0
For R=0, the necessary condition is that,
∑Fx = 0
∑Fy= 0
∑M= 0
Compatibility condition
The condition which are to be ensured depending on the type and number of supports are
generally defined as compatibility condition. These conditions will help to develop additional
equations required for the analysis of structures along with the basic equations of equilibrium.
The number of additional equations to be developed depends on the type of the structure given.
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Degree of Freedom
At any given joint of the structure, degree of freedom is defined as unrestricted movement of the
structure. It is denoted by DOF. This concept is useful in defining ‘degree of Kinematic
indeterminacy’. The DOF at the given joint of the structure depends on the type of the support
provided at that joint.
• Fixed support D.O.F=0
• Hinged support D.O.F=1
• Roller or Simple Support D.O.F=2
• Free End D.O.F=3
Linear and nonlinear analysis
• Linear Structure: If the material has linear stress strain relationship in a structure (only
small deflections allowed) then it is called a linear structure. The analysis done for the linear
structure is known as Linear analysis.
• Non linear structure: If the material does not have linear stress strain relationships or if the
deformation is so large that the change of geometry cannot be neglected in the analysis of the
structure then the kind of structure is known as a non linear structure. The analysis done for
the non linear structure is known as Non Linear analysis.
Two types of non linearity system:
• Material non linearity: due to stress-strain relationship of the material
• Geometric non linearity: due to considerable change in the geometry.
Degree of Static Indeterminacy
It is also known as degree of redundancy. For a given indeterminate structure, degree of static
indeterminacy is the number of additional equations required in addition to equations of
equilibrium, to find the unknowns.
DS = DSe + DSi
DS – Total degree of indeterminacy
DSe – External indeterminacy
DSi -- Internal indeterminacy
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Degree of Kinematic Indeterminacy
For the given structure, degree of kinematic indeterminacy is defined as total number of
unknown joint displacements. It is equal to sum of degree of freedom of each joint of the
structure.
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1. Define statically determinate and indeterminate structures.
2. Explain degree of freedom with example
3. Differentiate between statically determinate and indeterminate beams with an example for
each.
4. Distinguish between Static and Kinematic indeterminate structures, with examples.
5. Determine static and kinematic indeterminacy for the following structures shown in Fig.Q.1(b)
(i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
6. Determine the static and kinematic indeterminacy for the structure shown in Fig
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