Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 477

5 | MULTIPLE INTEGRATION

Figure 5.1 The City of Arts and Sciences in Valencia, Spain, has a unique structure along an axis of just two kilometers that
was formerly the bed of the River Turia. The l’Hemisfèric has an IMAX cinema with three systems of modern digital projections
onto a concave screen of 900 square meters. An oval roof over 100 meters long has been made to look like a huge human eye that
comes alive and opens up to the world as the “Eye of Wisdom.” (credit: modification of work by Javier Yaya Tur, Wikimedia
Commons)

Chapter Outline
5.1 Double Integrals over Rectangular Regions
5.2 Double Integrals over General Regions
5.3 Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates
5.4 Triple Integrals
5.5 Triple Integrals in Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates
5.6 Calculating Centers of Mass and Moments of Inertia
5.7 Change of Variables in Multiple Integrals

Introduction
In this chapter we extend the concept of a definite integral of a single variable to double and triple integrals of functions
of two and three variables, respectively. We examine applications involving integration to compute volumes, masses, and
centroids of more general regions. We will also see how the use of other coordinate systems (such as polar, cylindrical,
and spherical coordinates) makes it simpler to compute multiple integrals over some types of regions and functions. As an
example, we will use polar coordinates to find the volume of structures such as l’Hemisfèric. (See Example 5.51.)
478 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

In the preceding chapter, we discussed differential calculus with multiple independent variables. Now we examine integral
calculus in multiple dimensions. Just as a partial derivative allows us to differentiate a function with respect to one variable
while holding the other variables constant, we will see that an iterated integral allows us to integrate a function with respect
to one variable while holding the other variables constant.

5.1 | Double Integrals over Rectangular Regions

Learning Objectives
5.1.1 Recognize when a function of two variables is integrable over a rectangular region.
5.1.2 Recognize and use some of the properties of double integrals.
5.1.3 Evaluate a double integral over a rectangular region by writing it as an iterated integral.
5.1.4 Use a double integral to calculate the area of a region, volume under a surface, or average
value of a function over a plane region.

In this section we investigate double integrals and show how we can use them to find the volume of a solid over a
rectangular region in the xy -plane. Many of the properties of double integrals are similar to those we have already
discussed for single integrals.

Volumes and Double Integrals

We begin by considering the space above a rectangular region R. Consider a continuous function f (x, y) ≥ 0 of two
variables defined on the closed rectangle R:
⎧
R = [a, b] × [c, d] = ⎨⎩(x, y) ∈ ℝ 2 |a ≤ x ≤ b, c ≤ y ≤ d
⎫
⎬
⎭

Here [a, b] × [c, d] denotes the Cartesian product of the two closed intervals [a, b] and [c, d]. It consists of rectangular
pairs (x, y) such that a ≤ x ≤ b and c ≤ y ≤ d. The graph of f represents a surface above the xy -plane with equation
z = f (x, y) where z is the height of the surface at the point (x, y). Let S be the solid that lies above R and under the
graph of f (Figure 5.2). The base of the solid is the rectangle R in the xy -plane. We want to find the volume V of the
solid S.

Figure 5.2 The graph of f (x, y) over the rectangle R in the

xy -plane is a curved surface.

We divide the region R into small rectangles R i j, each with area ΔA and with sides Δx and Δy (Figure 5.3). We

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 479

do this by dividing the interval [a, b] into m subintervals and dividing the interval [c, d] into n subintervals. Hence
− a , Δy = d − c , and ΔA = ΔxΔy.
Δx = b m n

Figure 5.3 Rectangle R is divided into small rectangles R i j, each with area ΔA.

The volume of a thin rectangular box above R i j is f (x*i j , y*i j )ΔA, where (x*i j , y*i j ) is an arbitrary sample point in each
R i j as shown in the following figure.

Figure 5.4 A thin rectangular box above R i j with height

f ⎛⎝x*i j , y*i j ⎞⎠.

480 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

Using the same idea for all the subrectangles, we obtain an approximate volume of the solid S as
m n
V≈ ∑ ∑ f (x*i j , y*i j )ΔA. This sum is known as a double Riemann sum and can be used to approximate the value
i=1 j=1
of the volume of the solid. Here the double sum means that for each subrectangle we evaluate the function at the chosen
point, multiply by the area of each rectangle, and then add all the results.
As we have seen in the single-variable case, we obtain a better approximation to the actual volume if m and n become larger.
m n m n
V = m, lim
n→∞
∑ ∑ f (x*i j , y*i j )ΔA or V = lim
Δx, Δy → 0
∑ ∑ f (x*i j , y*i j )ΔA.
i=1 j=1 i=1 j=1

Note that the sum approaches a limit in either case and the limit is the volume of the solid with the base R. Now we are
ready to define the double integral.

Definition
The double integral of the function f (x, y) over the rectangular region R in the xy -plane is defined as
m n (5.1)
∬ f (x, y)dA = m, lim
n→∞
∑ ∑ f (x*i j , y*i j )ΔA.
R i=1 j=1

If f (x, y) ≥ 0, then the volume V of the solid S, which lies above R in the xy -plane and under the graph of f, is the
double integral of the function f (x, y) over the rectangle R. If the function is ever negative, then the double integral can
be considered a “signed” volume in a manner similar to the way we defined net signed area in The Definite Integral
([Link] .

Example 5.1

Setting up a Double Integral and Approximating It by Double Sums

Consider the function z = f (x, y) = 3x 2 − y over the rectangular region R = [0, 2] × [0, 2] (Figure 5.5).

a. Set up a double integral for finding the value of the signed volume of the solid S that lies above R and
“under” the graph of f .

b. Divide R into four squares with m = n = 2, and choose the sample point as the upper right corner point
of each square (1, 1), (2, 1), (1, 2), and (2, 2) (Figure 5.6) to approximate the signed volume of the
solid S that lies above R and “under” the graph of f .

c. Divide R into four squares with m = n = 2, and choose the sample point as the midpoint of each square:
(1/2, 1/2), (3/2, 1/2), (1/2, 3/2), and (3/2, 3/2) to approximate the signed volume.

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 481

Figure 5.5 The function z = f (x, y) graphed over the

rectangular region R = [0, 2] × [0, 2].

Solution
a. As we can see, the function z = f (x, y) = 3x 2 − y is above the plane. To find the signed volume of S,
we need to divide the region R into small rectangles R i j, each with area ΔA and with sides Δx and
Δy, and choose (x*i j , y*i j ) as sample points in each R i j. Hence, a double integral is set up as

∑ ⎡⎣3⎛⎝x*i j ⎞⎠ − y*i j ⎤⎦ΔA.

m n 2
V = ∬ ⎛⎝3x 2 − y⎞⎠dA = m, lim
n→∞
∑
R i=1 j=1
b. Approximating the signed volume using a Riemann sum with m = n = 2 we have
ΔA = ΔxΔy = 1 × 1 = 1. Also, the sample points are (1, 1), (2, 1), (1, 2), and (2, 2) as shown in the
following figure.

Figure 5.6 Subrectangles for the rectangular region

R = [0, 2] × [0, 2].
482 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

Hence,
2 2
V = ∑ ∑ f (x*i j , y*i j )ΔA
i=1 j=1
2
= ∑ ( f (x*i1 , y*i1 ) + f (x*i2 , y*i2 ))ΔA
i=1
= f (x*11 , y*11 )ΔA + f (x*21 , y*21 )ΔA + f (x*12 , y*12 )ΔA + f (x*22 , y*22 )ΔA
= f (1, 1)(1) + f (2, 1)(1) + f (1, 2)(1) + f (2, 2)(1)
= (3 − 1)(1) + (12 − 1)(1) + (3 − 2)(1) + (12 − 2)(1)
= 2 + 11 + 1 + 10 = 24.
c. Approximating the signed volume using a Riemann sum with m = n = 2, we have
ΔA = ΔxΔy = 1 × 1 = 1. In this case the sample points are (1/2, 1/2), (3/2, 1/2), (1/2, 3/2),
and (3/2, 3/2).
Hence
2 2
V = ∑ ∑ f (x*i j , y*i j )ΔA
i=1 j=1
= f (x*11 , y*11 )ΔA + f (x*21 , y*21 )ΔA + f (x*12 , y*12 )ΔA + f (x*22 , y*22 )ΔA
= f (1/2, 1/2)(1) + f (3/2, 1/2)(1) + f (1/2, 3/2)(1) + f (3/2, 3/2)(1)
= ⎛⎝34 − 14 ⎞⎠(1) + ⎛⎝27
4
− 12 ⎞⎠(1) + ⎛⎝34 − 32 ⎞⎠(1) + ⎛⎝27
4
− 32 ⎞⎠(1)
⎛ ⎞
= 2 + 25 + ⎝− 3 ⎠ + 21 = 45 = 11.
4 4 4 4 4

Analysis
Notice that the approximate answers differ due to the choices of the sample points. In either case, we are
introducing some error because we are using only a few sample points. Thus, we need to investigate how we can
achieve an accurate answer.

5.1 Use the same function z = f (x, y) = 3x 2 − y over the rectangular region R = [0, 2] × [0, 2].

Divide R into the same four squares with m = n = 2, and choose the sample points as the upper left corner
point of each square (0, 1), (1, 1), (0, 2), and (1, 2) (Figure 5.6) to approximate the signed volume of the
solid S that lies above R and “under” the graph of f .

Note that we developed the concept of double integral using a rectangular region R. This concept can be extended to any
general region. However, when a region is not rectangular, the subrectangles may not all fit perfectly into R, particularly if
the base area is curved. We examine this situation in more detail in the next section, where we study regions that are not
always rectangular and subrectangles may not fit perfectly in the region R. Also, the heights may not be exact if the surface
z = f (x, y) is curved. However, the errors on the sides and the height where the pieces may not fit perfectly within the
solid S approach 0 as m and n approach infinity. Also, the double integral of the function z = f (x, y) exists provided that
the function f is not too discontinuous. If the function is bounded and continuous over R except on a finite number of
smooth curves, then the double integral exists and we say that f is integrable over R.

Since ΔA = ΔxΔy = ΔyΔx, we can express dA as dx dy or dy dx. This means that, when we are using rectangular
coordinates, the double integral over a region R denoted by ∬ f (x, y)dA can be written as ∬ f (x, y)dx dy or
R R

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 483

∬ f (x, y)dy dx.

R

Now let’s list some of the properties that can be helpful to compute double integrals.

Properties of Double Integrals

The properties of double integrals are very helpful when computing them or otherwise working with them. We list here six
properties of double integrals. Properties 1 and 2 are referred to as the linearity of the integral, property 3 is the additivity of
the integral, property 4 is the monotonicity of the integral, and property 5 is used to find the bounds of the integral. Property
6 is used if f (x, y) is a product of two functions g(x) and h(y).

Theorem 5.1: Properties of Double Integrals

Assume that the functions f (x, y) and g(x, y) are integrable over the rectangular region R; S and T are subregions of
R; and assume that m and M are real numbers.
i. The sum f (x, y) + g(x, y) is integrable and

∬ ⎡⎣ f (x, y) + g(x, y)⎤⎦dA = ∬ f (x, y)dA + ∬ g(x, y)dA.

R R R
ii. If c is a constant, then c f (x, y) is integrable and

∬ c f (x, y)dA = c ∬ f (x, y)dA.

R R
iii. If R = S ∪ T and S ∩ T = ∅ except an overlap on the boundaries, then

∬ f (x, y)dA = ∬ f (x, y)dA + ∬ f (x, y)dA.

R S T
iv. If f (x, y) ≥ g(x, y) for (x, y) in R, then

∬ f (x, y)dA ≥ ∬ g(x, y)dA.

R R
v. If m ≤ f (x, y) ≤ M, then

m × A(R) ≤ ∬ f (x, y)dA ≤ M × A(R).

R
vi. In the case where f (x, y) can be factored as a product of a function g(x) of x only and a function h(y) of
y only, then over the region R = (x, y)|a ≤ x ≤ b, c ≤ y ≤ d , the double integral can be written as
⎧ ⎫
⎨ ⎬
⎩ ⎭

⎛ b ⎞⎛ d ⎞
∬ f (x, y)dA = ⎜∫ g(x)dx⎟⎜∫ h(y)dy⎟.
R ⎝ a ⎠⎝ c ⎠

These properties are used in the evaluation of double integrals, as we will see later. We will become skilled in using these
properties once we become familiar with the computational tools of double integrals. So let’s get to that now.

Iterated Integrals
So far, we have seen how to set up a double integral and how to obtain an approximate value for it. We can also imagine that
evaluating double integrals by using the definition can be a very lengthy process if we choose larger values for m and n.
Therefore, we need a practical and convenient technique for computing double integrals. In other words, we need to learn
how to compute double integrals without employing the definition that uses limits and double sums.
The basic idea is that the evaluation becomes easier if we can break a double integral into single integrals by integrating
first with respect to one variable and then with respect to the other. The key tool we need is called an iterated integral.
484 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

Definition
Assume a, b, c, and d are real numbers. We define an iterated integral for a function f (x, y) over the rectangular
region R = [a, b] × [c, d] as

a.
b d b ⎡d ⎤ (5.2)
∫ ∫ f (x, y)dy dx = ∫ ⎢∫ f (x, y)dy⎥dx
a c a ⎣c ⎦
b.
d b d ⎡b ⎤ (5.3)
∫ ∫ f (x, y)dx dy = ∫ ⎢∫ f (x, y)dx⎥dy.
c a c ⎣a ⎦

b ⎡d ⎤
The notation ∫ ⎢∫ f (x, y)dy⎥dx means that we integrate f (x, y) with respect to y while holding x constant. Similarly,
a ⎣c ⎦
⎡bd ⎤
the notation ∫ ⎢∫ f (x, y)dx⎥dy means that we integrate f (x, y) with respect to x while holding y constant. The fact that
c ⎣a ⎦
double integrals can be split into iterated integrals is expressed in Fubini’s theorem. Think of this theorem as an essential
tool for evaluating double integrals.

Theorem 5.2: Fubini’s Theorem

Suppose that f (x, y) is a function of two variables that is continuous over a rectangular region
⎧ ⎫
R = (x, y) ∈ ℝ 2 |a ≤ x ≤ b, c ≤ y ≤ d⎬⎭. Then we see from Figure 5.7 that the double integral of f over the region
⎨
⎩

equals an iterated integral,

b d d b
∬ f (x, y)dA = ∬ f (x, y)dx dy = ∫ ∫ f (x, y)dy dx = ∫ ∫ f (x, y)dx dy.
R R a c c a

More generally, Fubini’s theorem is true if f is bounded on R and f is discontinuous only on a finite number of
continuous curves. In other words, f has to be integrable over R.

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 485

Figure 5.7 (a) Integrating first with respect to y and then with respect to x to find the area A(x) and then the volume V;
(b) integrating first with respect to x and then with respect to y to find the area A(y) and then the volume V.

Example 5.2

Using Fubini’s Theorem

Use Fubini’s theorem to compute the double integral ∬ f (x, y)dA where f (x, y) = x and
R
R = [0, 2] × [0, 1].

Solution
Fubini’s theorem offers an easier way to evaluate the double integral by the use of an iterated integral. Note how
the boundary values of the region R become the upper and lower limits of integration.
∬ f (x, y)dA = ∬ f (x, y)dx dy
R R
y=1 x=2
=∫ ∫ x dx dy
y=0 x=0
y = 1⎡
x = 2⎤
=∫
y=0⎣2
y=1
⎦|
⎢ x x = 0⎥dy
2

=∫
y=1
2dy = 2y| y = 0 = 2.
y=0

The double integration in this example is simple enough to use Fubini’s theorem directly, allowing us to convert a double
integral into an iterated integral. Consequently, we are now ready to convert all double integrals to iterated integrals and
demonstrate how the properties listed earlier can help us evaluate double integrals when the function f (x, y) is more
complex. Note that the order of integration can be changed (see Example 5.7).
486 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

Example 5.3

Illustrating Properties i and ii

Evaluate the double integral ∬ ⎛⎝xy − 3xy 2⎞⎠dA where R = (x, y)|0 ≤ x ≤ 2, 1 ≤ y ≤ 2 .
⎧ ⎫
⎨ ⎬
⎩ ⎭

Solution
This function has two pieces: one piece is xy and the other is 3xy 2. Also, the second piece has a constant 3.
Notice how we use properties i and ii to help evaluate the double integral.

∬ ⎛⎝xy − 3xy 2⎞⎠dA

R

= ∬ xy dA + ∬ ⎛⎝−3xy 2⎞⎠dA Property i: Integral of a sum is the sum of the integrals.

R R
y=2 x=2 y=2 x=2
=∫ ∫ xy dx dy − ∫ ∫ 3xy 2 dx dy Convert double integrals to iterated integrals.
y=1 x=0 y=1 x=0

| |
y=2 y=2
⎛x 2 ⎞ ⎛ x 2 2⎞
x=2 x=2
=∫ y x = 0 dy − 3∫
y=1⎝2 ⎠ y=1⎝2
y ⎠ x = 0 dy Integrate with respect to x, holding y constant.

y=2 y=2
=∫ 2y dy − ∫ 6y 2 dy Property ii: Placing the constant before the integral.
y=1 y=1

2 2
= ∫ y dy − 6∫ y 2 dy Integrate with respect to y.
1 1

| |
2 2
2 3
= 2 y2 1 − 6 y3 1

2 2
= |
y 2 1 − 2y 3 1 |
= (4 − 1) − 2(8 − 1)
= 3 − 2(7) = 3 − 14 = −11.

Example 5.4

Illustrating Property v.

Over the region R = (x, y)|1 ≤ x ≤ 3, 1 ≤ y ≤ 2 , we have 2 ≤ x 2 + y 2 ≤ 13. Find a lower and an upper
⎧ ⎫
⎨ ⎬
⎩ ⎭

bound for the integral ∬ ⎛⎝x 2 + y 2⎞⎠dA.

R

Solution
For a lower bound, integrate the constant function 2 over the region R. For an upper bound, integrate the constant
function 13 over the region R.

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 487

2 3 2 2
⎡ 3⎤
∫ ∫ 2dx dy = ∫ ⎣2x| 1⎦dy = ∫ 2(2)dy = 4y| 21 = 4(2 − 1) = 4
1 1 1 1
2 3 2 2
⎡ 3⎤
∫ ∫ 13dx dy = ∫ ⎣13x| 1⎦dy = ∫ 13(2)dy = 26y| 21 = 26(2 − 1) = 26.
1 1 1 1

Hence, we obtain 4 ≤ ∬ ⎛⎝x 2 + y 2⎞⎠dA ≤ 26.

R

Example 5.5

Illustrating Property vi

|
⎧ ⎫
Evaluate the integral ∬ e y cos x dA over the region R = ⎨⎩(x, y) 0 ≤ x ≤ π , 0 ≤ y ≤ 1⎬⎭.
R 2

Solution
This is a great example for property vi because the function f (x, y) is clearly the product of two single-variable
functions e y and cos x. Thus we can split the integral into two parts and then integrate each one as a single-
variable integration problem.
1 π/2
∬ e y cos x dA = ∫ ∫ e y cos x dx dy
R 0 0
⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ π/2 ⎞
= ⎜∫ e y dy⎟⎜∫ cos x dx⎟
⎝ 0 ⎠⎝ 0 ⎠
= ⎛⎝e y| 10⎞⎠⎛⎝sin x| π/2
0 ⎠
⎞

= e − 1.

5.2 a. Use the properties of the double integral and Fubini’s theorem to evaluate the integral
1 3
∫ ∫ ⎛
⎝ 3 − x + 4y⎞⎠dy dx.
0 −1
⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎞
b. Show that 0 ≤ ∬ sin πx cos πy dA ≤ 1 where R = ⎝0, 1 ⎠⎝1 , 1 ⎠.
R 32 4 4 2

As we mentioned before, when we are using rectangular coordinates, the double integral over a region R denoted by
∬ f (x, y)dA can be written as ∬ f (x, y)dx dy or ∬ f (x, y)dy dx. The next example shows that the results are the
R R R
same regardless of which order of integration we choose.

Example 5.6

Evaluating an Iterated Integral in Two Ways

488 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

Let’s return to the function f (x, y) = 3x 2 − y from Example 5.1, this time over the rectangular region
R = [0, 2] × [0, 3]. Use Fubini’s theorem to evaluate ∬ f (x, y)dA in two different ways:
R

a. First integrate with respect to y and then with respect to x;

b. First integrate with respect to x and then with respect to y.

Solution
Figure 5.7 shows how the calculation works in two different ways.
a. First integrate with respect to y and then integrate with respect to x:
x=2 y=3
∬ f (x, y)dA = ∫ ∫ (3x 2 − y)dy dx
R x=0 y=0

x = 2⎛y = 3 ⎞ ⎡ y = 3⎤
⎢ 2
| ⎥
x=2
=∫ ⎜ ∫ (3x − y)dy⎟dx = ∫
2
⎢3x y −
y2
y = 0⎥dx
x = 0 ⎝y = 0 ⎠ 2
⎣ ⎦
x=0

x=2
|
x=2
⎛ 2 9⎞
=∫ ⎝9x − 2 ⎠dx = 3x 3 − 92 x x = 0 = 15.
x=0
b. First integrate with respect to x and then integrate with respect to y:
y=3 x=2
∬ f (x, y)dA = ∫ ∫ (3x 2 − y)dx dy
R y=0 x=0
y = 3⎛x=2 ⎞ y=3
⎡ 3 x = 2⎤
=∫ ⎜∫
y=0⎝ x=0
(3x 2 − y)dx⎟dy =
⎠
∫
y=0 ⎣ | ⎦
x − xy x = 0 dy

y=3 y=3
=∫
y=0
⎛
⎝
|
8 − 2y⎞⎠dy = 8y − y 2 y = 0 = 15.

Analysis
With either order of integration, the double integral gives us an answer of 15. We might wish to interpret
this answer as a volume in cubic units of the solid S below the function f (x, y) = 3x 2 − y over the region
R = [0, 2] × [0, 3]. However, remember that the interpretation of a double integral as a (non-signed) volume
works only when the integrand f is a nonnegative function over the base region R.

5.3 y=2 x=5

⎛
Evaluate ∫ ∫ ⎝2 − 3x 2 + y 2⎞⎠dx dy.
y = −3 x = 3

In the next example we see that it can actually be beneficial to switch the order of integration to make the computation
easier. We will come back to this idea several times in this chapter.

Example 5.7

Switching the Order of Integration

Consider the double integral ∬ x sin(xy)dA over the region R = (x, y)|0 ≤ x ≤ 3, 0 ≤ y ≤ 2 (Figure 5.8).
⎧ ⎫
⎨ ⎬
⎩ ⎭

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 489

a. Express the double integral in two different ways.

b. Analyze whether evaluating the double integral in one way is easier than the other and why.
c. Evaluate the integral.

Figure 5.8 The function z = f (x, y) = x sin(xy) over the rectangular region
R = [0, π] × [1, 2].

Solution
a. We can express ∬ x sin(xy)dA in the following two ways: first by integrating with respect to y and
R
then with respect to x; second by integrating with respect to x and then with respect to y.

∬ x sin(xy)dA
R
x=πy=2
= ∫ ∫ x sin(xy)dy dx Integrate fir t with respect to y.
x=0y=1
y=2x=π
= ∫ ∫ x sin(xy)dx dy Integrate fir t with respect to x.
y=1x=0

b. If we want to integrate with respect to y first and then integrate with respect to x, we see that we can use

the substitution u = xy, which gives du = x dy. Hence the inner integral is simply ∫ sin u du and we
can change the limits to be functions of x,
x=πy=2 x = π ⎡u = 2x ⎤
∬ x sin(xy)dA = ∫ ∫ x sin(xy)dy dx = ∫ ⎢ ∫ sin(u)du⎥dx.
R x=0y=1 x = 0⎣ u = x ⎦
490 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

However, integrating with respect to x first and then integrating with respect to y requires integration
by parts for the inner integral, with u = x and dv = sin(xy)dx.
cos(xy)
Then du = dx and v = − y , so
y=2x=π y=2
⎡ x cos(xy) x = π ⎤
|
x=π
∬ x sin(xy)dA = ∫ ∫ x sin(xy)dx dy = ∫ ⎢− y x=0+
1
y ∫ cos(xy)dx⎥dy.
R y=1x=0 y = 1⎣ x=0 ⎦

Since the evaluation is getting complicated, we will only do the computation that is easier to do, which is
clearly the first method.
c. Evaluate the double integral using the easier way.
x=πy=2
∬ x sin(xy)dA = ∫ ∫ x sin(xy)dy dx
R x=0y=1
x = π ⎡u = 2x ⎤ x=π x=π
= ∫ ⎢ ∫ sin(u)du⎥dx = ∫ ⎡⎣−cos u| uu = 2x⎤
=x ⎦ dx = ∫ (−cos 2x + cos x)dx
x = 0⎣ u = x ⎦ x=0 x=0

|
x=π
= − 12 sin 2x + sin x x = 0 = 0.

5.4 xy
Evaluate the integral ∬ xe dA where R = [0, 1] × [0, ln 5].
R

Applications of Double Integrals

Double integrals are very useful for finding the area of a region bounded by curves of functions. We describe this situation
in more detail in the next section. However, if the region is a rectangular shape, we can find its area by integrating the
constant function f (x, y) = 1 over the region R.

Definition
The area of the region R is given by A(R) = ∬ 1dA.
R

This definition makes sense because using f (x, y) = 1 and evaluating the integral make it a product of length and width.
Let’s check this formula with an example and see how this works.

Example 5.8

Finding Area Using a Double Integral

Find the area of the region R = (x, y)|0 ≤ x ≤ 3, 0 ≤ y ≤ 2 by using a double integral, that is, by integrating
⎧ ⎫
⎨ ⎬
⎩ ⎭

1 over the region R.

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 491

Solution
The region is rectangular with length 3 and width 2, so we know that the area is 6. We get the same answer when
we use a double integral:
2 3 2 2 2
A(R) = ∫ ∫ 1dx dy = ∫ ⎡⎣x| 30⎤⎦dy = ∫ 3dy = 3∫ dy = 3y| 20 = 3(2) = 6.
0 0 0 0 0

We have already seen how double integrals can be used to find the volume of a solid bounded above by a function f (x, y)
over a region R provided f (x, y) ≥ 0 for all (x, y) in R. Here is another example to illustrate this concept.

Example 5.9

Volume of an Elliptic Paraboloid

Find the volume V of the solid S that is bounded by the elliptic paraboloid 2x 2 + y 2 + z = 27, the planes
x = 3 and y = 3, and the three coordinate planes.

Solution
First notice the graph of the surface z = 27 − 2x 2 − y 2 in Figure 5.9(a) and above the square region
R 1 = [−3, 3] × [−3, 3]. However, we need the volume of the solid bounded by the elliptic paraboloid
2x 2 + y 2 + z = 27, the planes x = 3 and y = 3, and the three coordinate planes.

Figure 5.9 (a) The surface z = 27 − 2x 2 − y 2 above the square region R 1 = [−3, 3] × [−3, 3]. (b) The

solid S lies under the surface z = 27 − 2x 2 − y 2 above the square region R 2 = [0, 3] × [0, 3].

Now let’s look at the graph of the surface in Figure 5.9(b). We determine the volume V by evaluating the double
integral over R 2 :
492 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

V = ∬ z dA = ∬ ⎛⎝27 − 2x 2 − y 2⎞⎠dA
R R
y=3x=3
⎛
= ∫ ∫ ⎝27 − 2x 2 − y 2⎞⎠dx dy Convert to iterated integral.
y=0x=0
y=3

|
x=3
⎡ 2 ⎤
= ∫ 2 3
⎣27x − 3 x − y x⎦ x = 0dy Integrate with respect to x.
y=0
y=3 y=3
= ∫
y=0
⎛
⎝64 |
− 3y 2⎞⎠dy = 63y − y 3 y = 0 = 162.

5.5 Find the volume of the solid bounded above by the graph of f (x, y) = xy sin(x 2 y) and below by the xy
-plane on the rectangular region R = [0, 1] × [0, π].

Recall that we defined the average value of a function of one variable on an interval [a, b] as
b
f ave = 1 ∫ f (x)dx.
b−a a

Similarly, we can define the average value of a function of two variables over a region R. The main difference is that we
divide by an area instead of the width of an interval.

Definition
The average value of a function of two variables over a region R is

f ave = 1 ∬ f (x, y)dA. (5.4)

Area R R

In the next example we find the average value of a function over a rectangular region. This is a good example of obtaining
useful information for an integration by making individual measurements over a grid, instead of trying to find an algebraic
expression for a function.

Example 5.10

Calculating Average Storm Rainfall

The weather map in Figure 5.10 shows an unusually moist storm system associated with the remnants of
Hurricane Karl, which dumped 4–8 inches (100–200 mm) of rain in some parts of the Midwest on September
22–23, 2010. The area of rainfall measured 300 miles east to west and 250 miles north to south. Estimate the
average rainfall over the entire area in those two days.

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 493

Figure 5.10 Effects of Hurricane Karl, which dumped 4–8 inches (100–200 mm) of rain in some parts of southwest
Wisconsin, southern Minnesota, and southeast South Dakota over a span of 300 miles east to west and 250 miles north
to south.

Solution
Place the origin at the southwest corner of the map so that all the values can be considered as being in the first
quadrant and hence all are positive. Now divide the entire map into six rectangles (m = 2 and n = 3), as shown
in Figure 5.11. Assume f (x, y) denotes the storm rainfall in inches at a point approximately x miles to the
east of the origin and y miles to the north of the origin. Let R represent the entire area of 250 × 300 = 75000
square miles. Then the area of each subrectangle is

ΔA = 1 (75000) = 12500.
6
Assume (x*i j , y*i j ) are approximately the midpoints of each subrectangle R i j. Note the color-coded region at
each of these points, and estimate the rainfall. The rainfall at each of these points can be estimated as:
At (x 11, y 11) the rainfall is 0.08.

At (x 12, y 12) the rainfall is 0.08.

At (x 13, y 13) the rainfall is 0.01.

At (x 21, y 21) the rainfall is 1.70.

At (x 22, y 22) the rainfall is 1.74.

At (x 23, y 23) the rainfall is 3.00.

494 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

Figure 5.11 Storm rainfall with rectangular axes and showing the midpoints of each
subrectangle.

According to our definition, the average storm rainfall in the entire area during those two days was

f ave = 1 ∬ f (x, y)dx dy = 1 ∬ f (x, y)dx dy

Area R R 75000 R
3 2
≅ 1 ∑ ∑ f (x*i j , y*i j )ΔA
75,000 i = 1 j=1
≅ 1 ⎡ f (x* , y*11 )ΔA + f (x*12 , y*12 )ΔA
75,000 ⎣ 11

+ f (x*13 , y*13 )ΔA + f (x*21 , y*21 )ΔA + f (x*22 , y*22 )ΔA + f (x*23 , y*23 )ΔA⎤⎦
≅ 1 [0.08 + 0.08 + 0.01 + 1.70 + 1.74 + 3.00]ΔA
75,000
≅ 1 [0.08 + 0.08 + 0.01 + 1.70 + 1.74 + 3.00]12500
75,000
≅ 5 [0.08 + 0.08 + 0.01 + 1.70 + 1.74 + 3.00]
30
≅ 1.10.
During September 22–23, 2010 this area had an average storm rainfall of approximately 1.10 inches.

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 495

5.6 A contour map is shown for a function f (x, y) on the rectangle R = [−3, 6] × [−1, 4].

a. Use the midpoint rule with m = 3 and n = 2 to estimate the value of ∬ f (x, y)dA.
R

b. Estimate the average value of the function f (x, y).

496 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

5.1 EXERCISES
In the following exercises, use the midpoint rule with 6. The values of the function f on the rectangle
m = 4 and n = 2 to estimate the volume of the solid R = [0, 2] × [7, 9] are given in the following table.
bounded by the surface z = f (x, y), the vertical planes Estimate the double integral ∬ f (x, y)dA by using a
x = 1, x = 2, y = 1, and y = 2, and the horizontal R
Riemann sum with m = n = 2. Select the sample points to
plane z = 0.
be the upper right corners of the subsquares of R.
1. f (x, y) = 4x + 2y + 8xy
y0 = 7 y1 = 8 y2 = 9
y
2. f (x, y) = 16x 2 +
2
x0 = 0 10.22 10.21 9.85
In the following exercises, estimate the volume of the solid
under the surface z = f (x, y) and above the rectangular
region R by using a Riemann sum with m = n = 2 and x1 = 1 6.73 9.75 9.63
the sample points to be the lower left corners of the
subrectangles of the partition.
x2 = 2 5.62 7.83 8.21
3. f (x, y) = sin x − cos y, R = [0, π] × [0, π]

⎡ ⎤
4. f (x, y) = cos x + cos y, R = [0, π] × ⎣0, π ⎦
2 7. The depth of a children’s 4-ft by 4-ft swimming pool,
measured at 1-ft intervals, is given in the following table.
5. Use the midpoint rule with m = n = 2 to estimate a. Estimate the volume of water in the swimming pool
∬ f (x, y)dA, where the values of the function f on by using a Riemann sum with m = n = 2. Select
R the sample points using the midpoint rule on
R = [8, 10] × [9, 11] are given in the following table. R = [0, 4] × [0, 4].
b. Find the average depth of the swimming pool.
y
y

x 9 9.5 10 10.5 11
x 0 1 2 3 4

8 9.8 5 6.7 5 5.6

0 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

8.5 9.4 4.5 8 5.4 3.4

1 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

9 8.7 4.6 6 5.5 3.4

2 1 1.5 1.5 2.5 3

9.5 6.7 6 4.5 5.4 6.7

3 1 1 1.5 2 2.5

10 6.8 6.4 5.5 5.7 6.8

4 1 1 1 1.5 2

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 497

8. The depth of a 3-ft by 3-ft hole in the ground, measured 10. The level curves f (x, y) = k of the function f are
at 1-ft intervals, is given in the following table. given in the following graph, where k is a constant.
a. Estimate the volume of the hole by using a a. Apply the midpoint rule with m = n = 2 to
Riemann sum with m = n = 3 and the sample
estimate the double integral ∬ f (x, y)dA, where
points to be the upper left corners of the subsquares R
of R.
R = [0.1, 0.5] × [0.1, 0.5].
b. Find the average depth of the hole.
b. Estimate the average value of the function f on R.
y

x 0 1 2 3

0 6 6.5 6.4 6

1 6.5 7 7.5 6.5

2 6.5 6.7 6.5 6

3 6 6.5 5 5.6

9. The level curves f (x, y) = k of the function f are given

in the following graph, where k is a constant.
a. Apply the midpoint rule with m = n = 2 to
estimate the double integral ∬ f (x, y)dA, where
R
R = [0.2, 1] × [0, 0.8].
11. The solid lying under the surface z = 4 − y 2 and
b. Estimate the average value of the function f on R.
above the rectangular region R = [0, 2] × [0, 2] is
illustrated in the following graph. Evaluate the double
integral ∬ f (x, y)dA, where f (x, y) = 4 − y 2, by
R
finding the volume of the corresponding solid.
498 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

12. The solid lying under the plane z = y + 4 and above In the following exercises, evaluate the iterated integrals by
the rectangular region R = [0, 2] × [0, 4] is illustrated choosing the order of integration.

in the following graph. Evaluate the double integral π π/2

∬ f (x, y)dA, where f (x, y) = y + 4, by finding the 21. ∫ ∫ sin(2x)cos(3y)dx dy
R 0 0
volume of the corresponding solid.
π/8 π/3
22. ∫ ∫ ⎡
cot x + tan(2y)⎤⎦dx dy
⎣

π/12 π/4

e e
23. ∫ ∫ ⎡⎣1x sin(ln x) + 1y cos(ln y)⎤⎦dx dy
1 1

e e
24. ∫ ∫ sin(ln x)cos(ln
xy
y)
dx dy
1 1

∫ ∫ ⎛⎝lnx y + 2y x+ 1 ⎞⎠dy dx
2 2
25.
1 1

e 2
26. ∫ ∫ x 2 ln(x)dy dx
In the following exercises, calculate the integrals by 1 1
interchanging the order of integration.

⎛2 ⎞
3 2
1
13. ∫ ⎜∫ ⎛⎝2x + 3y + 5⎞⎠dx⎟dy
27. ∫ ∫ y arctan⎛⎝1x ⎞⎠dy dx
−1⎝−2 ⎠ 1 1

1 1/2
⎛1
2 ⎞ ∫∫ ⎛
arcsin x + arcsin y⎞⎠dy dx
14. ∫ ⎜∫ (x + 2e y − 3)dx⎟dy
28. ⎝

0 ⎝0 ⎠
0 0

1 2
27 ⎛ 2 ⎞ 29. ∫ ∫ xe x + 4ydy dx
15. ∫ ⎜∫ ⎝3 x + 3 y⎠dy⎟dx
⎛ ⎞
0 1
1 ⎝1 ⎠
2 1
16 ⎛ 8 ⎞ 30. ∫ ∫ xe x − ydy dx
16. ∫ ⎜∫ ⎝4 x + 23 y⎠dy⎟dx
⎛ ⎞
1 0
1 ⎝1 ⎠

∫ ∫ ⎛⎝lnyy + lnxx ⎞⎠dy dx

e e
ln 3⎛ l ⎞ 31.
17. ∫ ⎜∫ e dy⎟dx
x+y 1 1
ln 2⎝ 0 ⎠
∫ ∫ ⎛⎝x lny y + y lnx x ⎞⎠dy dx
e e
32.
2 ⎛1 ⎞ 1 1
18. ∫ ⎜∫ 3 x + y dy⎟dx
⎝0 ⎠ 1 2⎛ ⎞
0
33. ∫ ∫⎜ x ⎟dy dx
⎛9 ⎞ 1 ⎝x + y ⎠
2 2
6 0
19. ∫ ⎜∫ y
dy⎟dx
⎝2 x ⎠
2
1 1 2
y
34. ∫∫ dy dx
9 ⎛2 ⎞ 0 1 x + y2
20. ∫ ⎜∫ x dy⎟dx
1 ⎝4 y ⎠
2
In the following exercises, find the average value of the

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 499

2 ≤ ∬ ⎛e −x 2 + e −y ⎞dA ≤ 2,
function over the given rectangles. 2
45. e ⎝R ⎠ where
35. f (x, y) = −x + 2y, R = [0, 1] × [0, 1]
R = [0, 1] × [0, 1]
4 3
36. f (x, y) = x + 2y , R = [1, 2] × [2, 3]
46. π 2 ≤ ∬ ⎛⎝sin x + cos y⎞⎠dA ≤ π 2 3 , where
36 R 36
37. f (x, y) = sinh x + sinh y, R = [0, 1] × [0, 2]
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
R = ⎣π , π ⎦ × ⎣π , π ⎦
38. f (x, y) = arctan(xy), R = [0, 1] × [0, 1] 6 3 6 3

π e −π/2 ≤ ∬ ⎛cos x + e −y⎞dA ≤ π,

39. Let f and g be two continuous functions such that 47. ⎝ ⎠ where
2 R
0 ≤ m 1 ≤ f (x) ≤ M 1 for any x ∈ [a, b] and
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
0 ≤ m 2 ≤ g(y) ≤ M 2 for any y ∈ [c, d]. Show that the R = ⎣0, π ⎦ × ⎣0, π ⎦
2 2
following inequality is true:
b d 1 ≤ ∬ ⎛e −y − ln x⎞dA ≤ 2,
48. e ⎝ ⎠ where
m 1 m 2(b − a)(c − d) ≤ ∫ ∫ f (x)g(y)dy dx ≤ M 1 M 2(b − a)(c − d). R
a c
R = [0, 1] × [0, 1]

In the following exercises, use property v. of double In the following exercises, the function f is given in terms
integrals and the answer from the preceding exercise to of double integrals.
show that the following inequalities are true. a. Determine the explicit form of the function f.
2 − y2 b. Find the volume of the solid under the surface
40. 1 ≤ ∬ e −x dA ≤ 1, where z = f (x, y) and above the region R.
e2 R
R = [0, 1] × [0, 1] c. Find the average value of the function f on R.
d. Use a computer algebra system (CAS) to plot
41. π 2 ≤ ∬ sin x cos y dA ≤ π 2 , where z = f (x, y) and z = f ave in the same system of
144 R 48
coordinates.
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
R = ⎣π , π ⎦ × ⎣π , π ⎦ y x
6 3 6 3
49. [T] f (x, y) = ∫ ∫ (xs + yt)ds dt, where
cos x dA ≤ π ,
−y 0 0
42. 0≤ ∬ e where
R 2 (x, y) ∈ R = [0, 1] × [0, 1]
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
R = ⎣0, π ⎦ × ⎣0, π ⎦
2 2 x y
50. [T] f (x, y) = ∫ ∫ ⎡
cos(s) + cos(t)⎤⎦dt ds,
⎣ where
⎛ ⎞ 2
43. 0 ≤ ∬ (ln x) ln y dA ≤ (e − 1) ,
⎝ ⎠ where 0 0
R (x, y) ∈ R = [0, 3] × [0, 3]
R = [1, e] × [1, e]
51. Show that if f and g are continuous on [a, b] and
44. Let f and g be two continuous functions such that [c, d], respectively, then
0 ≤ m 1 ≤ f (x) ≤ M 1 for any x ∈ [a, b] and
b d b
0 ≤ m 2 ≤ g(y) ≤ M 2 for any y ∈ [c, d]. Show that the ∫∫ ⎡
⎣ f (x) + g(y)⎤⎦dy dx = (d − c)∫ f (x)dx
a c a
following inequality is true:
b d b d d d b
(m 1 + m 2)(b − a)(c − d) ≤ ∫ ∫ ⎡
⎣ f (x) + g(y)⎤⎦dy dx ≤ ⎛⎝M 1 + M 2⎞⎠(b − a)(c − d). +∫ ∫ g(y)dy dx = (b − a)∫ g(y)dy + ∫ ∫ f (x)dx dy.
a c a c c c a

In the following exercises, use property v. of double 52. Show that

integrals and the answer from the preceding exercise to b d ⎛b ⎞ ⎛d ⎞
show that the following inequalities are true. ∫ ∫ y f (x) + xg(y)dy dx = 2 1 ⎛d 2
⎝ − ∫ f (x)dx⎟ + 12 ⎛⎝b 2 − a 2⎞⎠⎜∫ g(y)dy⎟.
c 2⎞⎠⎜
a c ⎝a ⎠ ⎝c ⎠
500 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

−x 2 − y 2 58. Use the midpoint rule with m = n to show that the

53. [T] Consider the function f (x, y) = e ,
average value of a function f on a rectangular region
where (x, y) ∈ R = [−1, 1] × [−1, 1]. R = [a, b] × [c, d] is approximated by
a. Use the midpoint rule with m = n = 2, 4,…, 10 n
⎛ ⎞
f ave ≈ 12 ∑ f ⎝1 (x i − 1 + x i), 1 ⎛⎝y j − 1 + y j⎞⎠⎠.
to estimate the double integral n i, j = 1 2 2
−x 2 − y 2
I= ∬ e dA. Round your answers to the
R 59. An isotherm map is a chart connecting points having
nearest hundredths. the same temperature at a given time for a given period of
b. For m = n = 2, find the average value of f over time. Use the preceding exercise and apply the midpoint
the region R. Round your answer to the nearest rule with m = n = 2 to find the average temperature over
hundredths. the region given in the following figure.
c. Use a CAS to graph in the same coordinate system
the solid whose volume is given by
−x 2 − y 2
∬ e dA and the plane z = f ave .
R

54. [T] Consider the function f (x, y) = sin⎛⎝x 2⎞⎠cos⎛⎝y 2⎞⎠,

where (x, y) ∈ R = [−1, 1] × [−1, 1].
a. Use the midpoint rule with m = n = 2, 4,…, 10
to estimate the double integral
I= ∬ sin⎛⎝x 2⎞⎠cos⎛⎝y 2⎞⎠dA. Round your answers to
R
the nearest hundredths.
b. For m = n = 2, find the average value of f over
the region R. Round your answer to the nearest
hundredths.
c. Use a CAS to graph in the same coordinate system
the solid whose volume is given by
∬ sin⎛⎝x 2⎞⎠cos⎛⎝y 2⎞⎠dA and the plane z = f ave .
R

In the following exercises, the functions f n are given,

where n ≥ 1 is a natural number.

a. Find the volume of the solids S n under the

surfaces z = f n(x, y) and above the region R.

b. Determine the limit of the volumes of the solids S n

as n increases without bound.

55.
f (x, y) = x n + y n + xy, (x, y) ∈ R = [0, 1] × [0, 1]

56. f (x, y) = 1n + 1n , (x, y) ∈ R = [1, 2] × [1, 2]

x y

57. Show that the average value of a function f on a

rectangular region R = [a, b] × [c, d] is
⎛ ⎞
m n
1 ∑
f ave ≈ mn ∑ f ⎛⎝x*i j , y*i j ⎞⎠, where ⎝x*i j , y*i j ⎠ are
i=1 j=1
the sample points of the partition of R, where 1 ≤ i ≤ m
and 1 ≤ j ≤ n.

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 501

5.2 | Double Integrals over General Regions

Learning Objectives
5.2.1 Recognize when a function of two variables is integrable over a general region.
5.2.2 Evaluate a double integral by computing an iterated integral over a region bounded by two
vertical lines and two functions of x, or two horizontal lines and two functions of y.
5.2.3 Simplify the calculation of an iterated integral by changing the order of integration.
5.2.4 Use double integrals to calculate the volume of a region between two surfaces or the area
of a plane region.
5.2.5 Solve problems involving double improper integrals.

In Double Integrals over Rectangular Regions, we studied the concept of double integrals and examined the tools
needed to compute them. We learned techniques and properties to integrate functions of two variables over rectangular
regions. We also discussed several applications, such as finding the volume bounded above by a function over a rectangular
region, finding area by integration, and calculating the average value of a function of two variables.
In this section we consider double integrals of functions defined over a general bounded region D on the plane. Most of
the previous results hold in this situation as well, but some techniques need to be extended to cover this more general case.

General Regions of Integration

An example of a general bounded region D on a plane is shown in Figure 5.12. Since D is bounded on the plane, there
must exist a rectangular region R on the same plane that encloses the region D, that is, a rectangular region R exists
such that D is a subset of R(D ⊆ R).

Figure 5.12 For a region D that is a subset of R, we can

define a function g(x, y) to equal f (x, y) at every point in D
and 0 at every point of R not in D.

Suppose z = f (x, y) is defined on a general planar bounded region D as in Figure 5.12. In order to develop double
integrals of f over D, we extend the definition of the function to include all points on the rectangular region R and then
use the concepts and tools from the preceding section. But how do we extend the definition of f to include all the points
on R ? We do this by defining a new function g(x, y) on R as follows:
⎧ f (x, y) if (x, y) is in D
g(x, y) = ⎨
⎩0 if (x, y) is in R but not in D

Note that we might have some technical difficulties if the boundary of D is complicated. So we assume the boundary to
be a piecewise smooth and continuous simple closed curve. Also, since all the results developed in Double Integrals
over Rectangular Regions used an integrable function f (x, y), we must be careful about g(x, y) and verify that
502 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

g(x, y) is an integrable function over the rectangular region R. This happens as long as the region D is bounded by
simple closed curves. For now we will concentrate on the descriptions of the regions rather than the function and extend our
theory appropriately for integration.
We consider two types of planar bounded regions.

Definition
A region D in the (x, y) -plane is of Type I if it lies between two vertical lines and the graphs of two continuous
functions g 1 (x) and g 2 (x). That is (Figure 5.13),

D = (x, y)|a ≤ x ≤ b, g 1 (x) ≤ y ≤ g 2 (x) .

⎧ ⎫
⎨ ⎬
⎩ ⎭

A region D in the xy plane is of Type II if it lies between two horizontal lines and the graphs of two continuous
functions h 1 (y) and h 2 (y). That is (Figure 5.14),

D = (x, y)|c ≤ y ≤ d, h 1 (y) ≤ x ≤ h 2 (y) .

⎧ ⎫
⎨ ⎬
⎩ ⎭

Figure 5.13 A Type I region lies between two vertical lines and the graphs of two functions of x.

Figure 5.14 A Type II region lies between two horizontal lines and the graphs of two
functions of y.

Example 5.11

Describing a Region as Type I and Also as Type II

Consider the region in the first quadrant between the functions y = x and y = x 3 (Figure 5.15). Describe the
region first as Type I and then as Type II.

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 503

Figure 5.15 Region D can be described as Type I or as Type

II.

Solution
When describing a region as Type I, we need to identify the function that lies above the region and the function
that lies below the region. Here, region D is bounded above by y = x and below by y = x 3 in the interval for
⎧ ⎫
x in [0, 1]. Hence, as Type I, D is described as the set ⎨⎩(x, y)|0 ≤ x ≤ 1, x 3 ≤ y ≤ x⎬⎭.

However, when describing a region as Type II, we need to identify the function that lies on the left of the region
and the function that lies on the right of the region. Here, the region D is bounded on the left by x = y 2
and on the right by x = 3 y in the interval for y in [0, 1]. Hence, as Type II, D is described as the set
⎧ ⎫
⎨
⎩
(x, y)|0 ≤ y ≤ 1, y 2 ≤ x ≤ 3 y⎬⎭.

5.7 Consider the region in the first quadrant between the functions y = 2x and y = x 2. Describe the region
first as Type I and then as Type II.

Double Integrals over Nonrectangular Regions

To develop the concept and tools for evaluation of a double integral over a general, nonrectangular region, we need to first
understand the region and be able to express it as Type I or Type II or a combination of both. Without understanding the
regions, we will not be able to decide the limits of integrations in double integrals. As a first step, let us look at the following
theorem.

Theorem 5.3: Double Integrals over Nonrectangular Regions

Suppose g(x, y) is the extension to the rectangle R of the function f (x, y) defined on the regions D and R as
shown in Figure 5.12 inside R. Then g(x, y) is integrable and we define the double integral of f (x, y) over D by

∬ f (x, y)dA = ∬ g(x, y)dA.

D R

The right-hand side of this equation is what we have seen before, so this theorem is reasonable because R is a rectangle
and ∬ g(x, y)dA has been discussed in the preceding section. Also, the equality works because the values of g(x, y)
R
are 0 for any point (x, y) that lies outside D, and hence these points do not add anything to the integral. However, it is
important that the rectangle R contains the region D.
504 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

As a matter of fact, if the region D is bounded by smooth curves on a plane and we are able to describe it as Type I or Type
II or a mix of both, then we can use the following theorem and not have to find a rectangle R containing the region.

Theorem 5.4: Fubini’s Theorem (Strong Form)

For a function f (x, y) that is continuous on a region D of Type I, we have

b ⎡g 2(x) ⎤ (5.5)
⎢ ⎥
∬ f (x, y)dA = ∬ f (x, y)dy dx = ∫ ⎢ ∫ f (x, y)dy⎥dx.
D D a ⎣g (x) ⎦
1

Similarly, for a function f (x, y) that is continuous on a region D of Type II, we have

d ⎡h 2(y) ⎤ (5.6)
⎢ ⎥
∬ f (x, y)dA = ∬ f (x, y)dx dy = ∫ ⎢ ∫ f (x, y)dx⎥dy.
D D c ⎣h (y) ⎦
1

The integral in each of these expressions is an iterated integral, similar to those we have seen before. Notice that, in the
inner integral in the first expression, we integrate f (x, y) with x being held constant and the limits of integration being
g 1 (x) and g 2 (x). In the inner integral in the second expression, we integrate f (x, y) with y being held constant and the
limits of integration are h 1 (x) and h 2 (x).

Example 5.12

Evaluating an Iterated Integral over a Type I Region

xy
Evaluate the integral ∬ x 2 e dA where D is shown in Figure 5.16.
D

Solution
⎧ ⎫
First construct the region D as a Type I region (Figure 5.16). Here D = ⎨⎩(x, y)|0 ≤ x ≤ 2, 1 x ≤ y ≤ 1⎬⎭. Then
2
we have
x=2 y=1
xy
∬ x 2 e dA = ∫ ∫ xy
x 2 e dy dx.
D x = 0 y = 1/2x

Figure 5.16 We can express region D as a Type I region and

integrate from y = 1 x to y = 1, between the lines
2
x = 0 and x = 2.

Therefore, we have

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 505

x=2 y=1 x = 2⎡ y = 1 ⎤
∫ ∫ xy
x 2 e dy dx = ∫ ⎢ ∫ x 2 e dy⎥dx
xy
Iterated integral for a Type I region.
x = 0 y = 1x x = 0⎣y = 1/2x ⎦
2

|
Integrate with respect to y using
⎡ 2 e xy ⎤
x=2 y=1
= ∫ ⎣x x ⎦ y = 1/2xdx u-substitution with u = xy where x is held
x=0 constant.
⎡ x x 2 /2⎤
Integrate with respect to x using
x=2
= ∫ ⎣xe − xe ⎦dx u-substitution with u = 1 x 2.
x=0 2

|
⎡ 1 x 2⎤ x = 2
= ⎢xe − e − e 2 ⎥ x = 0 = 2
x x
⎣ ⎦

In Example 5.12, we could have looked at the region in another way, such as D = (x, y)|0 ≤ y ≤ 1, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2y
⎧ ⎫
⎨ ⎬
⎩ ⎭

(Figure 5.17).

Figure 5.17

This is a Type II region and the integral would then look like
y = 1 x = 2y
xy
∬ x 2 e dA = ∫ ∫ xy
x 2 e dx dy.
D y=0 x=0

However, if we integrate first with respect to x, this integral is lengthy to compute because we have to use integration by
parts twice.

Example 5.13

Evaluating an Iterated Integral over a Type II Region

Evaluate the integral ∬ ⎛⎝3x 2 + y 2⎞⎠dA where = ⎨⎩(x, y)| − 2 ≤ y ≤ 3, y 2 − 3 ≤ x ≤ y + 3⎬⎭.

⎧ ⎫

Solution
Notice that D can be seen as either a Type I or a Type II region, as shown in Figure 5.18. However, in this case
describing D as Type I is more complicated than describing it as Type II. Therefore, we use D as a Type II
region for the integration.
506 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

Figure 5.18 The region D in this example can be either (a) Type I or (b) Type II.

Choosing this order of integration, we have

y=3 x= y+3
⎛ 2 2⎞ ⎛ 2
∬ ⎝3x + y ⎠dA = ∫ ∫ ⎝3x + y 2⎞⎠dx dy Iterated integral, Type II region.
D y = −2 x = y 2 − 3

|
y+3
y=3
⎛ 3
= ∫ ⎝x + xy 2⎞⎠ dy Integrate with respect to x.
y2 − 3
y = −2

∫ ⎛⎝ y + 3 3 + ⎞
y=3
3
y + 3⎞⎠y 2 − ⎛⎝y 2 − 3⎞⎠ − ⎛⎝y 2 − 3⎞⎠y 2 dy
⎠
⎛ ⎞ ⎛
= ⎝ ⎠ ⎝

y = −2
3
= ∫ ⎛⎝54 + 27y − 12y 2 + 2y 3 + 8y 4 − y 6⎞⎠dy Integrate with respect to y.
−2

|
⎡ 27y 2 y 4 8y 5 y 7 ⎤⎥
3
= ⎢54y + − 4y 3 + + −
⎣ 2 2 5 7 ⎦ −2

= 2375 .
7

5.8 Sketch the region D and evaluate the iterated integral ∬ xy dy dx where D is the region bounded by
D
the curves y = cos x and y = sin x in the interval [−3π/4, π/4].

Recall from Double Integrals over Rectangular Regions the properties of double integrals. As we have seen from
the examples here, all these properties are also valid for a function defined on a nonrectangular bounded region on a plane.
In particular, property 3 states:
If R = S ∪ T and S ∩ T = ∅ except at their boundaries, then

∬ f (x, y)dA = ∬ f (x, y)dA + ∬ f (x, y)dA.

R S T

Similarly, we have the following property of double integrals over a nonrectangular bounded region on a plane.

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 507

Theorem 5.5: Decomposing Regions into Smaller Regions

Suppose the region D can be expressed as D = D 1 ∪ D 2 where D 1 and D 2 do not overlap except at their
boundaries. Then
∬ f (x, y)dA = ∬ f (x, y)dA + ∬ f (x, y)dA. (5.7)
D D1 D2

This theorem is particularly useful for nonrectangular regions because it allows us to split a region into a union of regions
of Type I and Type II. Then we can compute the double integral on each piece in a convenient way, as in the next example.

Example 5.14

Decomposing Regions

Express the region D shown in Figure 5.19 as a union of regions of Type I or Type II, and evaluate the integral

∬ ⎛⎝2x + 5y⎞⎠dA.
D

Figure 5.19 This region can be decomposed into a union of

three regions of Type I or Type II.

Solution
The region D is not easy to decompose into any one type; it is actually a combination of different types. So we
⎧ ⎫
can write it as a union of three regions D 1, D 2, and D 3 where, D 1 = ⎨⎩(x, y)| − 2 ≤ x ≤ 0, 0 ≤ y ≤ (x + 2) 2⎬⎭,
⎧ ⎛ ⎞⎫
D 2 = ⎨⎩(x, y)|0 ≤ y ≤ 4, 0 ≤ x ≤ ⎝y − 1 y 3⎠⎬⎭. These regions are illustrated more clearly in Figure 5.20.
16
508 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

Figure 5.20 Breaking the region into three subregions makes

it easier to set up the integration.

Here D 1 is Type I and D 2 and D 3 are both of Type II. Hence,

∬ (2x + 5y)dA = ∬ (2x + 5y)dA + ∬ (2x + 5y)dA + ∬ (2x + 5y)dA

D D1 D2 D3

x=0 y = (x + 2) 2 y = 4 x = y − (1/16)y 3 y = 0 x = y − (1/16)y 3

= ∫ ∫ (2x + 5y)dy dx + ∫ ∫ (2 + 5y)dx dy + ∫ ∫ (2x + 5y)dx dy
x = −2 y=0 y=0 x=0 y = −4 x = −2
x=0 y=4
⎡1 2 ⎤ ⎡ 1 6 2⎤
= ∫ 2
⎣ 2 (2 + x) (20 + 24x + 5x )⎦ + ∫ 7 4
⎣ 256 y − 16 y + 6y ⎦
x = −2 y=0
y=0
⎡ 1 6 ⎤
+ ∫ 7 4 2
⎣ 256 y − 16 y + 6y + 10y − 4⎦
y = −4

= 40 + 1664 − 1696 = 1304 .

3 35 35 105

Now we could redo this example using a union of two Type II regions (see the Checkpoint).

5.9 Consider the region bounded by the curves y = ln x and y = e x in the interval [1, 2]. Decompose the
region into smaller regions of Type II.

5.10 Redo Example 5.14 using a union of two Type II regions.

Changing the Order of Integration

As we have already seen when we evaluate an iterated integral, sometimes one order of integration leads to a computation
that is significantly simpler than the other order of integration. Sometimes the order of integration does not matter, but it is
important to learn to recognize when a change in order will simplify our work.

Example 5.15

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 509

Changing the Order of Integration

2
x= 2y=2−x
2
Reverse the order of integration in the iterated integral ∫ ∫ xe x dy dx. Then evaluate the new
x=0 y=0
iterated integral.

Solution
The region as presented is of Type I. To reverse the order of integration, we must first express the region as Type
II. Refer to Figure 5.21.

Figure 5.21 Converting a region from Type I to Type II.

We can see from the limits of integration that the region is bounded above by y = 2 − x 2 and below by y = 0,
where x is in the interval ⎡⎣0, 2⎤⎦. By reversing the order, we have the region bounded on the left by x = 0 and

on the right by x = 2 − y where y is in the interval [0, 2]. We solved y = 2 − x 2 in terms of x to obtain
x = 2 − y.

Hence
2 2 − x2 2 2−y Reverse the order of
x2 2
∫ ∫ xe dy dx = ∫ ∫ xe x dx dy integration then use
0 0 0 0 substitution.
2 ⎡ 2 − y⎤ 2

|
⎥dy = ∫ 1 ⎛⎝e 2 − y − 1⎞⎠dy = − 1 ⎛⎝e 2 − y + y⎞⎠ 0
2
= ∫ ⎢1 ex 2 0
0⎣
2 | ⎦ 0
2 2
1 ⎛ 2 ⎞
= ⎝e − 3⎠.
2

Example 5.16

Evaluating an Iterated Integral by Reversing the Order of Integration

Consider the iterated integral ∬ f (x, y)dx dy where z = f (x, y) = x − 2y over a triangular region R that has
R
sides on x = 0, y = 0, and the line x + y = 1. Sketch the region, and then evaluate the iterated integral by
510 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

a. integrating first with respect to y and then

b. integrating first with respect to x.

Solution
A sketch of the region appears in Figure 5.22.

Figure 5.22 A triangular region R for integrating in two

ways.

We can complete this integration in two different ways.

a. One way to look at it is by first integrating y from y = 0 to y = 1 − x vertically and then integrating x
from x = 0 to x = 1:
x=1y=1−x x=1 y=1−x
⎡
∬ f (x, y)dx dy = ∫ ∫ ⎛
⎝x − 2y⎞⎠dy dx = ∫ ⎣xy − 2y 2⎤⎦ y = 0 dx
R x=0 y=0 x=0
x=1 x=1
⎡ ⎤
x=1
⎡
= ∫ ⎣x(1 − x) − (1 − x) 2⎤⎦dx = ∫ ⎡
⎣−1 + 3x − 2x 2⎤⎦dx = ⎣−x + 3 x 2 − 2 x 3⎦ x = 0 = − 1 .
2 3 6
x=0 x=0
b. The other way to do this problem is by first integrating x from x = 0 to x = 1 − y horizontally and then
integrating y from y = 0 to y = 1:
y=1x=1−y y=1 x=1−y
⎡1 2 ⎤
∬ f (x, y)dx dy = ∫ ∫ ⎛
x − 2y⎞⎠dx dy =
⎝ ∫ ⎣ 2 x − 2xy⎦ x = 0 dy
R y=0 x=0 y=0
y=1 y=1
⎡1 ⎛ ⎞⎤ ⎡1 5 2⎤
= ∫ ⎞2 ⎛
⎣ 2 ⎝1 − y⎠ − 2y⎝1 − y⎠⎦dy = ∫ ⎣ 2 − 3y + 2 y ⎦dy
y=0 y=0
y=1
⎡ ⎤
= ⎣1 y − 3 y 2 + 5 y 3⎦ y = 0 = − 1 .
2 2 6 6

5.11 Evaluate the iterated integral ∬ ⎛⎝x 2 + y 2⎞⎠dA over the region D in the first quadrant between the
D
2
functions y = 2x and y = x . Evaluate the iterated integral by integrating first with respect to y and then
integrating first with resect to x.

Calculating Volumes, Areas, and Average Values

We can use double integrals over general regions to compute volumes, areas, and average values. The methods are the same
as those in Double Integrals over Rectangular Regions, but without the restriction to a rectangular region, we can

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 511

now solve a wider variety of problems.

Example 5.17

Finding the Volume of a Tetrahedron

Find the volume of the solid bounded by the planes x = 0, y = 0, z = 0, and 2x + 3y + z = 6.

Solution
The solid is a tetrahedron with the base on the xy -plane and a height z = 6 − 2x − 3y. The base is the region D
bounded by the lines, x = 0, y = 0 and 2x + 3y = 6 where z = 0 (Figure 5.23). Note that we can consider
the region D as Type I or as Type II, and we can integrate in both ways.

Figure 5.23 A tetrahedron consisting of the three coordinate planes and the plane z = 6 − 2x − 3y, with
the base bound by x = 0, y = 0, and 2x + 3y = 6.

⎧ ⎫
First, consider D as a Type I region, and hence D = ⎨⎩(x, y)|0 ≤ x ≤ 3, 0 ≤ y ≤ 2 − 2 x⎬⎭.
3
Therefore, the volume is
x = 3 y = 2 − (2x/3) x = 3⎡ y = 2 − (2x/3)⎤
V =
x=0
∫ ∫
y=0
(6 − 2x − 3y)dy dx = ∫
x = 0⎣
2 |
⎢⎛⎝6y − 2xy − 3 y 2⎞⎠ y = 0 ⎥dx
⎦
x=3
⎡2 2⎤
= ∫ ⎣ 3 (x − 3) ⎦dx = 6.
x=0

|
⎧ ⎫
Now consider D as a Type II region, so D = ⎨⎩(x, y) 0 ≤ y ≤ 2, 0 ≤ x ≤ 3 − 3 y⎬⎭. In this calculation, the
2
volume is
512 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

⎡ x = 3 − (3y/2)⎤
y = 2 x = 3 − (3y/2) y=2
V = ∫
y=0
∫
x=0
(6 − 2x − 3y)dx dy = ∫
y = 0⎣
|
⎢⎛⎝6x − x 2 − 3xy⎞⎠ x = 0 ⎥dy
⎦
y=2
⎡9 2⎤
= ∫ ⎣ 4 (y − 2) ⎦dy = 6.
y=0

Therefore, the volume is 6 cubic units.

5.12 Find the volume of the solid bounded above by f (x, y) = 10 − 2x + y over the region enclosed by the
curves y = 0 and y = e x, where x is in the interval [0, 1].

Finding the area of a rectangular region is easy, but finding the area of a nonrectangular region is not so easy. As we have
seen, we can use double integrals to find a rectangular area. As a matter of fact, this comes in very handy for finding the
area of a general nonrectangular region, as stated in the next definition.

Definition
The area of a plane-bounded region D is defined as the double integral ∬ 1dA.
D

We have already seen how to find areas in terms of single integration. Here we are seeing another way of finding areas by
using double integrals, which can be very useful, as we will see in the later sections of this chapter.

Example 5.18

Finding the Area of a Region

Find the area of the region bounded below by the curve y = x 2 and above by the line y = 2x in the first quadrant
(Figure 5.24).

Figure 5.24 The region bounded by y = x 2 and y = 2x.

Solution

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 513

We just have to integrate the constant function f (x, y) = 1 over the region. Thus, the area A of the bounded
x = 2 y = 2x x=4 x= y
region is ∫ ∫ dy dx or ∫ ∫ dx dy:
x = 0 y = x2 y = 0 x = y/2

|
x = 2 y = 2x x=2 x=2
⎡ y = 2x ⎤
2
⎛ 3
A = ∬ 1dx dy = ∫ ∫ 1dy dx = ∫ ⎣y| y = x 2⎦dx = ∫ ⎝2x − x 2⎞⎠dx = x 2 − x 0 = 4.
D 3 3
x = 0 y = x2 x=0 x=0

5.13 Find the area of a region bounded above by the curve y = x 3 and below by y = 0 over the interval
[0, 3].

We can also use a double integral to find the average value of a function over a general region. The definition is a direct
extension of the earlier formula.

Definition
If f (x, y) is integrable over a plane-bounded region D with positive area A(D), then the average value of the
function is

f ave = 1 ∬ f (x, y)dA.

A(D) D

Note that the area is A(D) = ∬ 1dA.

D

Example 5.19

Finding an Average Value

Find the average value of the function f (x, y) = 7xy 2 on the region bounded by the line x = y and the curve
x = y (Figure 5.25).
514 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

Figure 5.25 The region bounded by x = y and x = y.

Solution
First find the area A(D) where the region D is given by the figure. We have

|
y=1x= y y=1 y=1 1
⎡ x = y⎤ y2
A(D) = ∬ 1dA = ∫ ∫ 1dx dy = ∫ ⎣x| x = y ⎦dy = ∫ ( y − y)dy = 2 y 3/2 −
3 2 0 = 1.
6
D y=0 x=y y=0 y=0

Then the average value of the given function over this region is
y=1x= y y = 1⎡ x = y⎤
f ave = 1 ∬ f (x, y)dA = 1
A(D) D A(D)
∫
y=0 x=y
2 1
y = 0⎣
|
∫ 7xy dx dy = 1/6 ∫ ⎢72 x 2 y 2 x = y ⎥dy
⎦

|
⎛ 4 y5⎞
y=1 y=1 1
⎡7 2 ⎛ 2⎞⎤ ⎡7 ⎛ 3 4⎞⎤ 42 y
∫ ∫ ⎣ 2 ⎝y − y ⎠⎦dy = 2 ⎜ 4 − 5 ⎟ 0 = 40 = 20 .
=6 42 21
⎣ 2 y ⎝y − y ⎠⎦dy = 6
y=0 y=0 ⎝ ⎠

5.14 Find the average value of the function f (x, y) = xy over the triangle with vertices
(0, 0), (1, 0) and (1, 3).

Improper Double Integrals

An improper double integral is an integral ∬ f dA where either D is an unbounded region or f is an unbounded
D
function. For example, D = (x, y)||x − y| ≥ 2 is an unbounded region, and the function f (x, y) = 1/⎛⎝1 − x 2 − 2y 2⎞⎠ over
⎧ ⎫
⎨ ⎬
⎩ ⎭

the ellipse x 2 + 3y 2 ≤ 1 is an unbounded function. Hence, both of the following integrals are improper integrals:

∬ xy dA where D = (x, y)||x − y| ≥ 2 ;

⎧ ⎫
i. ⎨
⎩
⎬
⎭

ii. ∬ 1 ⎧ ⎫
dA where D = ⎨⎩(x, y)|x 2 + 3y 2 ≤ 1⎬⎭.
2 2
D 1 − x − 2y

In this section we would like to deal with improper integrals of functions over rectangles or simple regions such that f has
only finitely many discontinuities. Not all such improper integrals can be evaluated; however, a form of Fubini’s theorem
does apply for some types of improper integrals.

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 515

Theorem 5.6: Fubini’s Theorem for Improper Integrals

If D is a bounded rectangle or simple region in the plane defined by (x, y): a ≤ x ≤ b, g(x) ≤ y ≤ h(x) and also by
⎧ ⎫
⎨ ⎬
⎩ ⎭

(x, y): c ≤ y ≤ d, j(y) ≤ x ≤ k(y) and f is a nonnegative function on D with finitely many discontinuities in the
⎧ ⎫
⎨ ⎬
⎩ ⎭

interior of D, then

x = b y = h(x) y = d x = k(y)
∬ f dA = ∫ ∫ f (x, y)dy dx = ∫ ∫ f (x, y)dx dy.
D x = a y = g(x) y = c x = j(y)

It is very important to note that we required that the function be nonnegative on D for the theorem to work. We consider
only the case where the function has finitely many discontinuities inside D.

Example 5.20

Evaluating a Double Improper Integral

y
Consider the function f (x, y) = ey over the region D = (x, y): 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, x ≤ y ≤ x .
⎧ ⎫
⎨ ⎬
⎩ ⎭

Notice that the function is nonnegative and continuous at all points on D except (0, 0). Use Fubini’s theorem
to evaluate the improper integral.

Solution
First we plot the region D (Figure 5.26); then we express it in another way.

Figure 5.26 The function f is continuous at all points of the

region D except (0, 0).

The other way to express the same region D is

⎧ ⎫
D = ⎨⎩(x, y): 0 ≤ y ≤ 1, y 2 ≤ x ≤ y⎬⎭.
516 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

Thus we can use Fubini’s theorem for improper integrals and evaluate the integral as
y=1 x=y
∫ ∫ e y dx dy.
y
y = 0 x = y2

Therefore, we have
y=1 x=y y=1 y=1 1
∫ ∫ e y dx dy = ∫ e y x| x = y dy = ∫ ey ⎛ 2⎞
y ⎝y − y ⎠dy = ∫ ⎝ey − ye ⎠dy = e − 2.
⎛ y⎞
y y x = y2
y = 0 x = y2 y=0 y=0 0

As mentioned before, we also have an improper integral if the region of integration is unbounded. Suppose now that the
function f is continuous in an unbounded rectangle R.

Theorem 5.7: Improper Integrals on an Unbounded Region

If R is an unbounded rectangle such as R = (x, y): a ≤ x ≤ ∞, c ≤ y ≤ ∞ , then when the limit exists, we have
⎧ ⎫
⎨ ⎬
⎩ ⎭

b ⎛d ⎞ d ⎛b ⎞
∬ f (x, y)dA = lim ∫ ⎜∫ f (x, y)dy⎟dx = (b, d) →
lim ∫ ⎜∫ f (x, y)dy⎟dy.
R (b, d) → (∞, ∞) a ⎝c ⎠ (∞, ∞) c ⎝a ⎠

The following example shows how this theorem can be used in certain cases of improper integrals.

Example 5.21

Evaluating a Double Improper Integral

−x 2 − y 2
Evaluate the integral ∬ xye dA where R is the first quadrant of the plane.
R

Solution
The region R is the first quadrant of the plane, which is unbounded. So
x = b⎛y = d ⎞ y = d⎛x = b ⎞
−x 2 − y 2
∫ ⎜∫ −x 2 − y 2
dy⎟dx =
2 − y2
∬ xye dA = lim xye lim ∫ ⎜ ∫ xye −x dy⎟dy
x = 0⎝y = 0 ⎠ y = 0⎝x = 0 ⎠
R (b, d) → (∞, ∞) (b, d) → (∞, ∞)

1 ⎛1 − e −b 2⎞⎛ −d 2⎞ 1
=
(b, d) → (∞, ∞) 4 ⎝
lim ⎠⎝1 − e ⎠= 4

−x 2 − y 2
Thus, ∬ xye dA is convergent and the value is 1 .
R 4

y ⎧ ⎫
5.15 Evaluate the improper integral ∬ dA where D = ⎨⎩(x, y)x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, x 2 + y 2 ≤ 1⎬⎭.
2 2
D 1−x −y

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 517

In some situations in probability theory, we can gain insight into a problem when we are able to use double integrals over
general regions. Before we go over an example with a double integral, we need to set a few definitions and become familiar
with some important properties.

Definition
Consider a pair of continuous random variables X and Y, such as the birthdays of two people or the number of
sunny and rainy days in a month. The joint density function f of X and Y satisfies the probability that (X, Y) lies
in a certain region D:

P⎛⎝(X, Y) ∈ D⎞⎠ = ∬ f (x, y)dA.

D

Since the probabilities can never be negative and must lie between 0 and 1, the joint density function satisfies the
following inequality and equation:
f (x, y) ≥ 0 and ∬ f (x, y)dA = 1.
R2

Definition
The variables X and Y are said to be independent random variables if their joint density function is the product of
their individual density functions:
f (x, y) = f 1 (x) f 2 (y).

Example 5.22

Application to Probability

At Sydney’s Restaurant, customers must wait an average of 15 minutes for a table. From the time they are seated
until they have finished their meal requires an additional 40 minutes, on average. What is the probability that a
customer spends less than an hour and a half at the diner, assuming that waiting for a table and completing the
meal are independent events?

Solution
Waiting times are mathematically modeled by exponential density functions, with m being the average waiting
time, as
⎧0 if t < 0,
f (t) = ⎨ 1 −t/m
⎩m e if t ≥ 0.

If X and Y are random variables for ‘waiting for a table’ and ‘completing the meal,’ then the probability density
functions are, respectively,
⎧0 if x < 0, ⎧0 if y < 0,
f 1(x) = ⎨ 1 −x/15 and f 2(y) = ⎨ 1 −y/40
⎩15 e if x ≥ 0. ⎩40 e if y ≥ 0.

Clearly, the events are independent and hence the joint density function is the product of the individual functions
⎧0 if x < 0 or y < 0,
f (x, y) = f 1(x) f 2(y) = ⎨ 1 −x/15 −y/60
⎩600 e e if x, y ≥ 0.
518 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

We want to find the probability that the combined time X + Y is less than 90 minutes. In terms of geometry, it
means that the region D is in the first quadrant bounded by the line x + y = 90 (Figure 5.27).

Figure 5.27 The region of integration for a joint probability

density function.

Hence, the probability that (X, Y) is in the region D is

P(X + Y ≤ 90) = P⎛⎝(X, Y) ∈ D⎞⎠ = ∬ f (x, y)dA = ∬ 1 e −x/15 e −y/40 dA.

D D 600

Since x + y = 90 is the same as y = 90 − x, we have a region of Type I, so

D = (x, y)|0 ≤ x ≤ 90, 0 ≤ y ≤ 90 − x ,

⎧ ⎫
⎨ ⎬
⎩ ⎭

x = 90 y = 90 − x x = 90 y = 90 − x
P(X + Y ≤ 90) = 1 ∫ ∫ −x/15 −y/40
dx dy = 1 ∫ ∫ −y/40
e e e −x/15e dx dy
600 x = 0 y=0
600 x = 0 y=0
x = 90 y = 90 − x
−⎛⎝x/15 + y/40⎞⎠
= 1 ∫ ∫ e dx dy = 0.8328.
600 x = 0 y=0

Thus, there is an 83.2% chance that a customer spends less than an hour and a half at the restaurant.

Another important application in probability that can involve improper double integrals is the calculation of expected
values. First we define this concept and then show an example of a calculation.

Definition
In probability theory, we denote the expected values E(X) and E(Y), respectively, as the most likely outcomes of
the events. The expected values E(X) and E(Y) are given by

E(X) = ∬ x f (x, y)dA and E(Y) = ∬ y f (x, y)dA,

S S

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 519

where S is the sample space of the random variables X and Y.

Example 5.23

Finding Expected Value

Find the expected time for the events ‘waiting for a table’ and ‘completing the meal’ in Example 5.22.

Solution
Using the first quadrant of the rectangular coordinate plane as the sample space, we have improper integrals for
E(X) and E(Y). The expected time for a table is
x=∞y=∞
dA = 1 ∫ ∫
−y/40 −y/40
E(X) = ∬ x 1 e −x/15 e xe −x/15 e dA
S 600 600 x = 0 y=0
x=ay=b
= 1 lim ∫ ∫ xe −x/15 e −y/40 dx dy
600 (a, b) → (∞, ∞)x = 0 y = 0

⎛ x=a ⎞⎛ y=b ⎞
= 1 ⎜a lim ∫ xe −x/15 dx⎟⎜b lim ∫ e −y/40 dy⎟
600 ⎝ → ∞x = 0 ⎠ →
⎝ ∞
y=0 ⎠
⎛ x = a⎞⎛⎛ y = b⎞
= 1 ⎝⎛⎝a lim
600 → ∞
⎛
⎝−15e −x/15
(x + 15)⎞⎞
⎠⎠ | ⎜
⎝
lim
⎛
x = 0⎠ ⎝b → ∞⎝−40e
−y/40⎞⎞
⎠⎠ y = 0⎟
⎠ |
⎛ ⎞
= 1 ⎛⎝a lim ⎛
−15e −a/15 (x + 15) + 225⎞⎠⎞⎠⎝ lim ⎛⎝−40e −b/40 + 40⎞⎠⎠
600 → ∞⎝ b→∞
= 1 (225)(40)
600
= 15.
A similar calculation shows that E(Y) = 40. This means that the expected values of the two random events are
the average waiting time and the average dining time, respectively.

5.16 The joint density function for two random variables X and Y is given by
⎧ 1 ⎛x 2 + y 2⎞ if 0 ≤ x ≤ 15, 0 ≤ y ≤ 10
f (x, y) = ⎨600 ⎝ ⎠
⎩0 otherwise
Find the probability that X is at most 10 and Y is at least 5.
520 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

5.2 EXERCISES
In the following exercises, specify whether the region is of 66. The region D bounded by x = y 2 − 1 and
Type I or Type II.
x = 1 − y 2 as given in the following figure.
3 3
60. The region D bounded by y = x , y = x + 1,
x = 0, and x = 1 as given in the following figure.

61. Find the average value of the function f (x, y) = 3xy

on the region graphed in the previous exercise.
67. Find the volume of the solid under the graph of the
62. Find the area of the region D given in the previous function f (x, y) = xy + 1 and above the region in the
exercise. figure in the previous exercise.
63. The region D bounded by 68. The region D bounded by
y = sin x, y = 1 + sin x, x = 0, and x = π as given in
2 y = 0, x = −10 + y, and x = 10 − y as given in the
the following figure. following figure.

64. Find the average value of the function

f (x, y) = cos x on the region graphed in the previous
exercise.

65. Find the area of the region D given in the previous

exercise.

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 521

69. Find the volume of the solid under the graph of the 76. f (x, y) = 2 and
function f (x, y) = x + y and above the region in the D = (x, y)|0 ≤ y ≤ 1, y − 1 ≤ x ≤ arccos y
⎧
⎨
⎫
⎬
⎩ ⎭

figure from the previous exercise.

77. f (x, y) = xy and
70. The region D bounded by y = 0, x = y − 1,
⎧
2⎫⎬
x = π as given in the following figure. D = (x, y)| − 1 ≤ y ≤ 1, y 2 − 1 ≤ x ≤ 1 − y
⎨
⎩ ⎭
2
78. f (x, y) = sin y and D is the triangular region with
vertices (0, 0), (0, 3), and (3, 0)

79. f (x, y) = −x + 1 and D is the triangular region

with vertices (0, 0), (0, 2), and (2, 2)

Evaluate the iterated integrals.

1 3x
80. ∫ ∫ ⎛⎝x + y 2⎞⎠dy dx
0 2x

1 2 x+1
71. The region D bounded by y = 0 and y = x 2 − 1 as 81. ∫ ∫ ⎛
xy + 1⎞⎠dy dx
⎝

given in the following figure. 0 2 x

e2 2
82. ∫ ∫ (v + ln u)dv du
e ln u

2 −u
83. ∫ ∫ (8uv)dv du
1 −u 2 − 1

1 1 − y2
⎛
84. ∫ ∫ ⎝2x + 4x 3⎞⎠dx dy
0
72. Let D be the region bounded by the curves of − 1 − y2

equations y = x, y = −x, and y = 2 − x 2. Explain why

D is neither of Type I nor II. 1/2 1 − 4y 2
85. ∫ ∫ 4dx dy
73. Let D be the region bounded by the curves of 0
− 1 − 4y 2
2
equations y = cos x and y = 4 − x and the x -axis.
Explain why D is neither of Type I nor II. 86. Let D be the region bounded by
2 2
y = 1 − x , y = 4 − x , and the x - and y -axes.
In the following exercises, evaluate the double integral
a. Show that
∬ f (x, y)dA over the region D.
D 1 4 − x2 2 4 − x2
∬ x dA = ∫ ∫ x dy dx + ∫ ∫ x dy dx by
D 0 1 − x2 1 0
74. f (x, y) = 2x + 5y and
⎧
D = ⎨⎩(x, y)|0 ≤ x ≤ 1, x 3 ≤ y ≤ x 3 + 1⎬⎭
⎫ dividing the region D into two regions of Type I.
b. Evaluate the integral ∬ x dA.
D
75. f (x, y) = 1 and
⎧ ⎫
D = ⎨⎩(x, y)|0 ≤ x ≤ π , sin x ≤ y ≤ 1 + sin x⎬⎭
2
522 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

87. Let D be the region bounded by y = 1, y = x, 91. The region D bounded by y = cos x, y = 4 cos x,
y = ln x, and the x -axis. and x = ± π is shown in the following figure. Find the
3
a. Show that
area A(D) of the region D.
1 x e 1
∬ y dA = ∫ ∫ y dy dx + ∫ ∫ y dy dx by
D 0 0 1 ln x
dividing D into two regions of Type I.
b. Evaluate the integral ∬ y dA.
D

88.
a. Show that
0 2 − x2 1 2 − x2
∬ y 2 dA = ∫ ∫ y 2 dy dx + ∫ ∫ y 2 dy dx
D −1 −x 0 x
by dividing the region D into two regions of Type 92. Find the area A(D) of the region
I, where
|
⎧ 2 2 ⎫

| D = (x, y) y ≥ 1 − x , y ≤ 4 − x , y ≥ 0, x ≥ 0 .
⎧ ⎫ ⎨ ⎬
D = ⎨⎩(x, y) y ≥ x, y ≥ − x, y ≤ 2 − x 2⎬⎭. ⎩ ⎭

b. Evaluate the integral ∬ y 2dA. 93. Let D be the region bounded by

D
y = 1, y = x, y = ln x, and the x -axis. Find the area

89. Let D be the region bounded by y = x 2, y = x + 2, A(D) of the region D.

and y = −x.
94. Find the average value of the function
a. Show that f (x, y) = sin y on the triangular region with vertices
1 y 2 y
(0, 0), (0, 3), and (3, 0).
∬ x dA = ∫ ∫ x dx dy + ∫ ∫ x dx dy by
D 0 −y 1 y−2
95. Find the average value of the function
dividing the region D into two regions of Type II, f (x, y) = −x + 1 on the triangular region with vertices
|
⎧ ⎫
where D = ⎨⎩(x, y) y ≥ x 2, y ≥ − x, y ≤ x + 2⎬⎭. (0, 0), (0, 2), and (2, 2).
b. Evaluate the integral ∬ x dA.
D In the following exercises, change the order of integration
and evaluate the integral.
90. The region D bounded by x = 0, y = x 5 + 1, and π/2 x + 1
2
y = 3 − x is shown in the following figure. Find the area 96. ∫ ∫ sin x dy dx
−1 0
A(D) of the region D.
1 1−x
97. ∫ ∫ x dy dx
0 x−1

0 y+1
98. ∫ ∫ y 2 dx dy
−1 − y + 1

1/2 y2 + 1
99. ∫ ∫ y dx dy
−1/2
− y2 + 1

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 523

100. The region D is shown in the following figure. 107. Let g be a positive, increasing, and differentiable
⎛ 2
Evaluate the double integral ∬ ⎝x + y⎞⎠dA by using the function on the interval ⎡⎣a, b⎤⎦, and let k be a positive
D
real number. Show that the volume of the solid under the
easier order of integration. surface z = g′(x) and above the region bounded by
y = g(x), y = g(x) + k, x = a, and x = b is given by
k⎛⎝g(b) − g(a)⎞⎠.

108. Find the volume of the solid situated in the first

octant and determined by the planes z = 2,
z = 0, x + y = 1, x = 0, and y = 0.

109. Find the volume of the solid situated in the first

101. The region D is given in the following figure. octant and bounded by the planes x + 2y = 1,
Evaluate the double integral ∬ ⎛⎝x 2 − y 2⎞⎠dA by using the x = 0, y = 0, z = 4, and z = 0.
D
easier order of integration. 110. Find the volume of the solid bounded by the planes
x + y = 1, x − y = 1, x = 0, z = 0, and z = 10.

111. Find the volume of the solid bounded by the planes

x + y = 1, x − y = 1, x + y = −1,
x − y = −1, z = 1 and z = 0.

112. Let S 1 and S 2 be the solids situated in the first

octant under the planes x+y+z=1 and
x + y + 2z = 1, respectively, and let S be the solid
situated between S 1, S 2, x = 0, and y = 0.
102. Find the volume of the solid under the surface a. Find the volume of the solid S 1.
z = 2x + y 2 and above the region bounded by y = x 5 b. Find the volume of the solid S 2.
and y = x. c. Find the volume of the solid S by subtracting the
volumes of the solids S 1 and S 2.
103. Find the volume of the solid under the plane
z = 3x + y and above the region determined by y = x 7 113. Let S 1 and S 2 be the solids situated in the first
and y = x.
octant under the planes 2x + 2y + z = 2 and
104. Find the volume of the solid under the plane x + y + z = 1, respectively, and let S be the solid
z = x − y and above the region bounded by situated between S 1, S 2, x = 0, and y = 0.
x = tan y, x = −tan y, and x = 1. a. Find the volume of the solid S 1.
b. Find the volume of the solid S 2.
105. Find the volume of the solid under the surface
c. Find the volume of the solid S by subtracting the
z = x 3 and above the plane region bounded by
volumes of the solids S 1 and S 2.
x = sin y, x = −sin y, and x = 1.
114. Let S 1 and S 2 be the solids situated in the first
106. Let g be a positive, increasing, and differentiable
octant under the plane x + y + z = 2 and under the sphere
function on the interval ⎡⎣a, b⎤⎦. Show that the volume of
the solid under the surface z = g′(x) and above the region x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4, respectively. If the volume of the solid
bounded by y = 0, y = g(x), x = a, and x = b is S 2 is 4π , determine the volume of the solid S situated
3
given by 1 ⎛⎝g 2 (b) − g 2 (a)⎞⎠. between S 1 and S 2 by subtracting the volumes of these
2
solids.
524 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

115. Let S 1 and S 2 be the solids situated in the first 118. Suppose that (X, Y) is the outcome of an
octant under the plane x + y + z = 2 and bounded by the experiment that must occur in a particular region S in
the xy -plane. In this context, the region S is called the
cylinder x 2 + y 2 = 4, respectively.
sample space of the experiment and X and Y are random
a. Find the volume of the solid S 1.
variables. If D is a region included in S, then the
b. Find the volume of the solid S 2.
probability of (X, Y) being in D is defined as
c. Find the volume of the solid S situated between
P[(X, Y) ∈ D] = ∬ p(x, y)dx dy, where p(x, y) is the
S 1 and S 2 by subtracting the volumes of the D
solids S 1 and S 2. joint probability density of the experiment. Here, p(x, y)
is a nonnegative function for which ∬ p(x, y)dx dy = 1.
116. [T] The following figure shows the region D S
bounded by the curves y = sin x, x = 0, and y = x 4. Assume that a point (X, Y) is chosen arbitrarily in the
Use a graphing calculator or CAS to find the x -coordinates square [0, 3] × [0, 3] with the probability density
of the intersection points of the curves and to determine the ⎧1 (x, y) ∈ [0, 3] × [0, 3],
area of the region D. Round your answers to six decimal p(x, y) = ⎨9 Find the
⎩0 otherwise.
places.
probability that the point (X, Y) is inside the unit square
and interpret the result.

119. Consider X and Y two random variables of

probability densities p 1(x) and p 2(x), respectively. The
random variables X and Y are said to be independent if
their joint density function is given by
p(x, y) = p 1(x)p 2(y). At a drive-thru restaurant,
customers spend, on average, 3 minutes placing their
orders and an additional 5 minutes paying for and picking
up their meals. Assume that placing the order and paying
117. [T] The region D bounded by the curves for/picking up the meal are two independent events X and
y = cos x, x = 0, and y = x 3 is shown in the following Y. If the waiting times are modeled by the exponential
figure. Use a graphing calculator or CAS to find the probability densities
x-coordinates of the intersection points of the curves and to ⎧1 e −x/3 x ≥ 0, ⎧1 e −y/5 y ≥ 0,
p 1(x) = ⎨3 and p 2(y) = ⎨5
determine the area of the region D. Round your answers to ⎩0 otherwise, ⎩0 otherwise,
six decimal places.
respectively, the probability that a customer will spend less
than 6 minutes in the drive-thru line is given by
P[X + Y ≤ 6] = ∬ p(x, y)dx dy, where
D
D = (x, y) |x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, x + y ≤ 6 .
⎧ ⎫ ⎫
⎨
⎩
⎬
⎭
⎬
⎭ Find
P[X + Y ≤ 6] and interpret the result.

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 525

120. [T] The Reuleaux triangle consists of an equilateral

triangle and three regions, each of them bounded by a side
of the triangle and an arc of a circle of radius s centered at
the opposite vertex of the triangle. Show that the area of the
Reuleaux triangle in the following figure of side length s
2
is s ⎛⎝π − 3⎞⎠.
2

121. [T] Show that the area of the lunes of Alhazen,

the two blue lunes in the following figure, is the same as
the area of the right triangle ABC. The outer boundaries
of the lunes are semicircles of diameters AB and AC,
respectively, and the inner boundaries are formed by the
circumcircle of the triangle ABC.
526 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

5.3 | Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates

Learning Objectives
5.3.1 Recognize the format of a double integral over a polar rectangular region.
5.3.2 Evaluate a double integral in polar coordinates by using an iterated integral.
5.3.3 Recognize the format of a double integral over a general polar region.
5.3.4 Use double integrals in polar coordinates to calculate areas and volumes.

Double integrals are sometimes much easier to evaluate if we change rectangular coordinates to polar coordinates. However,
before we describe how to make this change, we need to establish the concept of a double integral in a polar rectangular
region.

Polar Rectangular Regions of Integration

When we defined the double integral for a continuous function in rectangular coordinates—say, g over a region R in the
xy -plane—we divided R into subrectangles with sides parallel to the coordinate axes. These sides have either constant
x -values and/or constant y -values. In polar coordinates, the shape we work with is a polar rectangle, whose sides have
constant r -values and/or constant θ -values. This means we can describe a polar rectangle as in Figure 5.28(a), with
R = (r, θ)|a ≤ r ≤ b, α ≤ θ ≤ β .
⎧ ⎫
⎨ ⎬
⎩ ⎭

In this section, we are looking to integrate over polar rectangles. Consider a function f (r, θ) over a polar rectangle R. We
divide the interval ⎡⎣a, b⎤⎦ into m subintervals [r i − 1, r i] of length Δr = (b − a)/m and divide the interval ⎡⎣α, β⎤⎦ into n
subintervals ⎡⎣θ i − 1, θ i⎤⎦ of width Δθ = ⎛⎝β − α⎞⎠/n. This means that the circles r = r i and rays θ = θ i for 1 ≤ i ≤ m and
1 ≤ j ≤ n divide the polar rectangle R into smaller polar subrectangles R i j (Figure 5.28(b)).

Figure 5.28 (a) A polar rectangle R (b) divided into subrectangles R i j. (c) Close-up of a subrectangle.

As before, we need to find the area ΔA of the polar subrectangle R i j and the “polar” volume of the thin box above R i j.
Recall that, in a circle of radius r, the length s of an arc subtended by a central angle of θ radians is s = rθ. Notice that
the polar rectangle R i j looks a lot like a trapezoid with parallel sides r i − 1 Δθ and r i Δθ and with a width Δr. Hence
the area of the polar subrectangle R i j is

ΔA = 1 Δr⎛⎝r i − 1 Δθ + r 1 Δθ⎞⎠.
2

Simplifying and letting r*i j = 1 (r i − 1 + r i), we have ΔA = r*i j ΔrΔθ. Therefore, the polar volume of the thin box
2

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 527

above R i j (Figure 5.29) is

f (r*i j , θ*i j )ΔA = f (r*i j , θ*i j )r*i j ΔrΔθ.

Figure 5.29 Finding the volume of the thin box above polar
rectangle R i j.

Using the same idea for all the subrectangles and summing the volumes of the rectangular boxes, we obtain a double
Riemann sum as
m n
∑ ∑ f (r*i j , θ*i j )r*i j ΔrΔθ.
i=1 j=1

As we have seen before, we obtain a better approximation to the polar volume of the solid above the region R when we let
m and n become larger. Hence, we define the polar volume as the limit of the double Riemann sum,
m n
V = m, lim
n→∞
∑ ∑ f (r*i j , θ*i j )r*i j ΔrΔθ.
i=1 j=1

This becomes the expression for the double integral.

Definition
The double integral of the function f (r, θ) over the polar rectangular region R in the rθ -plane is defined as
m n m n (5.8)
∬ f (r, θ)dA = m, lim
n→∞
∑ ∑ f (r*i j , θ*i j )ΔA = m, lim
n→∞
∑ ∑ f (r*i j , θ*i j )r*i j ΔrΔθ.
R i=1 j=1 i=1 j=1

Again, just as in Double Integrals over Rectangular Regions, the double integral over a polar rectangular region can
be expressed as an iterated integral in polar coordinates. Hence,
θ=βr=b
∬ f (r, θ)dA = ∬ f (r, θ)r dr dθ = ∫ ∫ f (r, θ)r dr dθ.
R R θ=αr=a

Notice that the expression for dA is replaced by r dr dθ when working in polar coordinates. Another way to look at the
polar double integral is to change the double integral in rectangular coordinates by substitution. When the function f is
given in terms of x and y, using x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, and dA = r dr dθ changes it to

∬ f (x, y)dA = ∬ f (r cos θ, r sin θ)r dr dθ.

R R

Note that all the properties listed in Double Integrals over Rectangular Regions for the double integral in rectangular
coordinates hold true for the double integral in polar coordinates as well, so we can use them without hesitation.
528 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

Example 5.24

Sketching a Polar Rectangular Region

Sketch the polar rectangular region R = {(r, θ)|1 ≤ r ≤ 3, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π}.

Solution
As we can see from Figure 5.30, r = 1 and r = 3 are circles of radius 1 and 3 and 0 ≤ θ ≤ π covers the
entire top half of the plane. Hence the region R looks like a semicircular band.

Figure 5.30 The polar region R lies between two

semicircles.

Now that we have sketched a polar rectangular region, let us demonstrate how to evaluate a double integral over this region
by using polar coordinates.

Example 5.25

Evaluating a Double Integral over a Polar Rectangular Region

Evaluate the integral ∬ 3x dA over the region R = {(r, θ)|1 ≤ r ≤ 2, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π}.

R

Solution
First we sketch a figure similar to Figure 5.30 but with outer radius 2. From the figure we can see that we have
θ=πr=2
Use an iterated integral with correct limits
∬ 3x dA = ∫ ∫ 3r cos θr dr dθ
of integration.
R θ=0r=1

⎡ r = 2⎤
θ=π
= ∫
θ=0
⎣ |
cos θ r 3 r = 1 dθ
⎦ Integrate fir t with respect to r.

θ=π
= ∫ 7 cos θ dθ = 7 sin θ| θθ = π
= 0 = 0.
θ=0

⎧ ⎫
5.17 Sketch the region R = ⎨⎩(r, θ)|1 ≤ r ≤ 2, − π ≤ θ ≤ π ⎬⎭, and evaluate ∬ x dA.
2 2 R

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 529

Example 5.26

Evaluating a Double Integral by Converting from Rectangular Coordinates

Evaluate the integral ∬ ⎛⎝1 − x 2 − y 2⎞⎠dA where R is the unit circle on the xy -plane.
R

Solution
The region R is a unit circle, so we can describe it as R = {(r, θ)|0 ≤ r ≤ 1, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π}.

Using the conversion x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, and dA = r dr dθ, we have

2π 1 2π 1
∬ ⎛⎝1 − x 2 − y 2⎞⎠dA = ∫ ∫ ⎛⎝1 − r 2⎞⎠r dr dθ = ∫ ∫ ⎛⎝r − r 3⎞⎠dr dθ
R 0 0 0 0

⎡ 2 4⎤
2π 1 2π
= ∫ ⎣r − r ⎦0dθ = ∫ 1 dθ = π .
2 4 4 2
0 0

Example 5.27

Evaluating a Double Integral by Converting from Rectangular Coordinates

⎧ ⎫
Evaluate the integral ∬ (x + y)dA where R = ⎨⎩(x, y)|1 ≤ x 2 + y 2 ≤ 4, x ≤ 0⎬⎭.
R

Solution
We can see that R is an annular region that can be converted to polar coordinates and described as
⎧ ⎫
R = ⎨⎩(r, θ)|1 ≤ r ≤ 2, π ≤ θ ≤ 3π ⎬⎭ (see the following graph).
2 2

Figure 5.31 The annular region of integration R.

Hence, using the conversion x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, and dA = r dr dθ, we have

530 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

θ = 3π/2 r = 2
∬ (x + y)dA = ∫ ∫ (r cos θ + r sin θ)r dr dθ
R θ = π/2 r = 1
⎛r = 2 ⎞⎛3π/2 ⎞
2 ⎟⎜
= ⎜ ∫ r dr ∫ (cos θ + sin θ)dθ⎟
⎝r = 1 ⎠⎝ π/2 ⎠
⎡ 3⎤
2
= ⎣r ⎦1 [sin θ − cos θ]| 3π/2
π/2
3
= − 14 .
3

5.18 Evaluate the integral ∬ ⎛⎝4 − x 2 − y 2⎞⎠dA where R is the circle of radius 2 on the xy -plane.
R

General Polar Regions of Integration

To evaluate the double integral of a continuous function by iterated integrals over general polar regions, we consider two
types of regions, analogous to Type I and Type II as discussed for rectangular coordinates in Double Integrals over
General Regions. It is more common to write polar equations as r = f (θ) than θ = f (r), so we describe a general
polar region as R = (r, θ)|α ≤ θ ≤ β, h 1 (θ) ≤ r ≤ h 2 (θ) (see the following figure).
⎧ ⎫
⎨ ⎬
⎩ ⎭

Figure 5.32 A general polar region between α < θ < β and

h 1 (θ) < r < h 2 (θ).

Theorem 5.8: Double Integrals over General Polar Regions

If f (r, θ) is continuous on a general polar region D as described above, then

θ = β r = h 2 (θ) (5.9)
∬ f (r, θ)r dr dθ = ∫ ∫ f (r, θ)r dr dθ
D θ = α r = h 1 (θ)

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 531

Example 5.28

Evaluating a Double Integral over a General Polar Region

Evaluate the integral ∬ r 2sin θr dr dθ where D is the region bounded by the polar axis and the upper half of
D
the cardioid r = 1 + cos θ.

Solution
We can describe the region D as {(r, θ)|0 ≤ θ ≤ π, 0 ≤ r ≤ 1 + cos θ} as shown in the following figure.

Figure 5.33 The region D is the top half of a cardioid.

Hence, we have
θ = π r = 1 + cos θ
⎛ 2 ⎞
∬ r 2 sin θr dr dθ = ∫ ∫ ⎝r sin θ⎠r dr dθ
D θ=0 r=0
θ=π r = 1 + cos θ
⎡ 4⎤
=1
4
∫ ⎣r ⎦ r = 0 sin θ dθ
θ=0
θ=π
=1
4
∫ (1 + cos θ) 4sin θ dθ
θ=0
⎡ (1 + cos θ) 5 ⎤ π
= − 1⎢ ⎥ = 8.
4⎣ 5 ⎦0 5

5.19 Evaluate the integral

∬ r 2 sin 2 2θr dr dθ where D = (r, θ)|0 ≤ θ ≤ π, 0 ≤ r ≤ 2 cos 2θ .
⎧ ⎫
⎨ ⎬
⎩ ⎭
D

Polar Areas and Volumes

As in rectangular coordinates, if a solid S is bounded by the surface z = f (r, θ), as well as by the surfaces
r = a, r = b, θ = α, and θ = β, we can find the volume V of S by double integration, as
532 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

θ=βr=b
V = ∬ f (r, θ)r dr dθ = ∫ ∫ f (r, θ)r dr dθ.
R θ=αr=a

If the base of the solid can be described as D = (r, θ)|α ≤ θ ≤ β, h 1 (θ) ≤ r ≤ h 2 (θ) , then the double integral for the
⎧ ⎫
⎨ ⎬
⎩ ⎭

volume becomes
θ = β r = h 2 (θ)
V = ∬ f (r, θ)r dr dθ = ∫ ∫ f (r, θ)r dr dθ.
D θ = α r = h 1 (θ)

We illustrate this idea with some examples.

Example 5.29

Finding a Volume Using a Double Integral

Find the volume of the solid that lies under the paraboloid z = 1 − x 2 − y 2 and above the unit circle on the xy
-plane (see the following figure).

Figure 5.34 The paraboloid z = 1 − x 2 − y 2 .

Solution
By the method of double integration, we can see that the volume is the iterated integral of the form
∬ ⎛⎝1 − x 2 − y 2⎞⎠dA where R = {(r, θ)|0 ≤ r ≤ 1, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π}.
R

This integration was shown before in Example 5.26, so the volume is π cubic units.
2

Example 5.30

Finding a Volume Using Double Integration

Find the volume of the solid that lies under the paraboloid z = 4 − x 2 − y 2 and above the disk

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 533

(x − 1) 2 + y 2 = 1 on the xy -plane. See the paraboloid in Figure 5.35 intersecting the cylinder
(x − 1) 2 + y 2 = 1 above the xy -plane.

Figure 5.35 Finding the volume of a solid with a paraboloid

cap and a circular base.

Solution
First change the disk (x − 1) 2 + y 2 = 1 to polar coordinates. Expanding the square term, we have
x 2 − 2x + 1 + y 2 = 1. Then simplify to get x 2 + y 2 = 2x, which in polar coordinates becomes r 2 = 2r cos θ
and then either r = 0 or r = 2 cos θ. Similarly, the equation of the paraboloid changes to z = 4 − r 2.
Therefore we can describe the disk (x − 1) 2 + y 2 = 1 on the xy -plane as the region

D = {(r, θ)|0 ≤ θ ≤ π, 0 ≤ r ≤ 2 cos θ}.

Hence the volume of the solid bounded above by the paraboloid z = 4 − x 2 − y 2 and below by r = 2 cos θ is
θ = π r = 2 cos θ
⎛
V = ∬ f (r, θ)r dr dθ = ∫ ∫ ⎝4 − r 2⎞⎠r dr dθ
D θ=0 r=0
θ = π⎡ 2 cos θ⎤
= ∫ ⎢4 r − r 0
θ = 0⎣
π
2
2
4
4
| ⎥dθ
⎦
⎡ ⎤
π
= ∫ ⎡⎣8 cos 2 θ − 4 cos 2 θ⎤⎦dθ = ⎣5 θ + 5 sin θ cos θ − sin θ cos 3 θ⎦0 = 5 π.
2 2 2
0

Notice in the next example that integration is not always easy with polar coordinates. Complexity of integration depends
on the function and also on the region over which we need to perform the integration. If the region has a more natural
expression in polar coordinates or if f has a simpler antiderivative in polar coordinates, then the change in polar
coordinates is appropriate; otherwise, use rectangular coordinates.
534 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

Example 5.31

Finding a Volume Using a Double Integral

Find the volume of the region that lies under the paraboloid z = x 2 + y 2 and above the triangle enclosed by the
lines y = x, x = 0, and x + y = 2 in the xy -plane (Figure 5.36).

Solution
First examine the region over which we need to set up the double integral and the accompanying paraboloid.

Figure 5.36 Finding the volume of a solid under a paraboloid and above a given triangle.

The region D is (x, y)|0 ≤ x ≤ 1, x ≤ y ≤ 2 − x . Converting the lines y = x, x = 0, and x + y = 2 in the

⎧ ⎫
⎨ ⎬
⎩ ⎭

xy -plane to functions of r and θ, we have θ = π/4, θ = π/2, and r = 2/(cos θ + sin θ), respectively.
Graphing the region on the xy -plane, we see that it looks like
D = {(r, θ)|π/4 ≤ θ ≤ π/2, 0 ≤ r ≤ 2/(cos θ + sin θ)}. Now converting the equation of the surface gives
z = x 2 + y 2 = r 2. Therefore, the volume of the solid is given by the double integral
2/(cos θ + sin θ)
⎡r 4 ⎤
θ = π/2 r = 2/(cos θ + sin θ) π/2
V = ∬ f (r, θ)r dr dθ = ∫ ∫ r 2 r dr dθ = ∫ ⎣ 4 ⎦0 dθ
D θ = π/4 r=0 π/4
π/2 4 π/2 4 π/2 4
⎛ ⎞ 16 ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
= 1∫ ⎝ 2
⎠ dθ = 4 ∫ ⎝cos θ + sin θ ⎠ dθ = 4 ∫ ⎝cos θ + sin θ ⎠ dθ.
1 1
4 cos θ + sin θ
π/4 π/4 π/4

As you can see, this integral is very complicated. So, we can instead evaluate this double integral in rectangular
coordinates as
1 2−x
⎛ 2
V=∫ ∫ ⎝x + y 2⎞⎠dy dx.
0 x

Evaluating gives

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 535

|
1⎡ 2−x
y3⎤
1 2−x
⎛ 2 2⎞
V =∫ ∫ ⎝x + y ⎠dy dx = ⎢x 2 y + ⎥ x
∫ dx
0⎣
x 3⎦
0
1
3
= ∫ 8 − 4x + 4x 2 − 8x dx
3 3
0

⎡ 4⎤
|
1
3
= ⎣8x − 2x 2 + 4x − 2x ⎦ 0 = 4 .
3 3 3 3

To answer the question of how the formulas for the volumes of different standard solids such as a sphere, a cone, or a
cylinder are found, we want to demonstrate an example and find the volume of an arbitrary cone.

Example 5.32

Finding a Volume Using a Double Integral

Use polar coordinates to find the volume inside the cone z = 2 − x 2 + y 2 and above the xy-plane.

Solution
The region D for the integration is the base of the cone, which appears to be a circle on the xy-plane (see the
following figure).

Figure 5.37 Finding the volume of a solid inside the cone and above
the xy -plane.
536 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

We find the equation of the circle by setting z = 0:

0 = 2 − x2 + y2
2 = x2 + y2
x 2 + y 2 = 4.

This means the radius of the circle is 2, so for the integration we have 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π and 0 ≤ r ≤ 2. Substituting

x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ in the equation z = 2 − x 2 + y 2 we have z = 2 − r. Therefore, the volume of

the cone is
θ = 2π r = 2
∫ ∫ (2 − r)r dr dθ = 2π 4 = 8π cubic units.
3 3
θ=0 r=0

Analysis
Note that if we were to find the volume of an arbitrary cone with radius a units and height h units, then the
equation of the cone would be z = h − h 2 2
a x +y .
θ = 2π r = a
⎛ h r⎞r dr dθ.
We can still use Figure 5.37 and set up the integral as ∫ ∫ ⎝h − a ⎠
θ=0 r=0

Evaluating the integral, we get 1 πa 2 h.

3

5.20 Use polar coordinates to find an iterated integral for finding the volume of the solid enclosed by the
paraboloids z = x 2 + y 2 and z = 16 − x 2 − y 2.

As with rectangular coordinates, we can also use polar coordinates to find areas of certain regions using a double integral.
As before, we need to understand the region whose area we want to compute. Sketching a graph and identifying the region
can be helpful to realize the limits of integration. Generally, the area formula in double integration will look like
β h 2 (θ)
Area A = ∫ ∫ 1r dr dθ.
α h (θ)
1

Example 5.33

Finding an Area Using a Double Integral in Polar Coordinates

Evaluate the area bounded by the curve r = cos 4θ.

Solution
Sketching the graph of the function r = cos 4θ reveals that it is a polar rose with eight petals (see the following
figure).

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 537

Figure 5.38 Finding the area of a polar rose with eight petals.

Using symmetry, we can see that we need to find the area of one petal and then multiply it by 8. Notice that
the values of θ for which the graph passes through the origin are the zeros of the function cos 4θ, and these
are odd multiples of π/8. Thus, one of the petals corresponds to the values of θ in the interval [−π/8, π/8].
Therefore, the area bounded by the curve r = cos 4θ is
θ = π/8 r = cos 4θ
A =8 ∫ ∫ 1r dr dθ
θ = −π/8 r=0

⎡ cos 4θ⎤ ⎡ π/8 ⎤

π/8 π/8
= 8 ∫ 1r 2 0
−π/8
⎣ 2 |
⎦ −π/8
2 ⎣ 4 16 ⎦
⎡ ⎤
16 |
dθ = 8 ∫ 1 cos 2 4θ dθ = 8⎢1 θ + 1 sin 4θ cos 4θ −π/8⎥ = 8⎣ π ⎦ = π .
2

Example 5.34

Finding Area Between Two Polar Curves

Find the area enclosed by the circle r = 3 cos θ and the cardioid r = 1 + cos θ.

Solution
First and foremost, sketch the graphs of the region (Figure 5.39).
538 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

Figure 5.39 Finding the area enclosed by both a circle and a cardioid.

We can from see the symmetry of the graph that we need to find the points of intersection. Setting the two
equations equal to each other gives
3 cos θ = 1 + cos θ.
One of the points of intersection is θ = π/3. The area above the polar axis consists of two parts, with one
part defined by the cardioid from θ = 0 to θ = π/3 and the other part defined by the circle from θ = π/3 to
θ = π/2. By symmetry, the total area is twice the area above the polar axis. Thus, we have
⎡θ = π/3 r = 1 + cos θ θ = π/2 r = 3 cos θ ⎤
⎢
A=2 ∫ ∫ 1r dr dθ + ∫ ∫ 1r dr dθ⎥.
⎣θ=0 r=0 θ = π/3 r = 0 ⎦

Evaluating each piece separately, we find that the area is

⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
A = 2⎝1 π + 9 3 + 3 π − 9 3⎠ = 2⎝5 π ⎠ = 5 π square units.
4 16 8 16 8 4

5.21 Find the area enclosed inside the cardioid r = 3 − 3 sin θ and outside the cardioid r = 1 + sin θ.

Example 5.35

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 539

Evaluating an Improper Double Integral in Polar Coordinates

⎛ ⎞
−10⎝x 2 + y 2⎠
Evaluate the integral ∬ e dx dy.
R2

Solution
This is an improper integral because we are integrating over an unbounded region R 2. In polar coordinates, the
entire plane R 2 can be seen as 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π, 0 ≤ r ≤ ∞.
Using the changes of variables from rectangular coordinates to polar coordinates, we have
⎛ ⎞ θ = 2π r = ∞ θ = 2π ⎛
r=a ⎞
−10⎝x 2 + y 2⎠
−10r 2 ⎜ −10r 2 ⎟dθ
∬ e dx dy = ∫ ∫ e r dr dθ = ∫ a lim ∫ e r dr
θ=0⎝ ⎠
→∞
R2 θ=0 r=0 r=0
⎛θ = 2π ⎞⎛ r=a ⎞
⎜ ⎟⎜
= ∫ dθ a lim ∫ e −10r 2
r dr ⎟
⎝ θ = 0 ⎠⎝ ⎠
→∞
r=0
⎛ r=a
2 ⎞
= 2π ⎜a lim ∫ e −10r r dr⎟
⎝
→∞
r=0 ⎠

|
⎛
⎛ 1 ⎞⎜ −10r 2 ⎟
a⎞
= 2π a lim −
→ ∞⎝ 20 ⎠⎝
e 0
⎠
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ −10a 2 ⎞
= 2π ⎝− 1 ⎠a lim
20 → ∞⎝
e − 1⎠

= π.
10

⎛ ⎞
5.22 −4⎝x 2 + y 2⎠
Evaluate the integral ∬ e dx dy.
R2
540 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

5.3 EXERCISES
In the following exercises, express the region D in polar 130.
coordinates.

122. D is the region of the disk of radius 2 centered at

the origin that lies in the first quadrant.

123. D is the region between the circles of radius 4

and radius 5 centered at the origin that lies in the second
quadrant.

124. D is the region bounded by the y -axis and

x = 1 − y 2.

125. D is the region bounded by the x -axis and

y = 2 − x 2.

⎧ ⎫
126. D = ⎨⎩(x, y)|x 2 + y 2 ≤ 4x⎬⎭
131.
⎧ ⎫
127. D = ⎨⎩(x, y)|x 2 + y 2 ≤ 4y⎬⎭

In the following exercises, the graph of the polar

rectangular region D is given. Express D in polar
coordinates.

128.

129.

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 541

132. In the following graph, the region D is situated 137.

⎧ ⎫
below y = x and is bounded by x = 1, x = 5, and f (x, y) = x 4 + y 4, D = ⎨⎩(r, θ)|1 ≤ r ≤ 2, 3π ≤ θ ≤ 2π ⎬⎭
2
y = 0.

3
138. f (x, y) = x 2 + y 2, where
⎧ ⎫
D = (r, θ)|0 ≤ r ≤ 1, π ≤ θ ≤ π .
⎨
⎩
⎬
⎭
2

139. f (x, y) = x 4 + 2x 2 y 2 + y 4, where

⎧ ⎫
D = (r, θ)|3 ≤ r ≤ 4, π ≤ θ ≤ 2π .
⎨
⎩
⎬
⎭
3 3

f (x, y) = sin⎛⎝arctan x ⎞⎠,

y
140. where

|
⎧ ⎫
D = ⎨⎩(r, θ) 1 ≤ r ≤ 2, π ≤ θ ≤ π ⎬⎭
6 3

f (x, y) = arctan⎛⎝ x ⎞⎠,

y
141. where

|
⎧ ⎫
D = ⎨⎩(r, θ) 2 ≤ r ≤ 3, π ≤ θ ≤ π ⎬⎭
4 3
133. In the following graph, the region D is bounded by
142.
y = x and y = x 2.
x2 + y2 ⎡ ⎛ y ⎞⎤ ⎧ ⎫
∬ e ⎣1 + 2 arctan⎝ x ⎠⎦dA, D = ⎨⎩(r, θ)|1 ≤ r ≤ 2, π ≤ θ ≤ π ⎬⎭
D 6 3

143.
⎛ x2 + y2 ⎞
+ x 4 + 2x 2 y 2 + y 4 arctan⎛⎝ x ⎞⎠dA, D = ⎨⎩(r, θ)|1 ≤ r ≤ 2, π ≤ θ ≤ π ⎬⎭
y ⎧ ⎫
∬ e
D ⎝ ⎠ 4 3

In the following exercises, the integrals have been

converted to polar coordinates. Verify that the identities are
true and choose the easiest way to evaluate the integrals, in
rectangular or polar coordinates.
π
2 x 4 2 sec θ
144. ∫ ∫ ⎛⎝x 2 + y 2⎞⎠dy dx = ∫ ∫ r 3 dr dθ
1 0 0 sec θ

3 x π/4 tan θ sec θ

In the following exercises, evaluate the double integral

145. ∫∫ x dy dx = ∫ ∫ r cos θ dr dθ
2 0 x + y2
2
0 0
∬ f (x, y)dA over the polar rectangular region D.
R
1 x π/4 tan θ sec θ

134. 146. ∫∫ 1 dy dx = ∫ ∫ dr dθ
0 x2 x2 + y2 0 0
f (x, y) = x 2 + y 2, D = {(r, θ)|3 ≤ r ≤ 5, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π}
1 x π/4 tan θ sec θ
y
135.
f (x, y) = x + y, D = {(r, θ)|3 ≤ r ≤ 5, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π}
147. ∫∫ dy dx = ∫ ∫ r sin θ dr dθ
0 x2 x2 + y2 0 0

136.
In the following exercises, convert the integrals to polar
f (x, y) = x 2 + xy, D = {(r, θ)|1 ≤ r ≤ 2, π ≤ θ ≤ 2π} coordinates and evaluate them.
542 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

9 − y2 157. Find the area of the region D, which is the region

3
⎛ 2
148. ∫ ∫ ⎝x + y 2⎞⎠dx dy inside the disk x 2 + y 2 ≤ 4 and to the right of the line
0 0
x = 1.

2 4 − y2 158. Determine the average value of the function

⎛ 2
2
149. ∫ ∫ ⎝x + y 2⎞⎠ dx dy f (x, y) = x 2 + y 2 over the region D bounded by the
0
− 4 − y2 polar curve r = cos 2θ, where − π ≤ θ ≤ π (see the
4 4
following graph).
1 1 − x2
150. ∫ ∫ (x + y)dy dx
0 0

4 16 − x 2
151. ∫ ∫ sin⎛⎝x 2 + y 2⎞⎠dy dx
0
− 16 − x 2

152. Evaluate the integral ∬ r dA where D is the

D
region bounded by the polar axis and the upper half of the
cardioid r = 1 + cos θ.

153. Find the area of the region D bounded by the polar

axis and the upper half of the cardioid r = 1 + cos θ.

154. Evaluate the integral ∬ r dA, where D is the

D
region bounded by the part of the four-leaved rose 159. Determine the average value of the function
r = sin 2θ situated in the first quadrant (see the following
f (x, y) = x 2 + y 2 over the region D bounded by the
figure).
polar curve r = 3 sin 2θ, where 0 ≤ θ ≤ π (see the
2
following graph).

155. Find the total area of the region enclosed by the

four-leaved rose r = sin 2θ (see the figure in the previous
exercise).

156. Find the area of the region D, which is the region

bounded by y = 4 − x 2, x = 3, x = 2, and y = 0. 160. Find the volume of the solid situated in the first
octant and bounded by the paraboloid z = 1 − 4x 2 − 4y 2
and the planes x = 0, y = 0, and z = 0.

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 543

161. Find the volume of the solid bounded by the 166. Find the volume of the solid that lies under the
paraboloid z = 2 − 9x 2 − 9y 2 and the plane z = 1. double cone z 2 = 4x 2 + 4y 2, inside the cylinder
x 2 + y 2 = x, and above the plane z = 0.
162.
a. Find the volume of the solid S 1 bounded by the
167. Find the volume of the solid that lies under the
cylinder x 2 + y 2 = 1 and the planes z = 0 and paraboloid z = x 2 + y 2, inside the cylinder
z = 1. x 2 + y 2 = x, and above the plane z = 0.
b. Find the volume of the solid S 2 outside the double
cone z 2 = x 2 + y 2, inside the cylinder 168. Find the volume of the solid that lies under the plane
x + y + z = 10 and above the disk x 2 + y 2 = 4x.
x 2 + y 2 = 1, and above the plane z = 0.
c. Find the volume of the solid inside the cone 169. Find the volume of the solid that lies under the plane
z 2 = x 2 + y 2 and below the plane z = 1 by 2x + y + 2z = 8 and above the unit disk x 2 + y 2 = 1.
subtracting the volumes of the solids S 1 and S 2.
170. A radial function f is a function whose value at
163. each point depends only on the distance between that point
a. Find the volume of the solid S 1 inside the unit and the origin of the system of coordinates; that is,
sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 and above the plane f (x, y) = g(r), where r = x 2 + y 2. Show that if f
z = 0. is a continuous radial function, then
b. Find the volume of the solid S 2 inside the double ∬ f (x, y)dA = ⎛⎝θ 2 − θ 1⎞⎠⎡⎣G(R 2) − G(R 1)⎤⎦, where
D
cone (z − 1) 2 = x 2 + y 2 and above the plane G′(r) = rg(r) and
z = 0. (x, y) ∈ D = (r, θ)|R 1 ≤ r ≤ R 2, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π ,
⎧ ⎫
⎨
⎩
⎬
⎭ with
c. Find the volume of the solid outside the double 0 ≤ R 1 < R 2 and 0 ≤ θ 1 < θ 2 ≤ 2π.
cone (z − 1) 2 = x 2 + y 2 and inside the sphere
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1. 171. Use the information from the preceding exercise to
3
calculate the integral ∬ ⎛⎝x 2 + y 2⎞⎠ dA, where D is the
For the following two exercises, consider a spherical ring, D
which is a sphere with a cylindrical hole cut so that the axis unit disk.
of the cylinder passes through the center of the sphere (see
the following figure). F′(r)
172. Let f (x, y) = r be a continuous radial function
defined on the annular region
D = (r, θ)|R 1 ≤ r ≤ R 2, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π ,
⎧ ⎫
⎨
⎩
⎬
⎭ where

r = x 2 + y 2, 0 < R 1 < R 2, and F is a differentiable

function. Show that ∬ f (x, y)dA = 2π ⎡⎣F(R 2) − F(R 1)⎤⎦.
D

173. Apply the preceding exercise to calculate the integral

x2 + y2
∬ e dx dy, where D is the annular region
164. If the sphere has radius 4 and the cylinder has radius D x2 + y2
2, find the volume of the spherical ring.
between the circles of radii 1 and 2 situated in the third
165. A cylindrical hole of diameter 6 cm is bored through quadrant.
a sphere of radius 5 cm such that the axis of the cylinder
passes through the center of the sphere. Find the volume of
the resulting spherical ring.
544 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

174. Let f be a continuous function that can be expressed 178. A spherical cap is the region of a sphere that lies
in polar coordinates as a function of θ only; that is, above or below a given plane.
a. Show that the volume of the spherical cap in the
f (x, y) = h(θ), where
figure below is 1 πh⎛⎝3a 2 + h 2⎞⎠.
(x, y) ∈ D = (r, θ)|R 1 ≤ r ≤ R 2, θ 1 ≤ θ ≤ θ 2 , 6
⎧ ⎫
⎨
⎩
⎬
⎭ with
0 ≤ R1 < R2 and 0 ≤ θ 1 < θ 2 ≤ 2π. Show that

∬ f (x, y)dA = 1 ⎛⎝R 22 − R 21⎞⎠⎡⎣H(θ 2) − H(θ 1)⎤⎦, where H

D 2
is an antiderivative of h.

175. Apply the preceding exercise to calculate the integral

y2
|
⎧ ⎫
∬ dA, where D = ⎨⎩(r, θ) 1 ≤ r ≤ 2, π ≤ θ ≤ π ⎬⎭.
D x 2 6 3

176. Let f be a continuous function that can be expressed

in polar coordinates as a function of θ only; that is,
f (x, y) = g(r)h(θ), where
(x, y) ∈ D = (r, θ)|R 1 ≤ r ≤ R 2, θ 1 ≤ θ ≤ θ 2
⎧ ⎫
⎨
⎩
⎬
⎭ with
0 ≤ R1 < R2 and 0 ≤ θ 1 < θ 2 ≤ 2π. Show that
⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤
∬ f (x, y)dA = G(R 2) − G(R 1) H(θ 2) − H(θ 1) ,
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦
b. A spherical segment is the solid defined by
D intersecting a sphere with two parallel planes. If the
where G and H are antiderivatives of g and h, distance between the planes is h, show that the
respectively. volume of the spherical segment in the figure below
is 1 πh⎛⎝3a 2 + 3b 2 + h 2⎞⎠.
6
arctan⎛⎝ x ⎞⎠
y 2 2
177. Evaluate ∬ x + y dA, where
D

|
⎧ ⎫
D = (r, θ) 2 ≤ r ≤ 3, π ≤ θ ≤ π ⎬⎭.
⎨
⎩ 4 3

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 545

179. In statistics, the joint density for two independent,

normally distributed events with a mean µ = 0 and a
standard distribution σ is defined by
x2 + y2
−
1 e 2σ 2
p(x, y) = . Consider (X, Y), the
2πσ 2
Cartesian coordinates of a ball in the resting position after
it was released from a position on the z-axis toward the
xy -plane. Assume that the coordinates of the ball are
independently normally distributed with a mean µ = 0 and
a standard deviation of σ (in feet). The probability that
the ball will stop no more than a feet from the origin
⎡ ⎤
is given by P⎣X 2 + Y 2 ≤ a 2⎦ = ∬ p(x, y)dy dx, where
D
D is the disk of radius a centered at the origin. Show that
P⎡⎣X 2 + Y 2 ≤ a 2⎤⎦ = 1 − e −a
2/2σ 2
.

180. The double improper integral

∞ ∞ ⎛−x 2 + y 2/2⎞
⎝ ⎠
∫ ∫ e dy dx may be defined as the limit
−∞ −∞
⎛ 2 2 ⎞
⎝−x + y /2⎠
value of the double integrals ∬ e dA over
Da
disks D a of radii a centered at the origin, as a increases
without bound; that is,
∞ ∞ ⎛−x 2 + y 2/2⎞ ⎛ 2 2 ⎞
⎝ ⎠ ⎝−x + y /2⎠
∫ ∫ e dy dx = a lim
→∞
∬ e dA.
−∞ −∞ Da
a. Use polar coordinates to show that
∞ ∞ ⎛−x 2 + y 2/2⎞
⎝ ⎠
∫ ∫ e dy dx = 2π.
−∞ −∞
∞
2/2
b. Show that ∫ e −x dx = 2π, by using the
−∞
relation
∞ ∞ ⎛−x 2 + y 2/2⎞
⎝ ⎠
⎛ ∞
2 ⎞⎛ ∞
−y 2/2
⎞
∫ ∫ e dy dx = ⎜ ∫ e −x /2 dx⎟⎜ ∫ e dy⎟.
−∞ −∞ ⎝−∞ ⎠⎝−∞ ⎠
546 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

5.4 | Triple Integrals

Learning Objectives
5.4.1 Recognize when a function of three variables is integrable over a rectangular box.
5.4.2 Evaluate a triple integral by expressing it as an iterated integral.
5.4.3 Recognize when a function of three variables is integrable over a closed and bounded
region.
5.4.4 Simplify a calculation by changing the order of integration of a triple integral.
5.4.5 Calculate the average value of a function of three variables.

In Double Integrals over Rectangular Regions, we discussed the double integral of a function f (x, y) of two
variables over a rectangular region in the plane. In this section we define the triple integral of a function f (x, y, z) of three
variables over a rectangular solid box in space, ℝ 3. Later in this section we extend the definition to more general regions
in ℝ 3.

Integrable Functions of Three Variables

We can define a rectangular box B in ℝ 3 as B = (x, y, z)|a ≤ x ≤ b, c ≤ y ≤ d, e ≤ z ≤ f . We follow a similar
⎧ ⎫
⎨ ⎬
⎩ ⎭

procedure to what we did in Double Integrals over Rectangular Regions. We divide the interval [a, b] into l
x − xi − 1
subintervals [x i − 1, x i] of equal length Δx = i , divide the interval [c, d] into m subintervals [y i − 1, y i]
l
yj − yj−1
of equal length Δy = m , and divide the interval [e, f ] into n subintervals [z i − 1, z i] of equal length
zk − zk − 1
Δz = n . Then the rectangular box B is subdivided into lmn subboxes
B i jk = [x i − 1, x i] × [y i − 1, y i] × [z i − 1, z i], as shown in Figure 5.40.

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 547

Figure 5.40 A rectangular box in ℝ 3 divided into subboxes by planes

parallel to the coordinate planes.

For each i, j, and k, consider a sample point (x*i jk, y*i jk, z*i jk) in each sub-box B i jk. We see that its volume is
ΔV = ΔxΔyΔz. Form the triple Riemann sum
l m n
∑ ∑ ∑ f (x*i jk, y*i jk, z*i jk)ΔxΔyΔz.
i=1 j=1k=1

We define the triple integral in terms of the limit of a triple Riemann sum, as we did for the double integral in terms of a
double Riemann sum.

Definition
The triple integral of a function f (x, y, z) over a rectangular box B is defined as
l m n (5.10)
lim
l, m, n → ∞
∑ ∑ ∑ f (x*i jk, y*i jk, z*i jk)ΔxΔyΔz = ∭ f (x, y, z)dV
i=1 j=1k=1 B

if this limit exists.

When the triple integral exists on B, the function f (x, y, z) is said to be integrable on B. Also, the triple integral exists
if f (x, y, z) is continuous on B. Therefore, we will use continuous functions for our examples. However, continuity is
sufficient but not necessary; in other words, f is bounded on B and continuous except possibly on the boundary of B.
548 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

The sample point (x*i jk, y*i jk, z*i jk) can be any point in the rectangular sub-box B i jk and all the properties of a double
integral apply to a triple integral. Just as the double integral has many practical applications, the triple integral also has
many applications, which we discuss in later sections.
Now that we have developed the concept of the triple integral, we need to know how to compute it. Just as in the case of the
double integral, we can have an iterated triple integral, and consequently, a version of Fubini’s thereom for triple integrals
exists.

Theorem 5.9: Fubini’s Theorem for Triple Integrals

If f (x, y, z) is continuous on a rectangular box B = [a, b] × [c, d] × [e, f ], then
f d b
∭ f (x, y, z)dV = ∫ ∫ ∫ f (x, y, z)dx dy dz.
B e c a

This integral is also equal to any of the other five possible orderings for the iterated triple integral.

For a, b, c, d, e, and f real numbers, the iterated triple integral can be expressed in six different orderings:
f d b f d b d f b
∫ ∫ ∫ f (x, y, z)dx dy dz = ∫ (∫ (∫ f (x, y, z)dx)dy)dz = ∫ (∫ (∫ f (x, y, z)dx)dz)dy
e c a e c a c e a
b f d f b d
= ∫ (∫ (∫ f (x, y, z)dy)dz)dx = ∫ (∫ (∫ f (x, y, z)dy)dx)dz
a e c e a c
e b f b e f
= ∫ (∫ (∫ f (x, y, z)dz)dx)dy = ∫ (∫ (∫ f (x, y, z)dz)dy)dx.
c a e a c e

For a rectangular box, the order of integration does not make any significant difference in the level of difficulty in
computation. We compute triple integrals using Fubini’s Theorem rather than using the Riemann sum definition. We follow
the order of integration in the same way as we did for double integrals (that is, from inside to outside).

Example 5.36

Evaluating a Triple Integral

z=1 y=4 x=5

Evaluate the triple integral ∫ ∫ ∫ (x + yz 2)dx dy dz.
z=0 y=2 x = −1

Solution
The order of integration is specified in the problem, so integrate with respect to x first, then y, and then z.

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 549

z=1 y=4 x=5

∫ ∫ ∫ (x + yz 2)dx dy dz
z=0 y=2 x = −1

y = 4⎡ x=5 ⎤

|
z=1
⎢ x + xyz 2 x = −1⎥dy dz
2
=∫ ∫ Integrate with respect to x.
z=0 y=2⎣2 ⎦
z=1 y=4
⎡
=∫ ∫ ⎣12 + 6yz 2⎤⎦dy dz Evaluate.
z=0 y=2

z = 1⎡
y = 4⎤
=∫
z=0
⎢ y2 2 ⎥
⎢12y + 6 2 z y = 2⎥dz
⎣ ⎦ | Integrate with respect to y.

z=1
⎡
=∫ ⎣24 + 36z 2⎤⎦dz Evaluate.
z=0

⎡ 3⎤
z=1
= 24z + 36 z z = 0 = 36.
⎣ 3⎦
Integrate with respect to z.

Example 5.37

Evaluating a Triple Integral

Evaluate the triple integral ∭ x 2 yz dV where B = (x, y, z)| − 2 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 3, 1 ≤ z ≤ 5 as shown

⎧ ⎫
⎨ ⎬
⎩ ⎭

B
in the following figure.

Figure 5.41 Evaluating a triple integral over a given

rectangular box.

Solution
The order is not specified, but we can use the iterated integral in any order without changing the level of difficulty.
Choose, say, to integrate y first, then x, and then z.
550 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

⎡ 3⎤

|
5 1 3 5 1
∫ ∫ ⎡⎣x 2 yz⎤⎦dy dx dz = ∫ ∫ ⎢x 2 y2 z 0⎥dx dz
2
∭ x 2 yz dV = ∫
B 1 −2 0 1 −2⎣ ⎦
5⎡ 1 ⎤

| |
5 1 5 5
=∫ ∫ 92 x 2 z dx dz = ∫ ⎢92 x33 z −2⎥dz = ∫ 272 z dz = 272 z22 1 = 162.
1 −2 1⎣ ⎦ 1

Now try to integrate in a different order just to see that we get the same answer. Choose to integrate with respect
to x first, then z, and then y.

⎡ 3 ⎤
|
3 5 1 3 5 1
∭ x 2 yz dV = ∫ ∫ ∫ ⎡⎣x 2 yz⎤⎦dx dz dy = ∫ ∫ ⎢ x3 yz −2⎥dz dy
B 0 1 −2 0 1 ⎣ ⎦

|
⎡ 2 5⎤
|
3 5 3 3 3
2
=∫ ∫ 3yz dz dy = ∫ ⎢3y 2 1⎥dy = ∫ 36y dy = 36 2 0 = 18(9 − 0) = 162.
z y
0 1 0⎣ ⎦ 0

5.23 Evaluate the triple integral ∭ z sin x cos y dV where

B

|
⎧ ⎫
B = ⎨⎩(x, y, z) 0 ≤ x ≤ π, 3π ≤ y ≤ 2π, 1 ≤ z ≤ 3⎬⎭.
2

Triple Integrals over a General Bounded Region

We now expand the definition of the triple integral to compute a triple integral over a more general bounded region E in
ℝ 3. The general bounded regions we will consider are of three types. First, let D be the bounded region that is a projection
of E onto the xy -plane. Suppose the region E in ℝ 3 has the form

E = (x, y, z)|(x, y) ∈ D, u 1(x, y) ≤ z ≤ u 2(x, y) .

⎧ ⎫
⎨ ⎬
⎩ ⎭

For two functions z = u 1(x, y) and z = u 2(x, y), such that u 1(x, y) ≤ u 2(x, y) for all (x, y) in D as shown in the
following figure.

Figure 5.42 We can describe region E as the space between

u 1(x, y) and u 2(x, y) above the projection D of E onto the
xy -plane.

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 551

Theorem 5.10: Triple Integral over a General Region

The triple integral of a continuous function f (x, y, z) over a general three-dimensional region

E = (x, y, z)|(x, y) ∈ D, u 1(x, y) ≤ z ≤ u 2(x, y)

⎧ ⎫
⎨ ⎬
⎩ ⎭

in ℝ 3, where D is the projection of E onto the xy -plane, is

⎡u 2(x, y) ⎤
⎢ ⎥
∭ f (x, y, z)dV = ∬ ⎢ ∫ f (x, y, z)dz⎥dA.
E D ⎣u (x, y) ⎦
1

Similarly, we can consider a general bounded region D in the xy -plane and two functions y = u 1(x, z) and y = u 2(x, z)
such that u 1(x, z) ≤ u 2(x, z) for all (x, z) in D. Then we can describe the solid region E in ℝ 3 as

E = (x, y, z)|(x, z) ∈ D, u 1(x, z) ≤ y ≤ u 2(x, z)

⎧ ⎫
⎨ ⎬
⎩ ⎭

where D is the projection of E onto the xy -plane and the triple integral is

⎡u 2(x, z) ⎤
⎢ ⎥
∭ f (x, y, z)dV = ∬ ⎢ ∫ f (x, y, z)dy⎥dA.
E D ⎣u (x, z) ⎦
1

Finally, if D is a general bounded region in the yz -plane and we have two functions x = u 1(y, z) and x = u 2(y, z) such
that u 1(y, z) ≤ u 2(y, z) for all (y, z) in D, then the solid region E in ℝ 3 can be described as

E = (x, y, z)|(y, z) ∈ D, u 1(y, z) ≤ x ≤ u 2(y, z)

⎧ ⎫
⎨ ⎬
⎩ ⎭

where D is the projection of E onto the yz -plane and the triple integral is

⎡u 2(y, z) ⎤
⎢ ⎥
∭ f (x, y, z)dV = ∬ ⎢ ∫ f (x, y, z)dx⎥dA.
E D ⎣u (y, z) ⎦
1

Note that the region D in any of the planes may be of Type I or Type II as described in Double Integrals over General
Regions. If D in the xy -plane is of Type I (Figure 5.43), then

E = (x, y, z)|a ≤ x ≤ b, g 1(x) ≤ y ≤ g 2(x), u 1(x, y) ≤ z ≤ u 2(x, y) .

⎧ ⎫
⎨ ⎬
⎩ ⎭
552 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

Figure 5.43 A box E where the projection D in the xy -plane is of

Type I.

Then the triple integral becomes

b g 2(x) u 2(x, y)
∭ f (x, y, z)dV = ∫ ∫ ∫ f (x, y, z)dz dy dx.
E a g (x) u (x, y)
1 1

If D in the xy -plane is of Type II (Figure 5.44), then

E = (x, y, z)|c ≤ x ≤ d, h 1(x) ≤ y ≤ h 2(x), u 1(x, y) ≤ z ≤ u 2(x, y) .

⎧ ⎫
⎨ ⎬
⎩ ⎭

Figure 5.44 A box E where the projection D in the xy

-plane is of Type II.

Then the triple integral becomes

y=d x = h 2 (y) z = u 2 (x, y)
∭ f (x, y, z)dV = ∫ ∫ ∫ f (x, y, z)dz dx dy.
E y=c x = h 1 (y) z = u 1 (x, y)

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 553

Example 5.38

Evaluating a Triple Integral over a General Bounded Region

Evaluate the triple integral of the function f (x, y, z) = 5x − 3y over the solid tetrahedron bounded by the planes
x = 0, y = 0, z = 0, and x + y + z = 1.

Solution
Figure 5.45 shows the solid tetrahedron E and its projection D on the xy -plane.

Figure 5.45 The solid E has a projection D on the xy -plane of Type I.

We can describe the solid region tetrahedron as

E = (x, y, z)|0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1 − x, 0 ≤ z ≤ 1 − x − y .
⎧ ⎫
⎨ ⎬
⎩ ⎭

Hence, the triple integral is

x=1 y=1−x z=1−x−y
∭ f (x, y, z)dV = ∫ ∫ ∫ ⎛
⎝ 5x − 3y⎞⎠dz dy dx.
E x=0 y=0 z=0

z=1−x−y
To simplify the calculation, first evaluate the integral ∫ (5x − 3y)dz. We have
z=0

z=1−x−y
∫ (5x − 3y)dz = ⎛⎝5x − 3y⎞⎠⎛⎝1 − x − y⎞⎠.
z=0

y=1−x
Now evaluate the integral ∫ ⎛
5x − 3y⎞⎠⎛⎝1 − x − y⎞⎠dy, obtaining
⎝
y=0

y=1−x
∫ 5x − 3y⎞⎠⎛⎝1 − x − y⎞⎠dy = 12 (x − 1) 2(6x − 1).
⎛
⎝
y=0

Finally, evaluate
x=1
∫ 1 (x − 1) 2(6x − 1)dx = 1.
x=0 2 12
554 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

Putting it all together, we have

x=1 y=1−x z=1−x−y
∭ f (x, y, z)dV = ∫ ∫ ∫ ⎛
⎝ 5x − 3y⎞⎠dz dy dx = 1.
12
E x=0 y=0 z=0

Just as we used the double integral ∬ 1dA to find the area of a general bounded region D, we can use ∭ 1dV to find
D E
the volume of a general solid bounded region E. The next example illustrates the method.

Example 5.39

Finding a Volume by Evaluating a Triple Integral

Find the volume of a right pyramid that has the square base in the xy -plane [−1, 1] × [−1, 1] and vertex at the
point (0, 0, 1) as shown in the following figure.

Figure 5.46 Finding the volume of a pyramid with a square base.

Solution
In this pyramid the value of z changes from 0 to 1, and at each height z, the cross section of the pyramid for
any value of z is the square [−1 + z, 1 − z] × [−1 + z, 1 − z]. Hence, the volume of the pyramid is ∭ 1dV
E
where
E = (x, y, z)|0 ≤ z ≤ 1, −1 + z ≤ y ≤ 1 − z, −1 + z ≤ x ≤ 1 − z .
⎧ ⎫
⎨ ⎬
⎩ ⎭

Thus, we have

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 555

z=1 y=1−z x=1−z z=1 y=1−z z=1

∭ 1dV = ∫ ∫ ∫ 1dx dy dz = ∫ ∫ (2 − 2z)dy dz = ∫ (2 − 2z) 2 dz = 4 .
E z=0 y=1+z x=1+z z=0 y=1+z z=0 3

Hence, the volume of the pyramid is 4 cubic units.

3

|
⎧ ⎫
5.24 Consider the solid sphere E = ⎨⎩(x, y, z) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9⎬⎭. Write the triple integral ∭ f (x, y, z)dV
E
for an arbitrary function f as an iterated integral. Then evaluate this triple integral with f (x, y, z) = 1. Notice
that this gives the volume of a sphere using a triple integral.

Changing the Order of Integration

As we have already seen in double integrals over general bounded regions, changing the order of the integration is done
quite often to simplify the computation. With a triple integral over a rectangular box, the order of integration does not
change the level of difficulty of the calculation. However, with a triple integral over a general bounded region, choosing an
appropriate order of integration can simplify the computation quite a bit. Sometimes making the change to polar coordinates
can also be very helpful. We demonstrate two examples here.

Example 5.40

Changing the Order of Integration

Consider the iterated integral

2
x=1y=x z=y
∫ ∫ ∫ f (x, y, z)dz dy dx.
x=0 y=0 z=0

The order of integration here is first with respect to z, then y, and then x. Express this integral by changing the
order of integration to be first with respect to x, then z, and then y. Verify that the value of the integral is the
same if we let f (x, y, z) = xyz.

Solution
The best way to do this is to sketch the region E and its projections onto each of the three coordinate planes.
Thus, let

|
⎧ ⎫
E = ⎨⎩(x, y, z) 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ x 2, 0 ≤ z ≤ y⎬⎭.

and
2 2
x=1y=x z=y
∫ ∫ ∫ f (x, y, z)dz dy dx = ∭ f (x, y, z)dV.
x=0 y=0 z=0 E

We need to express this triple integral as

556 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

y = d z = v 2 (y) x = u 2 (y, z)
∫ ∫ ∫ f (x, y, z)dx dz dy.
y = c z = v (y) x = u (y, z)
1 1

Knowing the region E we can draw the following projections (Figure 5.47):

|
⎧ ⎫
on the xy -plane is D 1 = ⎨⎩(x, y) 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ x 2⎬⎭ = (x, y)|0 ≤ y ≤ 1, y ≤ x ≤ 1 ,
⎧ ⎫
⎨ ⎬
⎩ ⎭

= (y, z)|0 ≤ y ≤ 1, 0 ≤ z ≤ y
⎧ 2⎫⎬
on the yz -plane is D 2 ⎨
⎩ ⎭
, and

= (x, z)|0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ z ≤ x
⎧ 2⎫⎬
on the xz -plane is D 3 ⎨
⎩ ⎭
.

Figure 5.47 The three cross sections of E on the three coordinate planes.

|
⎧ ⎫
Now we can describe the same region E as ⎨⎩(x, y, z) 0 ≤ y ≤ 1, 0 ≤ z ≤ y 2, y ≤ x ≤ 1⎬⎭, and consequently,
the triple integral becomes
y = d z = v 2 (y) x = u 2 (y, z) y = 1 z = x2 x = 1
∫ ∫ ∫ f (x, y, z)dx dz dy = ∫ ∫ ∫ f (x, y, z)dx dz dy.
y = c z = v (y) x = u (y, z) y=0 z=0 x= y
1 1

Now assume that f (x, y, z) = xyz in each of the integrals. Then we have

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 557

2 2
x=1y=x z=y
∫ ∫ ∫ xyz dz dy dx
x=0 y=0 z=0

x=1y=x ⎡ z = y 2⎤ ⎡ y = x 2⎤

|
2 2

| ∫ ⎢⎢x 12 ⎥
x=1y=x ⎛
y5⎞
∫ ⎢⎢xy z2 ⎥
x=1 x=1
2
⎜x ⎟dy dx =
y6 x 13
= ∫ ⎥dy dx = ∫ ∫ ⎥dx = ∫ 12 dx = 168 ,
1
⎝ 2⎠
z=0 y=0
y=0⎣ ⎦
x=0 x=0 y=0 x=0
⎣ ⎦ x=0

y = 1 z = y2 x = 1
∫ ∫ ∫ xyz dx dz dy
y=0 z=0 x= y

y = 1 z = y 2⎡
2 ⎤
|
1
= ∫ ⎢yz x y⎥dz dy
∫
y=0 z=0⎣
2 ⎦

y = 1⎡ z = y 2⎤

|
y = 1 z = y2
⎛ yz y 2 z ⎞⎟ ⎢ yz 2 y 2 z 2 ⎥ ⎛y 5 y 6 ⎞
y=1
∫ ⎜ ∫ ∫ ∫ ⎜ − ⎟dy = 1 .
= − dz dy = ⎢ 4 − 4 z=0 ⎥dy =
y = 0⎝
4⎠
y=0 z=0⎝
2 2 ⎠ 4 168
y=0
⎣ ⎦

The answers match.

5.25 Write five different iterated integrals equal to the given integral
z=4y=4−zx= y
∫ ∫ ∫ f (x, y, z)dx dy dz.
z=0 y=0 x=0

Example 5.41

Changing Integration Order and Coordinate Systems

Evaluate the triple integral ∭ x 2 + z 2dV, where E is the region bounded by the paraboloid y = x 2 + z 2
E
(Figure 5.48) and the plane y = 4.
558 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

Figure 5.48 Integrating a triple integral over a paraboloid.

Solution
The projection of the solid region E onto the xy -plane is the region bounded above by y = 4 and below by the
parabola y = x 2 as shown.

Figure 5.49 Cross section in the xy -plane of the paraboloid

in Figure 5.48.

Thus, we have
⎧ ⎫
E = ⎨⎩(x, y, z)| − 2 ≤ x ≤ 2, x 2 ≤ y ≤ 4, − y − x 2 ≤ z ≤ y − x 2⎬⎭.

The triple integral becomes

2
x=2 y=4 z= y−x
∭ x 2 + z 2dV = ∫ ∫ ∫ x 2 + z 2dz dy dx.
E x = −2 y = x 2
z = − y − x2

This expression is difficult to compute, so consider the projection of E onto the xz -plane. This is a circular disc
x 2 + z 2 ≤ 4. So we obtain
2
x=2 y=4 z= y−x x = 2 z = 4 − x2 y=4
2
∭ x + z dV = 2
∫ ∫ ∫ 2 2
x + z dz dy dx = ∫ ∫ ∫ x 2 + z 2dy dz dx.
E x = −2 y = x 2 x = −2 2 2
z = − y − x2 z = − 4 − x2 y = x + z

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 559

Here the order of integration changes from being first with respect to z, then y, and then x to being first with
respect to y, then to z, and then to x. It will soon be clear how this change can be beneficial for computation.
We have

x = 2 z = 4 − x2 y=4 x = 2 z = 4 − x2
⎛
∫ ∫ ∫ 2 2
x + z dy dz dx = ∫ ∫ ⎝4 − x 2 − z 2⎞⎠ x 2 + z 2dz dx.
x = −2 2 2 x = −2
z = − 4 − x2 y = x + z z = − 4 − x2

Now use the polar substitution x = r cos θ, z = r sin θ, and dz dx = r dr dθ in the xz -plane. This is
essentially the same thing as when we used polar coordinates in the xy -plane, except we are replacing y by z.
Consequently the limits of integration change and we have, by using r 2 = x 2 + z 2,

x = 2 z = 4 − x2 θ = 2π r = 2
⎛
∫ ∫ ⎝4 − x 2 − z 2⎞⎠ x 2 + z 2dz dx = ∫ ∫ ⎛
⎝4 − r 2⎞⎠rr dr dθ
x = −2 θ=0 r=0
z = − 4 − x2
2π ⎡
5 ⎤
|
2 2π
= ∫ ⎢4r − r 0⎥dθ = ∫ 64 dθ = 128π .
3

0⎣
3 5 ⎦ 0
15 15

Average Value of a Function of Three Variables

Recall that we found the average value of a function of two variables by evaluating the double integral over a region on the
plane and then dividing by the area of the region. Similarly, we can find the average value of a function in three variables
by evaluating the triple integral over a solid region and then dividing by the volume of the solid.

Theorem 5.11: Average Value of a Function of Three Variables

If f (x, y, z) is integrable over a solid bounded region E with positive volume V(E), then the average value of the
function is

f ave = 1 ∭ f (x, y, z)dV.

V(E) E

Note that the volume is V(E) = ∭ 1dV.

E

Example 5.42

Finding an Average Temperature

The temperature at a point (x, y, z) of a solid E bounded by the coordinate planes and the plane x + y + z = 1
is T(x, y, z) = (xy + 8z + 20)°C. Find the average temperature over the solid.

Solution
Use the theorem given above and the triple integral to find the numerator and the denominator. Then do the
560 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

division. Notice that the plane x + y + z = 1 has intercepts (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), and (0, 0, 1). The region E
looks like
E = (x, y, z)|0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1 − x, 0 ≤ z ≤ 1 − x − y .
⎧ ⎫
⎨ ⎬
⎩ ⎭

Hence the triple integral of the temperature is

x=1y=1−xz=1−x−y
∭ f (x, y, z)dV = ∫ ∫ ∫ xy + 8z + 20⎞⎠dz dy dx = 147 .
⎛
⎝
40
E x=0 y=0 z=0

x=1y=1−xz=1−x−y
The volume evaluation is V(E) = ∭ 1dV = ∫ ∫ ∫ 1dz dy dx = 1 .
6
E x=0 y=0 z=0

6(147) 441
Hence the average value is T ave = 147/40 = = degrees Celsius.
1/6 40 20

5.26 Find the average value of the function f (x, y, z) = xyz over the cube with sides of length 4 units in the
first octant with one vertex at the origin and edges parallel to the coordinate axes.

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 561

5.4 EXERCISES
In the following exercises, evaluate the triple integrals over In the following exercises, evaluate the triple integrals over
the rectangular solid box B. the bounded region
E = (x, y, z)|a ≤ x ≤ b, h 1 (x) ≤ y ≤ h 2 (x), e ≤ z ≤ f .
⎧ ⎫
⎨ ⎬
⎩ ⎭

⎛ 2 3⎞
181. ∭ ⎝2x + 3y + 4z ⎠dV, where
B 191. ∭ ⎛⎝2x + 5y + 7z⎞⎠dV, where
B = (x, y, z)|0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 2, 0 ≤ z ≤ 3
⎧ ⎫
⎨
⎩
⎬
⎭ E
E = (x, y, z)|0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ − x + 1, 1 ≤ z ≤ 2
⎧ ⎫
⎨ ⎬
⎩ ⎭

182. ∭ (xy + yz + xz)dV, where

B 192. ∭ ⎛⎝y ln x + z⎞⎠dV, where
B = (x, y, z)|1 ≤ x ≤ 2, 0 ≤ y ≤ 2, 1 ≤ z ≤ 3
⎧ ⎫
⎨
⎩
⎬
⎭ E
E = (x, y, z)|1 ≤ x ≤ e, 0 ≤ y ≤ ln x, 0 ≤ z ≤ 1
⎧ ⎫
⎨ ⎬
⎩ ⎭

183. ∭ (x cos y + z)dV, where

B 193. ∭ ⎛⎝sin x + sin y⎞⎠dV, where
B = (x, y, z)|0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ π, −1 ≤ z ≤ 1
⎧ ⎫
⎨
⎩
⎬
⎭ E
⎧ ⎫
E = ⎨⎩(x, y, z)|0 ≤ x ≤ π , −cos x ≤ y ≤ cos x, −1 ≤ z ≤ 1⎬⎭
∭ ⎛⎝z sin x + y 2⎞⎠dV,
2
184. where
B
B = (x, y, z)|0 ≤ x ≤ π, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1, −1 ≤ z ≤ 2
⎧ ⎫
⎨ ⎬
⎩ ⎭
194. ∭ (xy + yz + xz)dV, where
E
In the following exercises, change the order of integration ⎧ ⎫

by integrating first with respect to z, then x, then y. E = ⎨⎩(x, y, z)|0 ≤ x ≤ 1, −x 2 ≤ y ≤ x 2, 0 ≤ z ≤ 1⎬⎭

1 2 3 In the following exercises, evaluate the triple integrals over

⎛ 2
185. ∫∫∫ ⎝x + ln y + z⎞⎠dx dy dz the indicated bounded region E.
0 1 2
195. ∭ ⎛⎝x + 2yz⎞⎠dV, where
1 1 3 E
186. ∫∫∫ ze x + 2y⎞⎠dx dy dz
⎛
⎝ E = (x, y, z)|0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ x, 0 ≤ z ≤ 5 − x − y
⎧
⎨
⎩
⎫
⎬
⎭

0 −1 0

2 3 4
196. ∭ ⎛⎝x 3 + y 3 + z 3⎞⎠dV, where
⎛ 2 1 ⎞dx dy dz E
187. ∫∫∫ ⎝x z + y⎠ E = (x, y, z)|0 ≤ x ≤ 2, 0 ≤ y ≤ 2x, 0 ≤ z ≤ 4 − x − y
⎧
⎨
⎫
⎬
⎩ ⎭
−1 1 0

2 −1 1
188. ∫ ∫ ∫ x +z y dx dy dz 197. ∭ y dV, where
1 −2 0 E

|
⎧ ⎫
E = ⎨⎩(x, y, z) − 1 ≤ x ≤ 1, − 1 − x 2 ≤ y ≤ 1 − x 2, 0 ≤ z ≤ 1 − x 2 − y 2⎬⎭
189. Let F, G, and H be continuous functions on
⎡
⎡
⎣a, b , c, d⎤⎦,
⎤
⎦
⎡
⎣ and ⎣e, f ⎤⎦, respectively, where
a, b, c, d, e, and f are real numbers such that 198. ∭ x dV, where
E
a < b, c < d, and e < f . Show that
|
⎧ ⎫
E = ⎨⎩(x, y, z) − 2 ≤ x ≤ 2, −4 1 − x 2 ≤ y ≤ 4 − x 2, 0 ≤ z ≤ 4 − x 2 − y 2⎬⎭
b d f ⎛b ⎞⎛ d ⎞⎛ f ⎞
∫∫ ∫ F(x)G(y)H(z)dz dy dx = ⎜∫ F(x)dx⎟⎜∫ G(y)dy⎟⎜∫ H(z)dz⎟.
a c e ⎝a ⎠⎝ c ⎠⎝ e ⎠
In the following exercises, evaluate the triple integrals over
190. Let F, G, and H be differential functions on the bounded region E of the form
E = (x, y, z)|g 1 (y) ≤ x ≤ g 2 (y), c ≤ y ≤ d, e ≤ z ≤ f .
⎧ ⎫
⎡
⎡
⎣a, b⎤⎦, ⎡⎣c, d⎤⎦, and ⎣e, f ⎤⎦, respectively, where ⎨
⎩
⎬
⎭

a, b, c, d, e, and f are real numbers such that

a < b, c < d, and e < f . Show that
b d f
∫ ∫ ∫ F′ (x)G′ (y)H′ (z)dz dy dx = F(b) − F(a)⎤⎦ ⎡⎣G(d) − G(c)⎤⎦ ⎡⎣H ⎛⎝ f ⎞⎠ − H(e)⎤⎦.
⎡
⎣

a c e
562 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

199. ∭ x 2 dV, where ⎛2 ⎞

E 207. ∬ ⎜∫ (x + z)dz⎟dA, where
D ⎝1 ⎠
|
⎧ 2 2 ⎫
E = (x, y, z) 1 − y ≤ x ≤ y − 1, −1 ≤ y ≤ 1, 1 ≤ z ≤ 2
⎨
⎩
⎬
⎭

|
⎧ ⎫
D = ⎨⎩(x, y) x 2 + y 2 ≤ 1⎬⎭

200. ∭ ⎛⎝sin x + y⎞⎠dV, where ⎛3 ⎞

E 208. ∬ ⎜∫ x(z + 1)dz⎟dA, where
⎝1 ⎠
|
⎧ ⎫ D
E = ⎨⎩(x, y, z) − y 4 ≤ x ≤ y 4, 0 ≤ y ≤ 2, 0 ≤ z ≤ 4⎬⎭
|
⎧ ⎫
D = ⎨⎩(x, y) x 2 − y 2 ≥ 1, x ≤ 5⎬⎭
201. ∭ (x − yz)dV, where
E
⎛10 − x − y ⎞
| ∬ ⎜ ∫ (x + 2z)dz⎟dA,
⎧ 6 ⎫
E = (x, y, z) − y ≤ x ≤ y, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1x, −1 ≤ z ≤ 1
⎨ ⎬
209. where
D ⎝ ⎠
⎩ ⎭
0

D = (x, y)|y ≥ 0, x ≥ 0, x + y ≤ 10
⎧ ⎫
⎨ ⎬
⎩ ⎭

202. ∭ zdV, where

E
⎛4x 2 + 4y 2 ⎞
E = (x, y, z)|2 − 2y ≤ x ≤ 2 + y, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1x, 2 ≤ z ≤ 3 ⎜ ⎟
⎧ ⎫

∬ ⎜ ∫
⎨ ⎬

y dz⎟dA,
⎩ ⎭
210. where
⎝ 0 ⎠
D

|
In the following exercises, evaluate the triple integrals over ⎧ ⎫
D = ⎨⎩(x, y) x 2 + y 2 ≤ 4, y ≥ 1, x ≥ 0⎬⎭
the bounded region
E = (x, y, z)|g 1 (y) ≤ x ≤ g 2 (y), c ≤ y ≤ d, u 1 (x, y) ≤ z ≤ u 2 (x, y) .
⎧ ⎫

211. The solid E bounded by y 2 + z 2 = 9, z = 0, and

⎨ ⎬
⎩ ⎭

203. ∭ zdV, where x = 5 is shown in the following figure. Evaluate the

E integral ∭ z dV by integrating first with respect to z,
| E
⎧ ⎫
E = ⎨⎩(x, y, z) − y ≤ x ≤ y, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1, 0 ≤ z ≤ 1 − x 4 − y 4⎬⎭
then y, and then x.

204. ∭ (xz + 1)dV, where

E

|
⎧ ⎫
E = ⎨⎩(x, y, z) 0 ≤ x ≤ y, 0 ≤ y ≤ 2, 0 ≤ z ≤ 1 − x 2 − y 2⎬⎭

205. ∭ (x − z)dV, where

E

|
⎧ ⎫
E = ⎨⎩(x, y, z) − 1 − y 2 ≤ x ≤ y, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1 x, 0 ≤ z ≤ 1 − x 2 − y 2⎬⎭
2

206. ∭ (x + y)dV, where

E

|
⎧ ⎫
E = ⎨⎩(x, y, z) 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 − y 2, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1x, 0 ≤ z ≤ 1 − x⎬⎭

In the following exercises, evaluate the triple integrals over

the bounded region
E = (x, y, z)|(x, y) ∈ D, u 1 (x, y)x ≤ z ≤ u 2 (x, y) ,
⎧ ⎫
⎨ ⎬
⎩ ⎭

where D is the projection of E onto the xy -plane.

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 563

212. The solid E bounded by y = x, x = 4, y = 0, 4

1 y 1−x −y
4

and z = 1 is given in the following figure. Evaluate the 217. ∫∫ ∫ ln x dz dx dy

0 −y 0
integral ∭ xyz dV by integrating first with respect to x,
E
1 1 y
then y, and then z.
218. ∫∫ ∫ (x + yz)dx dy dz
−1 0 −y 6

219. Set up the integral that gives the volume of the solid
E bounded by y 2 = x 2 + z 2 and y = a 2, where a > 0.

220. Set up the integral that gives the volume of the solid
E bounded by x = y 2 + z 2 and x = a 2, where a > 0.

221. Find the average value of the function

f (x, y, z) = x + y + z over the parallelepiped determined
by x = 0, x = 1, y = 0, y = 3, z = 0, and z = 5.

222. Find the average value of the function

f (x, y, z) = xyz over the solid
E = [0, 1] × [0, 1] × [0, 1] situated in the first octant.
213. [T] The volume of a solid E is given by the integral
2
0 0 x +y
2 223. Find the volume of the solid E that lies under the
∫∫ ∫ dz dy dx. Use a computer algebra system plane x + y + z = 9 and whose projection onto the xy
−2 x 0 -plane is bounded by x = y − 1, x = 0, and x + y = 7.
(CAS) to graph E and find its volume. Round your answer
to two decimal places. 224. Find the volume of the solid E that lies under the
plane 2x + y + z = 8 and whose projection onto the xy
214. [T] The volume of a solid E is given by the integral
-plane is bounded by x = sin −1 y, y = 0, and x = π .
0
2
0 1+ x +y
2 2
∫ ∫ ∫ dz dy dx. Use a CAS to graph E and
225. Consider the pyramid with the base in the xy -plane
−1 −x 2 0
of [−2, 2] × [−2, 2] and the vertex at the point (0, 0, 8).
find its volume V. Round your answer to two decimal
places. a. Show that the equations of the planes of the lateral
faces of the pyramid are 4y + z = 8,
In the following exercises, use two circular permutations 4y − z = −8, 4x + z = 8, and −4x + z = 8.
of the variables x, y, and z to write new integrals whose
b. Find the volume of the pyramid.
values equal the value of the original integral. A circular
permutation of x, y, and z is the arrangement of the 226. Consider the pyramid with the base in the xy -plane
numbers in one of the following orders: of [−3, 3] × [−3, 3] and the vertex at the point (0, 0, 9).
y, z, and x or z, x, and y. a. Show that the equations of the planes of the side
faces of the pyramid are 3y + z = 9,
1 3 4
3y + z = 9, y = 0 and x = 0.
215. ∫ ∫ ∫ ⎛⎝x 2 z 2 + 1⎞⎠dx dy dz
0 1 2 b. Find the volume of the pyramid.

3 1 −x + 1
216. ∫∫ ∫ ⎛
2x + 5y + 7z⎞⎠dy dx dz
⎝

1 0 0
564 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

227. The solid E bounded by the sphere of equation 230. Find the volume of the prism with vertices
2
x +y +z =r2 2 2
with r > 0 and located in the first (0, 0, 0), (4, 0, 0), (4, 6, 0),
(0, 6, 0), (0, 0, 1), and (4, 0, 1).
octant is represented in the following figure.

231. The solid E bounded by z = 10 − 2x − y and

situated in the first octant is given in the following figure.
Find the volume of the solid.

a. Write the triple integral that gives the volume of

E by integrating first with respect to z, then with
y, and then with x.
b. Rewrite the integral in part a. as an equivalent
integral in five other orders. 232. The solid E bounded by z = 1 − x 2 and situated
228. The solid E bounded by the equation in the first octant is given in the following figure. Find the
2 2 2
volume of the solid.
9x + 4y + z = 1 and located in the first octant is
represented in the following figure.

a. Write the triple integral that gives the volume of

E by integrating first with respect to z, then with
y, and then with x.
b. Rewrite the integral in part a. as an equivalent
integral in five other orders.

229. Find the volume of the prism with vertices

(0, 0, 0), (2, 0, 0), (2, 3, 0),
(0, 3, 0), (0, 0, 1), and (2, 0, 1).

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 565

233. The midpoint rule for the triple integral 240. If the charge density at an arbitrary point (x, y, z)
∭ f (x, y, z)dV over the rectangular solid box B is a of a solid E is given by the function ρ(x, y, z), then the
B
generalization of the midpoint rule for double integrals. total charge inside the solid is defined as the triple integral
The region B is divided into subboxes of equal sizes and ∭ ρ(x, y, z)dV. Assume that the charge density of the
E
the integral is approximated by the triple Riemann sum
l m n solid E enclosed by the paraboloids x = 5 − y 2 − z 2 and
∑ ∑ ∑ f ⎛⎝ x–i , y–j , z–k ⎞⎠ΔV, where ⎛–
⎝ xi , y–j , z–k ⎞⎠ is
x = y 2 + z 2 − 5 is equal to the distance from an arbitrary
i=1 j=1k=1
the center of the box B i jk and ΔV is the volume of point of E to the origin. Set up the integral that gives the
total charge inside the solid E.
each subbox. Apply the midpoint rule to approximate
∭ x 2 dV over the solid
B
B = (x, y, z)|0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1, 0 ≤ z ≤ 1 by using
⎧ ⎫
⎨ ⎬
⎩ ⎭

a partition of eight cubes of equal size. Round your answer

to three decimal places.

234. [T]
a. Apply the midpoint rule to approximate
−x 2
∭ e dV over the solid
B
B = (x, y, z)|0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1, 0 ≤ z ≤ 1
⎧ ⎫
⎨ ⎬
⎩ ⎭

by using a partition of eight cubes of equal size.

Round your answer to three decimal places.
b. Use a CAS to improve the above integral
approximation in the case of a partition of n 3
cubes of equal size, where n = 3, 4,…, 10.

235. Suppose that the temperature in degrees Celsius at

a point (x, y, z) of a solid E bounded by the coordinate
planes and x + y + z = 5 is T(x, y, z) = xz + 5z + 10.
Find the average temperature over the solid.

236. Suppose that the temperature in degrees Fahrenheit

at a point (x, y, z) of a solid E bounded by the coordinate
planes and x + y + z = 5 is T(x, y, z) = x + y + xy.
Find the average temperature over the solid.

237. Show that the volume of a right square pyramid of

2
height h and side length a is v = ha by using triple
3
integrals.

238. Show that the volume of a regular right hexagonal

3
prism of edge length a is 3a 3 by using triple
2
integrals.

239. Show that the volume of a regular right hexagonal

3
pyramid of edge length a is a 3 by using triple
2
integrals.
566 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

5.5 | Triple Integrals in Cylindrical and Spherical

Coordinates
Learning Objectives
5.5.1 Evaluate a triple integral by changing to cylindrical coordinates.
5.5.2 Evaluate a triple integral by changing to spherical coordinates.

Earlier in this chapter we showed how to convert a double integral in rectangular coordinates into a double integral in polar
coordinates in order to deal more conveniently with problems involving circular symmetry. A similar situation occurs with
triple integrals, but here we need to distinguish between cylindrical symmetry and spherical symmetry. In this section we
convert triple integrals in rectangular coordinates into a triple integral in either cylindrical or spherical coordinates.
Also recall the chapter opener, which showed the opera house l’Hemisphèric in Valencia, Spain. It has four sections with
one of the sections being a theater in a five-story-high sphere (ball) under an oval roof as long as a football field. Inside is
an IMAX screen that changes the sphere into a planetarium with a sky full of 9000 twinkling stars. Using triple integrals
in spherical coordinates, we can find the volumes of different geometric shapes like these.

Review of Cylindrical Coordinates

As we have seen earlier, in two-dimensional space ℝ 2, a point with rectangular coordinates (x, y) can be identified
y = r sin θ, r 2 = x 2 + y 2 and tan θ = ⎛⎝ x ⎞⎠ are the
y
with (r, θ) in polar coordinates and vice versa, where x = r cos θ,
relationships between the variables.
In three-dimensional space ℝ 3, a point with rectangular coordinates (x, y, z) can be identified with cylindrical
coordinates (r, θ, z) and vice versa. We can use these same conversion relationships, adding z as the vertical distance to
the point from the xy -plane as shown in the following figure.

Figure 5.50 Cylindrical coordinates are similar to polar

coordinates with a vertical z coordinate added.

To convert from rectangular to cylindrical coordinates, we use the conversion x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ. To convert
⎛y ⎞
from cylindrical to rectangular coordinates, we use r 2 = x 2 + y 2 and θ = tan −1 ⎝ x ⎠. The z -coordinate remains the same
in both cases.
In the two-dimensional plane with a rectangular coordinate system, when we say x = k (constant) we mean an unbounded
vertical line parallel to the y -axis and when y = l (constant) we mean an unbounded horizontal line parallel to the x -axis.

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 567

With the polar coordinate system, when we say r = c (constant), we mean a circle of radius c units and when θ = α
(constant) we mean an infinite ray making an angle α with the positive x -axis.
Similarly, in three-dimensional space with rectangular coordinates (x, y, z), the equations x = k, y = l, and z = m,
where k, l, and m are constants, represent unbounded planes parallel to the yz -plane, xz -plane and xy -plane,
respectively. With cylindrical coordinates (r, θ, z), by r = c, θ = α, and z = m, where c, α, and m are constants,
we mean an unbounded vertical cylinder with the z -axis as its radial axis; a plane making a constant angle α with
the xy -plane; and an unbounded horizontal plane parallel to the xy -plane, respectively. This means that the circular
cylinder x 2 + y 2 = c 2 in rectangular coordinates can be represented simply as r = c in cylindrical coordinates. (Refer to
Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates for more review.)

Integration in Cylindrical Coordinates

Triple integrals can often be more readily evaluated by using cylindrical coordinates instead of rectangular coordinates.
Some common equations of surfaces in rectangular coordinates along with corresponding equations in cylindrical
coordinates are listed in Table 5.1. These equations will become handy as we proceed with solving problems using triple
integrals.

Circular cylinder Circular cone Sphere Paraboloid

Rectangular x2 + y2 = c2 z 2 = c 2 ⎛⎝x 2 + y 2⎞⎠ x2 + y2 + z2 = c2 z = c⎛⎝x 2 + y 2⎞⎠

Cylindrical r=c z = cr r 2 + z2 = c2 z = cr 2

Table 5.1 Equations of Some Common Shapes

As before, we start with the simplest bounded region B in ℝ 3, to describe in cylindrical coordinates, in the form
of a cylindrical box, B = (r, θ, z)|a ≤ r ≤ b, α ≤ θ ≤ β, c ≤ z ≤ d (Figure 5.51). Suppose we divide each interval
⎧ ⎫
⎨ ⎬
⎩ ⎭

β−α
into l, m and n subdivisions such that Δr = b − a , Δθ = m , and Δz = d − c
n . Then we can state the following
l
definition for a triple integral in cylindrical coordinates.

Figure 5.51 A cylindrical box B described by cylindrical

coordinates.
568 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

Definition
Consider the cylindrical box (expressed in cylindrical coordinates)
B = (r, θ, z)|a ≤ r ≤ b, α ≤ θ ≤ β, c ≤ z ≤ d .
⎧ ⎫
⎨ ⎬
⎩ ⎭

If the function f (r, θ, z) is continuous on B and if (r*i jk, θ*i jk, z*i jk) is any sample point in the cylindrical subbox

B i jk = [r i − 1, r i] × ⎡⎣θ j − 1, θ j⎤⎦ × [z k − 1, z k] (Figure 5.51), then we can define the triple integral in cylindrical
coordinates as the limit of a triple Riemann sum, provided the following limit exists:
l m n
lim
l, m, n → ∞
∑ ∑ ∑ f (r*i jk, θ*i jk, z*i jk)r*i jk ΔrΔθΔz.
i=1 j=1k=1

Note that if g(x, y, z) is the function in rectangular coordinates and the box B is expressed in rectangular coordinates,
then the triple integral ∭ g(x, y, z)dV is equal to the triple integral ∭ g(r cos θ, r sin θ, z)r dr dθ dz and we have
B B

∭ g(x, y, z)dV = ∭ g(r cos θ, r sin θ, z)r dr dθ dz = ∭ f (r, θ, z)r dr dθ dz. (5.11)
B B B

As mentioned in the preceding section, all the properties of a double integral work well in triple integrals, whether
in rectangular coordinates or cylindrical coordinates. They also hold for iterated integrals. To reiterate, in cylindrical
coordinates, Fubini’s theorem takes the following form:

Theorem 5.12: Fubini’s Theorem in Cylindrical Coordinates

Suppose that g(x, y, z) is continuous on a rectangular box B, which when described in cylindrical coordinates looks
like B = (r, θ, z)|a ≤ r ≤ b, α ≤ θ ≤ β, c ≤ z ≤ d .
⎧ ⎫
⎨ ⎬
⎩ ⎭

Then g(x, y, z) = g(r cos θ, r sin θ, z) = f (r, θ, z) and

d β b
∭ g(x, y, z)dV = ∫ ∫ ∫ f (r, θ, z)r dr dθ dz.
B c α a

The iterated integral may be replaced equivalently by any one of the other five iterated integrals obtained by integrating
with respect to the three variables in other orders.
Cylindrical coordinate systems work well for solids that are symmetric around an axis, such as cylinders and cones. Let us
look at some examples before we define the triple integral in cylindrical coordinates on general cylindrical regions.

Example 5.43

Evaluating a Triple Integral over a Cylindrical Box

Evaluate the triple integral ∭ (zr sin θ)r dr dθ dz where the cylindrical box B is
B
B = {(r, θ, z)|0 ≤ r ≤ 2, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π/2, 0 ≤ z ≤ 4}.

Solution
As stated in Fubini’s theorem, we can write the triple integral as the iterated integral

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 569

θ = π/2 r=2 z=4

∭ (zr sin θ)r dr dθ dz = ∫ ∫ ∫ (zr sin θ)r dz dr dθ.
B θ=0 r=0 z=0

The evaluation of the iterated integral is straightforward. Each variable in the integral is independent of the others,
so we can integrate each variable separately and multiply the results together. This makes the computation much
easier:
θ = π/2 r=2 z=4
∫ ∫ ∫ (zr sin θ)r dz dr dθ
θ=0 r=0 z=0
⎛ 2⎞⎛ 2 4⎞
| |
⎛ π/2 ⎞⎛ 2 ⎞⎛ 4 ⎞
0 ⎜ 3 0⎟⎜ 2 0⎟ = 3 .
sin θ dθ⎟⎜∫ r 2 dr⎟⎜∫ z dz⎟ = ⎛⎝−cos θ| π/2 ⎞ r3
= ⎜∫ ⎠
z 64
⎝ 0 ⎠⎝ 0 ⎠⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠

5.27 θ=πr=1z=4
Evaluate the triple integral ∫ ∫ ∫ rz sin θr dz dr dθ.
θ=0r=0z=0

If the cylindrical region over which we have to integrate is a general solid, we look at the projections onto the coordinate
planes. Hence the triple integral of a continuous function f (r, θ, z) over a general solid region
E = (r, θ, z)|(r, θ) ∈ D, u 1 (r, θ) ≤ z ≤ u 2 (r, θ) in ℝ 3, where D is the projection of E onto the rθ -plane, is
⎧ ⎫
⎨ ⎬
⎩ ⎭

⎡u 2 (r, θ) ⎤
⎢ ⎥
∭ f (r, θ, z)r dr dθ dz = ∬ ⎢ ∫ f (r, θ, z)dz⎥r dr dθ.
E D ⎣u (r, θ) ⎦
1

In particular, if D = (r, θ)|g 1 (θ) ≤ r ≤ g 2 (θ), α ≤ θ ≤ β , then we have

⎧ ⎫
⎨ ⎬
⎩ ⎭

θ = β r = g 2 (θ) z = u 2 (r, θ)
∭ f (r, θ, z)r dr dθ = ∫ ∫ ∫ f (r, θ, z)r dz dr dθ.
E θ = α r = g 1 (θ) z = u 1 (r, θ)

Similar formulas exist for projections onto the other coordinate planes. We can use polar coordinates in those planes if
necessary.

Example 5.44

Setting up a Triple Integral in Cylindrical Coordinates over a General Region

Consider the region E inside the right circular cylinder with equation r = 2 sin θ, bounded below by the rθ
-plane and bounded above by the sphere with radius 4 centered at the origin (Figure 5.52). Set up a triple
integral over this region with a function f (r, θ, z) in cylindrical coordinates.
570 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

Figure 5.52 Setting up a triple integral in cylindrical

coordinates over a cylindrical region.

Solution
First, identify that the equation for the sphere is r 2 + z 2 = 16. We can see that the limits for z are from 0 to
z = 16 − r 2. Then the limits for r are from 0 to r = 2 sin θ. Finally, the limits for θ are from 0 to π.
Hence the region is
⎧ ⎫
E = ⎨⎩(r, θ, z)|0 ≤ θ ≤ π, 0 ≤ r ≤ 2 sin θ, 0 ≤ z ≤ 16 − r 2⎬⎭.

Therefore, the triple integral is

θ = π r = 2 sin θ z = 16 − r 2
∭ f (r, θ, z)r dz dr dθ = ∫ ∫ ∫ f (r, θ, z)r dz dr dθ.
E θ=0 r=0 z=0

5.28 Consider the region E inside the right circular cylinder with equation r = 2 sin θ, bounded below by
the rθ -plane and bounded above by z = 4 − y. Set up a triple integral with a function f (r, θ, z) in cylindrical
coordinates.

Example 5.45

Setting up a Triple Integral in Two Ways

Let E be the region bounded below by the cone z = x 2 + y 2 and above by the paraboloid z = 2 − x 2 − y 2.
(Figure 5.53). Set up a triple integral in cylindrical coordinates to find the volume of the region, using the
following orders of integration:
a. dz dr dθ
b. dr dz dθ.

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 571

Figure 5.53 Setting up a triple integral in cylindrical coordinates

over a conical region.

Solution
a. The cone is of radius 1 where it meets the paraboloid. Since z = 2 − x 2 − y 2 = 2 − r 2 and

z = x2 + y2 = r (assuming r is nonnegative), we have 2 − r 2 = r. Solving, we have

2
r + r − 2 = (r + 2)(r − 1) = 0. Since r ≥ 0, we have r = 1. Therefore z = 1. So the intersection
of these two surfaces is a circle of radius 1 in the plane z = 1. The cone is the lower bound for z and
the paraboloid is the upper bound. The projection of the region onto the xy -plane is the circle of radius
1 centered at the origin.
Thus, we can describe the region as
⎧ ⎫
E = ⎨⎩(r, θ, z)|0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π, 0 ≤ r ≤ 1, r ≤ z ≤ 2 − r 2⎬⎭.

Hence the integral for the volume is

θ = 2π r = 1 z = 2 − r 2
V= ∫ ∫ ∫ r dz dr dθ.
θ=0 r=0 z=r

b. We can also write the cone surface as r = z and the paraboloid as r 2 = 2 − z. The lower bound for r is
zero, but the upper bound is sometimes the cone and the other times it is the paraboloid. The plane z = 1
divides the region into two regions. Then the region can be described as
E = {(r, θ, z)|0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π, 0 ≤ z ≤ 1, 0 ≤ r ≤ z}
⎧ ⎫
∪ (r, θ, z)|0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π, 1 ≤ z ≤ 2, 0 ≤ r ≤ 2 − z .
⎨
⎩
⎬
⎭

Now the integral for the volume becomes

θ = 2π z = 1 r = z θ = 2π z = 2 r = 2 − z
V= ∫ ∫ ∫ r dr dz dθ + ∫ ∫ ∫ r dr dz dθ.
θ=0 z=0r=0 θ=0 z=1 r=0

5.29 Redo the previous example with the order of integration dθ dz dr.
572 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

Example 5.46

Finding a Volume with Triple Integrals in Two Ways

Let E be the region bounded below by the rθ -plane, above by the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4, and on the sides by
the cylinder x 2 + y 2 = 1 (Figure 5.54). Set up a triple integral in cylindrical coordinates to find the volume of
the region using the following orders of integration, and in each case find the volume and check that the answers
are the same:
a. dz dr dθ
b. dr dz dθ.

Figure 5.54 Finding a cylindrical volume with a triple

integral in cylindrical coordinates.

Solution
a. Note that the equation for the sphere is
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4 or r 2 + z 2 = 4

and the equation for the cylinder is

x 2 + y 2 = 1 or r 2 = 1.

Thus, we have for the region E

⎧ ⎫
E = ⎨⎩(r, θ, z)|0 ≤ z ≤ 4 − r 2, 0 ≤ r ≤ 1, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π ⎬⎭

Hence the integral for the volume is

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 573

θ = 2π r = 1 z = 4 − r 2
V(E) = ∫ ∫ ∫ r dz dr dθ
θ=0 r=0 z=0
θ = 2π r = 1⎡
2⎤
θ = 2π r = 1
⎛ 2⎞
= ∫ ∫
⎢ rz| z = 4 − r ⎥ dr dθ = ∫ ∫
⎝r 4 − r ⎠dr dθ
θ=0 r=0⎣ z=0
⎦ θ=0 r=0
2π
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
= ∫ ⎝8 − 3⎠dθ = 2π ⎝8 − 3⎠ cubic units.
3 3
0

b. Since the sphere is x + y + z 2 = 4, which is r 2 + z 2 = 4, and the cylinder is x 2 + y 2 = 1, which

2 2

is r 2 = 1, we have 1 + z 2 = 4, that is, z 2 = 3. Thus we have two regions, since the sphere and the
cylinder intersect at ⎛⎝1, 3⎞⎠ in the rz -plane
⎧ ⎫
E 1 = ⎨⎩(r, θ, z)|0 ≤ r ≤ 4 − r 2, 3 ≤ z ≤ 2, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π ⎬⎭

and
⎧ ⎫
E 2 = (r, θ, z)|0 ≤ r ≤ 1, 0 ≤ z ≤ 3, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π .
⎨
⎩
⎬
⎭

Hence the integral for the volume is

θ = 2π z = 2 r = 4 − r 2 θ = 2π z = 3 r = 1
V(E) = ∫ ∫ ∫ r dr dz dθ + ∫ ∫ ∫ r dr dz dθ
θ=0 z= 3 r=0 θ=0 z=0 r=0
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
= 3π + ⎝16 − 3 3⎠π = 2π ⎝8 − 3⎠ cubic units.
3 3

5.30 Redo the previous example with the order of integration dθ dz dr.

Review of Spherical Coordinates

In three-dimensional space ℝ 3 in the spherical coordinate system, we specify a point P by its distance ρ from the origin,
the polar angle θ from the positive x-axis (same as in the cylindrical coordinate system), and the angle φ from the
positive z-axis and the line OP (Figure 5.55). Note that ρ ≥ 0 and 0 ≤ φ ≤ π. (Refer to Cylindrical and Spherical
Coordinates for a review.) Spherical coordinates are useful for triple integrals over regions that are symmetric with
respect to the origin.
574 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

Figure 5.55 The spherical coordinate system locates points

with two angles and a distance from the origin.

Recall the relationships that connect rectangular coordinates with spherical coordinates.
From spherical coordinates to rectangular coordinates:
x = ρ sin φ cos θ, y = ρ sin φ sin θ, and z = ρ cos φ.

From rectangular coordinates to spherical coordinates:

⎛ ⎞
ρ 2 = x 2 + y 2 + z 2, tan θ = x , φ = arccos⎜ ⎟.
y z
⎝ x2 + y2 + z2⎠

Other relationships that are important to know for conversions are

• r = ρ sin φ
These equations are used to convert from
• θ=θ
spherical coordinates to cylindrical coordinates
• z = ρ cos φ

and

• ρ = r 2 + z2
These equations are used to convert from
• θ=θ cylindrical coordinates to spherical
coordinates.
⎛ ⎞
• φ = arccos⎜ z ⎟
⎝ r 2 + z2⎠

The following figure shows a few solid regions that are convenient to express in spherical coordinates.

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 575

Figure 5.56 Spherical coordinates are especially convenient for working with solids bounded by these types of surfaces.
(The letter c indicates a constant.)

Integration in Spherical Coordinates

We now establish a triple integral in the spherical coordinate system, as we did before in the cylindrical coordinate system.
Let the function f ⎛⎝ρ, θ, φ⎞⎠ be continuous in a bounded spherical box, B = ⎛⎝ρ, θ, φ⎞⎠|a ≤ ρ ≤ b, α ≤ θ ≤ β, γ ≤ φ ≤ ψ .
⎧ ⎫
⎨ ⎬
⎩ ⎭

β−α ψ −γ
We then divide each interval into l, m and n subdivisions such that Δρ = b − a , Δθ = m , Δφ = n .
l
Now we can illustrate the following theorem for triple integrals in spherical coordinates with (ρ*i jk, θ*i jk, φ*i jk) being any
sample point in the spherical subbox B i jk. For the volume element of the subbox ΔV in spherical coordinates, we have
ΔV = ⎛⎝Δρ⎞⎠⎛⎝ρΔφ⎞⎠⎛⎝ρ sin φΔθ⎞⎠, , as shown in the following figure.

Figure 5.57 The volume element of a box in spherical coordinates.

Definition
The triple integral in spherical coordinates is the limit of a triple Riemann sum,
l m n
lim
l, m, n → ∞
∑ ∑ ∑ f (ρ*i jk, θ*i jk, φ*i jk)(ρ*i jk) 2 sin φΔρΔθΔφ
i=1 j=1k=1

provided the limit exists.

As with the other multiple integrals we have examined, all the properties work similarly for a triple integral in the spherical
coordinate system, and so do the iterated integrals. Fubini’s theorem takes the following form.
576 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

Theorem 5.13: Fubini’s Theorem for Spherical Coordinates

If f ⎛⎝ρ, θ, φ⎞⎠ is continuous on a spherical solid box B = ⎡⎣a, b⎤⎦ × ⎡⎣α, β⎤⎦ × [γ, ψ], then
φ=ψθ=βρ=b (5.12)
⎛ ⎞ 2
∭ f ρ, θ, φ ρ sin φ dρ dφ dθ =
⎝ ⎠ ∫ ∫ ∫ f ⎛⎝ρ, θ, φ⎞⎠ρ 2 sin φ dρ dφ dθ.
B φ=γ θ=αρ=a

This iterated integral may be replaced by other iterated integrals by integrating with respect to the three variables in
other orders.

As stated before, spherical coordinate systems work well for solids that are symmetric around a point, such as spheres
and cones. Let us look at some examples before we consider triple integrals in spherical coordinates on general spherical
regions.

Example 5.47

Evaluating a Triple Integral in Spherical Coordinates

θ = 2π φ = π/2 ρ = 1
Evaluate the iterated triple integral ∫ ∫ ∫ ρ 2 sin φ dρ dφ dθ.
θ=0 φ=0 p=0

Solution
As before, in this case the variables in the iterated integral are actually independent of each other and hence we
can integrate each piece and multiply:
2π π/2 1 2π π/2 1
∫ ∫ ∫ ρ 2 sin φ dρ dφ dθ = ∫ dθ ∫ sin φ dφ∫ ρ 2 dρ = (2π)(1)⎛⎝13 ⎞⎠ = 2π
3
.
0 0 0 0 0 0

The concept of triple integration in spherical coordinates can be extended to integration over a general solid, using the
projections onto the coordinate planes. Note that dV and dA mean the increments in volume and area, respectively. The
variables V and A are used as the variables for integration to express the integrals.
The triple integral of a continuous function f ⎛⎝ρ, θ, φ⎞⎠ over a general solid region

E = ⎛⎝ρ, θ, φ⎞⎠|⎛⎝ρ, θ⎞⎠ ∈ D, u 1 ⎛⎝ρ, θ⎞⎠ ≤ φ ≤ u 2 ⎛⎝ρ, θ⎞⎠

⎧ ⎫
⎨ ⎬
⎩ ⎭

in ℝ 3, where D is the projection of E onto the ρθ -plane, is

⎡u 2 ⎛⎝ρ, θ⎞⎠ ⎤
⎢ ⎥
∭ f ρ, θ, φ dV = ∬ ⎢ ∫ f ⎛⎝ρ, θ, φ⎞⎠dφ⎥dA.
⎛
⎝
⎞
⎠
E D ⎣u ⎝ρ, θ⎠
⎛ ⎞
⎦
1

In particular, if D = ⎛⎝ρ, θ⎞⎠|g 1 (θ) ≤ ρ ≤ g 2 (θ), α ≤ θ ≤ β , then we have

⎧ ⎫
⎨ ⎬
⎩ ⎭

⎛ ⎞
β g 2 (θ) u 2 ⎝ρ, θ⎠
∭ f ⎛⎝ρ, θ, φ⎞⎠dV = ∫ ∫ ∫ f ⎛⎝ρ, θ, φ⎞⎠ρ 2 sin φ dφ dρ dθ.
E α g (θ) u ⎛⎝ρ, θ⎞⎠
1 1

Similar formulas occur for projections onto the other coordinate planes.

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 577

Example 5.48

Setting up a Triple Integral in Spherical Coordinates

Set up an integral for the volume of the region bounded by the cone z = 3⎛⎝x 2 + y 2⎞⎠ and the hemisphere

z = 4 − x 2 − y 2 (see the figure below).

Figure 5.58 A region bounded below by a cone and above by

a hemisphere.

Solution
Using the conversion formulas from rectangular coordinates to spherical coordinates, we have:

For the cone: z = 3⎛⎝x 2 + y 2⎞⎠ or ρ cos φ = 3ρ sin φ or tan φ = 1 or φ = π .

3 6

For the sphere: z = 4 − x 2 − y 2 or z 2 + x 2 + y 2 = 4 or ρ 2 = 4 or ρ = 2.

θ = 2π φ = π/6 ρ = 2
Thus, the triple integral for the volume is V(E) = ∫ ∫ ∫ ρ 2 sin φ dρ dφ dθ.
θ=0 ϕ=0 ρ=0

5.31 Set up a triple integral for the volume of the solid region bounded above by the sphere ρ = 2 and
bounded below by the cone φ = π/3.

Example 5.49

Interchanging Order of Integration in Spherical Coordinates

Let E be the region bounded below by the cone z = x 2 + y 2 and above by the sphere z = x 2 + y 2 + z 2
(Figure 5.59). Set up a triple integral in spherical coordinates and find the volume of the region using the
following orders of integration:
a. dρ dϕ dθ,
578 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

b. dφ dρ dθ.

Figure 5.59 A region bounded below by a cone and above by

a sphere.

Solution
a. Use the conversion formulas to write the equations of the sphere and cone in spherical coordinates.
For the sphere:
x2 + y2 + z2 = z
ρ 2 = ρ cos φ
ρ = cos φ.

For the cone:

z = x2 + y2
ρ cos φ = ρ 2 sin 2 φ cos 2 ϕ + ρ 2 sin 2 φ sin 2 ϕ
ρ cos φ = ρ 2 sin 2 φ⎛⎝cos 2 ϕ + sin 2 ϕ⎞⎠
ρ cos φ = ρ sin φ
cos φ = sin φ
φ = π/4.

Hence the integral for the volume of the solid region E becomes
θ = 2π φ = π/4 ρ = cos φ
V(E) = ∫ ∫ ∫ ρ 2 sin φ dρ dφ dθ.
θ=0 φ=0 ρ=0
b. Consider the φρ -plane. Note that the ranges for φ and ρ (from part a.) are

0 ≤ φ ≤ π/4
0 ≤ ρ ≤ cos φ.

The curve ρ = cos φ meets the line φ = π/4 at the point ⎛⎝π/4, 2/2⎞⎠. Thus, to change the order of
integration, we need to use two pieces:
0 ≤ ρ ≤ 2/2 2/2 ≤ ρ ≤ 1
and
0 ≤ φ ≤ π/4 0 ≤ φ ≤ cos −1 ρ.

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 579

Hence the integral for the volume of the solid region E becomes
−1
θ = 2π ρ = 2/2 φ = π/4 θ = 2π ρ = 1 φ = cos ρ
V(E) = ∫ ∫ ∫ 2
ρ sin φ dφ dρ dθ + ∫ ∫ ∫ ρ 2 sin φ dφ dρ dθ.
θ=0 ρ=0 φ=0 θ = 0 ρ = 2/2 φ=0

In each case, the integration results in V(E) = π .

8

Before we end this section, we present a couple of examples that can illustrate the conversion from rectangular coordinates
to cylindrical coordinates and from rectangular coordinates to spherical coordinates.

Example 5.50

Converting from Rectangular Coordinates to Cylindrical Coordinates

Convert the following integral into cylindrical coordinates:

y = 1 x = 1 − y2 z = x2 + y2
∫ ∫ ∫ xyz dz dx dy.
y = −1 x=0 z = x2 + y2

Solution
The ranges of the variables are
−1 ≤ y ≤ 1

0 ≤ x ≤ 1 − y2
x 2 + y 2 ≤ z ≤ x 2 + y 2.

The first two inequalities describe the right half of a circle of radius 1. Therefore, the ranges for θ and r are

− π ≤ θ ≤ π and 0 ≤ r ≤ 1.
2 2

The limits of z are r 2 ≤ z ≤ r, hence

y = 1 x = 1 − y2 z = x2 + y2 θ = π/2 r = 1 z = r
∫ ∫ ∫ xyz dz dx dy = ∫ ∫ ∫ r(r cos θ)(r sin θ)z dz dr dθ.
y = −1 x=0 z = x2 + y2 θ = −π/2 r = 0 z = r 2

Example 5.51

Converting from Rectangular Coordinates to Spherical Coordinates

Convert the following integral into spherical coordinates:

580 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

y = 3 x = 9 − y 2 z = 18 − x 2 − y 2
⎛ 2
∫ ∫ ∫ ⎝x + y 2 + z 2⎞⎠dz dx dy.
y=0 x=0
z = x2 + y2

Solution
The ranges of the variables are
0 ≤ y≤3
0 ≤ x ≤ 9 − y2
x 2 + y 2 ≤ z ≤ 18 − x 2 − y 2.

The first two ranges of variables describe a quarter disk in the first quadrant of the xy -plane. Hence the range for
θ is 0 ≤ θ ≤ π .
2

The lower bound z = x 2 + y 2 is the upper half of a cone and the upper bound z = 18 − x 2 − y 2 is the upper
half of a sphere. Therefore, we have 0 ≤ ρ ≤ 18, which is 0 ≤ ρ ≤ 3 2.

For the ranges of φ, we need to find where the cone and the sphere intersect, so solve the equation

r 2 + z 2 = 18
⎛ 2 2⎞
2
2
⎝ x + y ⎠ + z = 18
z 2 + z 2 = 18
2z 2 = 18
z2 = 9
z = 3.
This gives
3 2 cos φ = 3
cos φ = 1
2
φ = π.
4
Putting this together, we obtain

y = 3 x = 9 − y 2 z = 18 − x 2 − y 2 φ = π/4 θ = π/2 ρ = 3 2
⎛ 2
∫ ∫ ∫ ⎝x + y 2 + z 2⎞⎠dz dx dy = ∫ ∫ ∫ ρ 4 sin φ dρ dθ dφ.
y=0 x=0 φ=0 θ=0 ρ=0
z = x2 + y2

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 581

5.32 Use rectangular, cylindrical, and spherical coordinates to set up triple integrals for finding the volume of
the region inside the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4 but outside the cylinder x 2 + y 2 = 1.

Now that we are familiar with the spherical coordinate system, let’s find the volume of some known geometric figures, such
as spheres and ellipsoids.

Example 5.52

Chapter Opener: Finding the Volume of l’Hemisphèric

Find the volume of the spherical planetarium in l’Hemisphèric in Valencia, Spain, which is five stories tall and
has a radius of approximately 50 ft, using the equation x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = r 2.

Figure 5.60 (credit: modification of work by Javier Yaya Tur,

Wikimedia Commons)

Solution
We calculate the volume of the ball in the first octant, where x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, and z ≥ 0, using spherical
coordinates, and then multiply the result by 8 for symmetry. Since we consider the region D as the first octant
in the integral, the ranges of the variables are
0 ≤ φ ≤ π , 0 ≤ ρ ≤ r, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π .
2 2
Therefore,
582 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

θ = π/2 ρ = π φ = π/2
V = ∭ dx dy dz = 8 ∫ ∫ ∫ ρ 2 sin θ dφ dρ dθ
D θ=0 ρ=0 φ=0
φ = π/2 ρ=r θ = π/2
=8 ∫ dφ ∫ 2
ρ dρ ∫ sin θ dθ
φ=0 ρ=0 θ=0
⎛ ⎞⎛ 3 ⎞
= 8⎝π ⎠⎝r ⎠(1)
2 3
4
= πr 3.
3
This exactly matches with what we knew. So for a sphere with a radius of approximately 50 ft, the volume is
4 π(50) 3 ≈ 523,600 ft 3.
3

For the next example we find the volume of an ellipsoid.

Example 5.53

Finding the Volume of an Ellipsoid

2 2 2
y
Find the volume of the ellipsoid x 2 + 2 + z 2 = 1.
a b c

Solution
We again use symmetry and evaluate the volume of the ellipsoid using spherical coordinates. As before, we use
the first octant x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, and z ≥ 0 and then multiply the result by 8.

In this case the ranges of the variables are

0 ≤ φ ≤ π , 0 ≤ ρ ≤ π , 0 ≤ ρ ≤ 1, and 0 ≤ θ ≤ π .
2 2 2
Also, we need to change the rectangular to spherical coordinates in this way:
x = aρ cos φ sin θ, y = bρ sin φ sin θ, and z = cρ cos θ.

Then the volume of the ellipsoid becomes

V = ∭ dx dy dz
D
θ = π/2 ρ = 1 φ = π/2
=8 ∫ ∫ ∫ abcρ 2 sin θ dφ dρ dθ
θ=0 ρ=0 φ=0
φ = π/2 ρ=1 θ = π/2
= 8abc ∫ dφ ∫ ρ 2 dρ ∫ sin θ dθ
φ=0 ρ=0 θ=0
⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎞
= 8abc⎝π ⎠⎝1 ⎠(1)
2 3
= 4 πabc.
3

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 583

Example 5.54

Finding the Volume of the Space Inside an Ellipsoid and Outside a Sphere

2
Find the volume of the space inside the ellipsoid x 2 + y + z 2 = 1 and outside the sphere
75 2 80 2 90 2
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 50 2.

Solution
This problem is directly related to the l’Hemisphèric structure. The volume of space inside the ellipsoid and
outside the sphere might be useful to find the expense of heating or cooling that space. We can use the preceding
two examples for the volume of the sphere and ellipsoid and then substract.
First we find the volume of the ellipsoid using a = 75 ft, b = 80 ft, and c = 90 ft in the result from Example
5.53. Hence the volume of the ellipsoid is

V ellipsoid = 4 π(75)(80)(90) ≈ 2,262,000 ft 3.

3
From Example 5.52, the volume of the sphere is
V sphere ≈ 523,600 ft 3.

2
Therefore, the volume of the space inside the ellipsoid x 2 + y + z 2 = 1 and outside the sphere
2
75 80 2 90 2
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 50 2 is approximately

V Hemisferic = V ellipsoid − V sphere = 1,738,400 ft 3.

584 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

Hot air balloons

Hot air ballooning is a relaxing, peaceful pastime that many people enjoy. Many balloonist gatherings take place
around the world, such as the Albuquerque International Balloon Fiesta. The Albuquerque event is the largest hot air
balloon festival in the world, with over 500 balloons participating each year.

Figure 5.61 Balloons lift off at the 2001 Albuquerque International Balloon Fiesta. (credit: David Herrera, Flickr)

As the name implies, hot air balloons use hot air to generate lift. (Hot air is less dense than cooler air, so the balloon
floats as long as the hot air stays hot.) The heat is generated by a propane burner suspended below the opening of the
basket. Once the balloon takes off, the pilot controls the altitude of the balloon, either by using the burner to heat the
air and ascend or by using a vent near the top of the balloon to release heated air and descend. The pilot has very little
control over where the balloon goes, however—balloons are at the mercy of the winds. The uncertainty over where we
will end up is one of the reasons balloonists are attracted to the sport.
In this project we use triple integrals to learn more about hot air balloons. We model the balloon in two pieces. The top
of the balloon is modeled by a half sphere of radius 28 feet. The bottom of the balloon is modeled by a frustum of
a cone (think of an ice cream cone with the pointy end cut off). The radius of the large end of the frustum is 28 feet
and the radius of the small end of the frustum is 6 feet. A graph of our balloon model and a cross-sectional diagram
showing the dimensions are shown in the following figure.

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 585

Figure 5.62 (a) Use a half sphere to model the top part of the balloon and a frustum of a cone to model
the bottom part of the balloon. (b) A cross section of the balloon showing its dimensions.

We first want to find the volume of the balloon. If we look at the top part and the bottom part of the balloon separately,
we see that they are geometric solids with known volume formulas. However, it is still worthwhile to set up and
evaluate the integrals we would need to find the volume. If we calculate the volume using integration, we can use the
known volume formulas to check our answers. This will help ensure that we have the integrals set up correctly for the
later, more complicated stages of the project.
1. Find the volume of the balloon in two ways.
a. Use triple integrals to calculate the volume. Consider each part of the balloon separately. (Consider
using spherical coordinates for the top part and cylindrical coordinates for the bottom part.)

b. Verify the answer using the formulas for the volume of a sphere, V = 4 πr 3, and for the volume of a
3
cone, V = 1 πr 2 h.
3
In reality, calculating the temperature at a point inside the balloon is a tremendously complicated endeavor.
In fact, an entire branch of physics (thermodynamics) is devoted to studying heat and temperature. For the
purposes of this project, however, we are going to make some simplifying assumptions about how temperature
varies from point to point within the balloon. Assume that just prior to liftoff, the temperature (in degrees
Fahrenheit) of the air inside the balloon varies according to the function
T 0(r, θ, z) = z − r + 210.
10
2. What is the average temperature of the air in the balloon just prior to liftoff? (Again, look at each part of the
balloon separately, and do not forget to convert the function into spherical coordinates when looking at the top
part of the balloon.)
Now the pilot activates the burner for 10 seconds. This action affects the temperature in a 12 -foot-wide
column 20 feet high, directly above the burner. A cross section of the balloon depicting this column in shown
in the following figure.
586 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

Figure 5.63 Activating the burner heats the air in a 20 -foot-

high, 12 -foot-wide column directly above the burner.

Assume that after the pilot activates the burner for 10 seconds, the temperature of the air in the column
described above increases according to the formula
H(r, θ, z) = −2z − 48.

Then the temperature of the air in the column is given by

T 1(r, θ, z) = z − r + 210 + (−2z − 48),
10

while the temperature in the remainder of the balloon is still given by

T 0(r, θ, z) = z − r + 210.
10
3. Find the average temperature of the air in the balloon after the pilot has activated the burner for 10 seconds.

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 587

5.5 EXERCISES
In the following exercises, evaluate the triple integrals x2 + y2
∭ f (x, y, z)dV over the solid E. 245. f (x, y, z) = e ,

|
E ⎧ ⎫
B = (x, y, z) 1 ≤ x 2 + y 2 ≤ 4, y ≤ 0, x ≤ y 3, 2 ≤ z ≤ 3⎬⎭
⎨
⎩

241. f (x, y, z) = z,

|
⎧ ⎫
B = (x, y, z) x 2 + y 2 ≤ 9, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, 0 ≤ z ≤ 1⎬⎭
⎨
⎩
246. f (x, y, z) = x 2 + y 2,

|
⎧ ⎫
B = ⎨⎩(x, y, z) 1 ≤ x 2 + y 2 ≤ 9, y ≤ 0, 0 ≤ z ≤ 1⎬⎭

247.
a. Let B be a cylindrical shell with inner radius a,
outer radius b, and height c, where 0 < a < b
and c > 0. Assume that a function F defined on
B can be expressed in cylindrical coordinates as
F(x, y, z) = f (r) + h(z), where f and h are
b
differentiable functions. If ∫ f̃ (r)dr = 0 and
a

h̃(0) = 0, where f̃ and h̃ are antiderivatives of

f and h, respectively, show that
∭ F(x, y, z)dV = 2πc⎛⎝b f̃ (b) − a f̃ (a)⎞⎠ + π ⎛⎝b 2 − a 2⎞⎠h̃(c).
B
b. Use the previous result to show that
242. f (x, y, z) = xz 2, ⎛ ⎞
∭ ⎝z + sin x 2 + y 2⎠dx dy dz = 6π 2 (π − 2),
|
⎧ ⎫
B = ⎨⎩(x, y, z) x 2 + y 2 ≤ 16, x ≥ 0, y ≤ 0, −1 ≤ z ≤ 1⎬⎭ B
where B is a cylindrical shell with inner radius
243. f (x, y, z) = xy, π, outer radius 2π, and height 2.

|
⎧ 2 2 ⎫
B = (x, y, z) x + y ≤ 1, x ≥ 0, x ≥ y, −1 ≤ z ≤ 1⎬⎭
⎨
⎩ 248.
a. Let B be a cylindrical shell with inner radius a,
outer radius b, and height c, where 0 < a < b
and c > 0. Assume that a function F defined on
B can be expressed in cylindrical coordinates as
F(x, y, z) = f (r)g(θ)h(z), where f , g, and h
b
are differentiable functions. If ∫ f̃ (r)dr = 0,
a

where f̃ is an antiderivative of f , show that

⎡ ⎤
∭ F(x, y, z)dV = ⎡⎣b f̃ (b) − a f̃ (a)⎤⎦ ⎡⎣g̃(2π) − g̃(0)⎤⎦ ⎣h̃(c) − h̃(0)⎦,
B

where g̃ and h̃ are antiderivatives of g and h,

respectively.
b. Use the previous result to show that
2 2 2
∭ z sin x + y dx dy dz = −12π , where B
244. f (x, y, z) = x 2 + y 2, B

|
⎧ ⎫
B = ⎨⎩(x, y, z) x 2 + y 2 ≤ 4, x ≥ 0, x ≤ y, 0 ≤ z ≤ 3⎬⎭ is a cylindrical shell with inner radius π, outer
radius 2π, and height 2.
588 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

In the following exercises, the boundaries of the solid E 258. E is below the plane z = 1 and inside the
are given in cylindrical coordinates. paraboloid z = x 2 + y 2.
a. Express the region E in cylindrical coordinates.

b. Convert the integral ∭ f (x, y, z)dV to 259. E is bounded by the circular cone z = x 2 + y 2
E and z = 1.
cylindrical coordinates.
260. E is located above the xy -plane, below z = 1,
249. E is bounded by the right circular cylinder
r = 4 sin θ, the rθ -plane, and the sphere r 2 + z 2 = 16. outside the one-sheeted hyperboloid x 2 + y 2 − z 2 = 1,
and inside the cylinder x 2 + y 2 = 2.

250. E is bounded by the right circular cylinder

261. E is located inside the cylinder x 2 + y 2 = 1 and
2 2
r = cos θ, the rθ -plane, and the sphere r + z = 9.
between the circular paraboloids z = 1 − x 2 − y 2 and
251. E is located in the first octant and is bounded by the z = x 2 + y 2.
circular paraboloid z = 9 − 3r 2, the cylinder r = 3,
and the plane r(cos θ + sin θ) = 20 − z. 262. E is located inside the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1,
above the xy -plane, and inside the circular cone
252. E is located in the first octant outside the circular
z = x 2 + y 2.
paraboloid z = 10 − 2r 2 and inside the cylinder r = 5
and is bounded also by the planes z = 20 and θ = π . 263. E is located outside the circular cone
4
2 2 2
x + y = (z − 1) and between the planes z = 0 and
In the following exercises, the function f and region E
z = 2.
are given.
a. Express the region E and the function f in 264. E is located outside the circular cone
2 2
cylindrical coordinates. z=1− x +y , above the xy -plane, below the
b. Convert the integral ∭ f (x, y, z)dV into circular paraboloid, and between the planes
B z = 0 and z = 2.
cylindrical coordinates and evaluate it.
265. [T] Use a computer algebra system (CAS) to graph
253. f (x, y, z) = 1 , the solid whose volume is given by the iterated integral
x+3 π/2 1 r
⎧

| 2 2
E = (x, y, z) 0 ≤ x + y ≤ 9, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, 0 ≤ z ≤ x + 3
⎨
⎩
⎫
⎬
⎭
in cylindrical coordinates ∫ ∫ ∫ r dz dr dθ. Find the
−π/2 0 r 2

volume V of the solid. Round your answer to four decimal

254. f (x, y, z) = x 2 + y 2, places.

|
⎧ ⎫
E = ⎨⎩(x, y, z) 0 ≤ x 2 + y 2 ≤ 4, y ≥ 0, 0 ≤ z ≤ 3 − x⎬⎭ 266. [T] Use a CAS to graph the solid whose volume
is given by the iterated integral in cylindrical coordinates
255. f (x, y, z) = x, π/2 1 r
∫ ∫ ∫ r dz dr dθ. Find the volume V of the solid
|
⎧ ⎫
E = ⎨⎩(x, y, z) 1 ≤ y 2 + z 2 ≤ 9, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 − y 2 − z 2⎬⎭ 0 0 r4

Round your answer to four decimal places.

256. f (x, y, z) = y,

| 1 − y2 x2 + y2
⎧ ⎫
E = ⎨⎩(x, y, z) 1 ≤ x 2 + z 2 ≤ 9, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1 − x 2 − z 2⎬⎭ 1
267. Convert the integral ∫ ∫ ∫ xz dz dx dy
0 2 2
In the following exercises, find the volume of the solid E − 1 − y2 x + y
whose boundaries are given in rectangular coordinates. into an integral in cylindrical coordinates.

257. E is above the xy -plane, inside the cylinder

2 2
x + y = 1, and below the plane z = 1.

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 589

2 x 1 273. Show that if F ⎛⎝ρ, θ, φ⎞⎠ = f (ρ)g(θ)h(φ) is a

268. Convert the integral ∫ ∫ ∫ (xy + z)dz dx dy into continuous function on the spherical box
0 0 0
B = ⎛⎝ρ, θ, φ⎞⎠|a ≤ ρ ≤ b, α ≤ θ ≤ β, γ ≤ φ ≤ ψ , then
⎧ ⎫
⎨ ⎬
⎩ ⎭

⎞⎛ β ⎞⎛ ψ
an integral in cylindrical coordinates.
⎛b ⎞
In the following exercises, evaluate the triple integral ∭ F dV = ⎜∫ ρ f (ρ)dr⎟⎜∫ g(θ)dθ⎟⎜∫ h(φ)sin φ dφ⎟.
2

∭ f (x, y, z)dV over the solid B. B ⎝a ⎠⎝ α ⎠⎝ γ ⎠

B
274.
269. f (x, y, z) = 1, a. A function F is said to have spherical symmetry

|
⎧ ⎫
B = ⎨⎩(x, y, z) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ≤ 90, z ≥ 0⎬⎭ if it depends on the distance to the origin only,
that is, it can be expressed in spherical coordinates
as F(x, y, z) = f (ρ), where ρ = x 2 + y 2 + z 2.
Show that
b
∭ F(x, y, z)dV = 2π ∫ ρ 2 f (ρ)dρ,
B a

where B is the region between the upper

concentric hemispheres of radii a and b centered
at the origin, with 0 < a < b and F a spherical
function defined on B.
270. f (x, y, z) = 1 − x 2 + y 2 + z 2, b. Use the previous result to show that
∭ ⎛⎝x 2 + y 2 + z 2⎞⎠ x 2 + y 2 + z 2 dV = 21π,
|
⎧ ⎫
B = ⎨⎩(x, y, z) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ≤ 9, y ≥ 0, z ≥ 0⎬⎭ B
where
|
⎧ ⎫
B = ⎨⎩(x, y, z) 1 ≤ x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ≤ 2, z ≥ 0⎬⎭.

275.
a. Let B be the region between the upper concentric
hemispheres of radii a and b centered at the origin
and situated in the first octant, where 0 < a < b.
Consider F a function defined on B whose form
⎛ ⎞
in spherical coordinates ⎝ρ, θ, φ⎠ is
F(x, y, z) = f (ρ)cos φ. Show that if
b
g(a) = g(b) = 0 and ∫ h(ρ)dρ = 0, then
a
2
∭ F(x, y, z)dV = π ⎡⎣ah(a) − bh(b)⎤⎦,
B 4

271. f (x, y, z) = x 2 + y 2, B is bounded above by the where g is an antiderivative of f and h is an

2 2 2 antiderivative of g.
half-sphere x + y + z = 9 with z ≥ 0 and below by
the cone 2z 2 = x 2 + y 2. b. Use the previous result to show that
2 2 2 2
z cos x + y + z
∭ dV = 3π , where B is
272. f (x, y, z) = z, B is bounded above by the half- B 2
x +y +z 2 2 2
2 2 2
sphere x + y + z = 16 with z ≥ 0 and below by the the region between the upper concentric
2 2 2 hemispheres of radii π and 2π centered at the
cone 2z = x + y .
origin and situated in the first octant.

In the following exercises, the function f and region E

are given.
590 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

a. Express the region E and function f in 285. Convert the integral

cylindrical coordinates. 4 16 − x 2 16 − x 2 − y 2
⎛ 2
2
b. Convert the integral ∭ f (x, y, z)dV into ∫ ∫ ∫ ⎝x + y 2 + z 2⎞⎠ dz dy dx into an
0 0
B − 16 − x 2 − y 2
cylindrical coordinates and evaluate it. integral in spherical coordinates.
276. f (x, y, z) = z; 286. Convert the integral
|
⎧ 2 2 2 ⎫
E = (x, y, z) 0 ≤ x + y + z ≤ 1, z ≥ 0
⎨
⎩
⎬
⎭ 2 4 − x2 16 − x 2 − y 2
∫ ∫ ∫ dz dy dx into an integral in
277. f (x, y, z) = x + y; −2
− 4 − x2 x2 + y2

|
⎧ ⎫
E = ⎨⎩(x, y, z) 1 ≤ x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ≤ 2, z ≥ 0, y ≥ 0⎬⎭ spherical coordinates and evaluate it.

287. [T] Use a CAS to graph the solid whose volume

278. f (x, y, z) = 2xy;
is given by the iterated integral in spherical coordinates
|
⎧ ⎫
E = ⎨⎩(x, y, z) x 2 + y 2 ≤ z ≤ 1 − x 2 − y 2, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0⎬⎭ π π/6 2
∫ ∫ ∫ ρ 2 sin φ dρ dφ dθ. Find the volume V of the
π/2 5π/6 0
solid. Round your answer to three decimal places.
279. f (x, y, z) = z;

|
⎧ ⎫ 288. [T] Use a CAS to graph the solid whose volume is
E = ⎨⎩(x, y, z) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 2z ≤ 0, x 2 + y 2 ≤ z⎬⎭
given by the iterated integral in spherical coordinates as
2π π/4 1
In the following exercises, find the volume of the solid E ∫ ∫ ∫ ρ 2 sin φ dρ dφ dθ. Find the volume V of the
whose boundaries are given in rectangular coordinates. 0 3π/4 0
solid. Round your answer to three decimal places.
280.

|
⎧ ⎫
E = ⎨⎩(x, y, z) x 2 + y 2 ≤ z ≤ 16 − x 2 − y 2, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0⎬⎭ 289. [T] Use a CAS to evaluate the integral
⎛ 2
∭ ⎝x + y 2⎞⎠dV where E lies above the paraboloid
E

281. z = x 2 + y 2 and below the plane z = 3y.

|
⎧ ⎫
E = ⎨⎩(x, y, z) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 2z ≤ 0, x 2 + y 2 ≤ z⎬⎭
290. [T]
x2 + y2 + z2
282. Use spherical coordinates to find the volume of the a. Evaluate the integral ∭ e dV,
E
solid situated outside the sphere ρ = 1 and inside the
where E is bounded by the spheres
⎡ ⎤
sphere ρ = cos φ, with φ ∈ ⎣0, π ⎦. 2 2 2
4x + 4y + 4z = 1 and x + y + z = 1. 2 2 2
2
b. Use a CAS to find an approximation of the previous
283. Use spherical coordinates to find the volume of the integral. Round your answer to two decimal places.
ball ρ ≤ 3 that is situated between the cones
φ = π and φ = π . 291. Express the volume of the solid inside the sphere
4 3 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 16 and outside the cylinder x 2 + y 2 = 4
284. Convert the integral as triple integrals in cylindrical coordinates and spherical
coordinates, respectively.
4 16 − y 2 16 − x 2 − y 2
⎛ 2
∫ ∫ ∫ ⎝x + y 2 + z 2⎞⎠dz dx dy into an 292. Express the volume of the solid inside the sphere
−4
− 16 − y 2 − 16 − x 2 − y 2 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 16 and outside the cylinder x 2 + y 2 = 4
integral in spherical coordinates. that is located in the first octant as triple integrals in
cylindrical coordinates and spherical coordinates,
respectively.

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 591

293. The power emitted by an antenna has a power density

per unit volume given in spherical coordinates by
P0 2
p⎛⎝ρ, θ, φ⎞⎠ = cos θ sin 4 φ, where P 0 is a constant
ρ2
with units in watts. The total power within a sphere B of
radius r meters is defined as P = ∭ p⎛⎝ρ, θ, φ⎞⎠dV. Find
B
the total power P.

294. Use the preceding exercise to find the total power

within a sphere B of radius 5 meters when the power
density per unit volume is given by
p⎛⎝ρ, θ, φ⎞⎠ = 302 cos 2 θ sin 4 φ.
ρ

295. A charge cloud contained in a sphere B of radius

r centimeters centered at the origin has its charge density
µC
given by q(x, y, z) = k x 2 + y 2 + z 2
, where
cm 3
k > 0. The total charge contained in B is given by
Q = ∭ q(x, y, z)dV. Find the total charge Q.
B

296. Use the preceding exercise to find the total charge

cloud contained in the unit sphere if the charge density is
µC
q(x, y, z) = 20 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 .
cm 3
592 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

5.6 | Calculating Centers of Mass and Moments of Inertia

Learning Objectives
5.6.1 Use double integrals to locate the center of mass of a two-dimensional object.
5.6.2 Use double integrals to find the moment of inertia of a two-dimensional object.
5.6.3 Use triple integrals to locate the center of mass of a three-dimensional object.

We have already discussed a few applications of multiple integrals, such as finding areas, volumes, and the average value
of a function over a bounded region. In this section we develop computational techniques for finding the center of mass and
moments of inertia of several types of physical objects, using double integrals for a lamina (flat plate) and triple integrals
for a three-dimensional object with variable density. The density is usually considered to be a constant number when the
lamina or the object is homogeneous; that is, the object has uniform density.

Center of Mass in Two Dimensions

The center of mass is also known as the center of gravity if the object is in a uniform gravitational field. If the object has
uniform density, the center of mass is the geometric center of the object, which is called the centroid. Figure 5.64 shows a
point P as the center of mass of a lamina. The lamina is perfectly balanced about its center of mass.

Figure 5.64 A lamina is perfectly balanced on a spindle if the

lamina’s center of mass sits on the spindle.

− −
To find the coordinates of the center of mass P(x , y ) of a lamina, we need to find the moment M x of the lamina about the
x-axis and the moment M y about the y-axis. We also need to find the mass m of the lamina. Then

− My − M
x = m and y = mx .

Refer to Moments and Centers of Mass ([Link] for the definitions and the
methods of single integration to find the center of mass of a one-dimensional object (for example, a thin rod). We are going
to use a similar idea here except that the object is a two-dimensional lamina and we use a double integral.
− My − M
If we allow a constant density function, then x = m and y = mx give the centroid of the lamina.

Suppose that the lamina occupies a region R in the xy-plane, and let ρ(x, y) be its density (in units of mass per unit

area) at any point (x, y). Hence, ρ(x, y) = lim Δm , where Δm and ΔA are the mass and area of a small rectangle
ΔA → 0 ΔA
containing the point (x, y) and the limit is taken as the dimensions of the rectangle go to 0 (see the following figure).

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 593

Figure 5.65 The density of a lamina at a point is the limit of

its mass per area in a small rectangle about the point as the area
goes to zero.

⎛ ⎞
Just as before, we divide the region R into tiny rectangles R i j with area ΔA and choose ⎝x*i j , y*i j ⎠ as sample points.
⎛ ⎞
Then the mass m i j of each R i j is equal to ρ⎝x*i j , y*i j ⎠ΔA (Figure 5.66). Let k and l be the number of subintervals in
x and y, respectively. Also, note that the shape might not always be rectangular but the limit works anyway, as seen in
previous sections.

Figure 5.66 Subdividing the lamina into tiny rectangles

R i j, each containing a sample point (x*i j , y*i j ).

Hence, the mass of the lamina is

k l k l (5.13)
m= lim
k, l → ∞
∑ ∑ mi j = lim
k, l → ∞
∑ ∑ ρ(x*i j , y*i j )ΔA = ∬ ρ(x, y)dA.
i=1 j=1 i=1 j=1 R

Let’s see an example now of finding the total mass of a triangular lamina.
594 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

Example 5.55

Finding the Total Mass of a Lamina

Consider a triangular lamina R with vertices (0, 0), (0, 3), (3, 0) and with density ρ(x, y) = xy kg/m 2. Find
the total mass.

Solution
A sketch of the region R is always helpful, as shown in the following figure.

Figure 5.67 A lamina in the xy-plane with density

ρ(x, y) = xy.

Using the expression developed for mass, we see that

x = 3⎡ y = 3 − x⎤

|
x=3y=3−x
∫ xy dy dx = ∫ ⎢⎢x y2 y = 0 ⎥
2
m = ∬ dm = ∬ ρ(x, y)dA = ∫ ⎥dx
R R x=0 y=0 x = 0⎣ ⎦

1 x(3 − x) 2 dx = ⎡9x 2 − x 3 + x 4 ⎤
|
x=3 x=3
= ∫ 2 ⎣ 4 8⎦x=0
x=0
= 27 .
8

The computation is straightforward, giving the answer m = 27 kg.

8

5.33 Consider the same region R as in the previous example, and use the density function ρ(x, y) = xy.
Find the total mass.

Now that we have established the expression for mass, we have the tools we need for calculating moments and centers of
mass. The moment M x about the x-axis for R is the limit of the sums of moments of the regions R i j about the x-axis.
Hence

⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
k l k l (5.14)
Mx = lim
k, l → ∞
∑ ∑ ⎝y*i j ⎠m i j = k, lim ∑
l → ∞i = 1
∑ ⎝y* ⎠ρ⎝x* , y* ⎠ΔA = ∬ yρ(x, y)dA.
i j i j i j
i=1 j=1 j=1 R

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 595

Similarly, the moment M y about the y-axis for R is the limit of the sums of moments of the regions R i j about the
y-axis. Hence

⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
k l k l (5.15)
My = lim
k, l → ∞
∑ ∑ ⎝x*i j ⎠m i j = k, lim ∑
l → ∞i = 1
∑ ⎝y* ⎠ρ⎝x* , y* ⎠ΔA = ∬ xρ(x, y)dA.
i j i j i j
i=1 j=1 j=1 R

Example 5.56

Finding Moments

Consider the same triangular lamina R with vertices (0, 0), (0, 3), (3, 0) and with density ρ(x, y) = xy. Find
the moments M x and M y.

Solution
Use double integrals for each moment and compute their values:
x=3y=3−x
M x = ∬ yρ(x, y)dA = ∫ ∫ xy 2 dy dx = 81 ,
20
R x=0 y=0
x=3y=3−x
M y = ∬ xρ(x, y)dA = ∫ ∫ x 2 yd y dx = 81 .
20
R x=0 y=0

The computation is quite straightforward.

5.34 Consider the same lamina R as above, and use the density function ρ(x, y) = xy. Find the moments
M x and M y.

Finally we are ready to restate the expressions for the center of mass in terms of integrals. We denote the x-coordinate of
− −
the center of mass by x and the y-coordinate by y . Specifically,

∬ xρ(x, y)dA ∬ yρ(x, y)dA (5.16)

− My − M
x= m = R and y = mx R .
∬ ρ(x, y)dA ∬ ρ(x, y)dA
R R

Example 5.57

Finding the Center of Mass

Again consider the same triangular region R with vertices (0, 0), (0, 3), (3, 0) and with density function
ρ(x, y) = xy. Find the center of mass.

Solution
Using the formulas we developed, we have
596 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

∬ xρ(x, y)dA
My
= 81/20 = 6 ,
−
x= m = R
∬ ρ(x, y)dA 27/8 5
R
∬ yρ(x, y)dA
M
= 81/20 = 6 .
−
y = mx = R
∬ ρ(x, y)dA 27/8 5
R

⎛ ⎞
Therefore, the center of mass is the point ⎝6 , 6 ⎠.
5 5

Analysis
If we choose the density ρ(x, y) instead to be uniform throughout the region (i.e., constant), such as the value 1
(any constant will do), then we can compute the centroid,

∬ x dA
My
xc = m = R = 9/2 = 1,
∬ dA 9/2
R
∬ y dA
M
y c = mx R = 9/2 = 1.
∬ dA 9/2
R

⎛ ⎞
Notice that the center of mass ⎝6 , 6 ⎠ is not exactly the same as the centroid (1, 1) of the triangular region.
5 5
This is due to the variable density of R. If the density is constant, then we just use ρ(x, y) = c (constant). This
value cancels out from the formulas, so for a constant density, the center of mass coincides with the centroid of
the lamina.

5.35 Again use the same region R as above and the density function ρ(x, y) = xy. Find the center of mass.

Once again, based on the comments at the end of Example 5.57, we have expressions for the centroid of a region on the
plane:
∬ x dA ∬ y dA
My M
xc = m = R and y c = mx R .
∬ dA ∬ dA
R R

We should use these formulas and verify the centroid of the triangular region R referred to in the last three examples.

Example 5.58

Finding Mass, Moments, and Center of Mass

Find the mass, moments, and the center of mass of the lamina of density ρ(x, y) = x + y occupying the region
R under the curve y = x 2 in the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 (see the following figure).

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 597

Figure 5.68 Locating the center of mass of a lamina R with

density ρ(x, y) = x + y.

Solution
First we compute the mass m. We need to describe the region between the graph of y = x 2 and the vertical lines
x = 0 and x = 2:
⎡ y = x 2⎤

|
2

∫ (x + y)dy dx = ∫ ⎢⎢xy + y2 ⎥
x=2y=x x=2 2
m = ∬ dm = ∬ ρ(x, y)dA = ∫ y=0 ⎥dx
⎣ ⎦
R R x=0 y=0 x=0

⎡ 3 x4⎤ ⎡x 4 x 5 ⎤
|
x=2 x=2
= ∫ 36
⎣x + 2 ⎦dx = ⎣ 4 + 10 ⎦ x = 0 = 5 .
x=0

Now compute the moments M x and M y :

2
x=2y=x
M x = ∬ yρ(x, y)dA = ∫ ∫ y(x + y)dy dx = 80 ,
7
R x=0 y=0
2
x=2y=x
M y = ∬ xρ(x, y)dA = ∫ ∫ x(x + y)dy dx = 176 .
15
R x=0 y=0

Finally, evaluate the center of mass,

∬ xρ(x, y)dA
My
= 176/15 = 44 ,
−
x= m = R
∬ ρ(x, y)dA 36/5 27
R
∬ yρ(x, y)dA
M
= 80/7 = 100 .
−
y = mx = R
∬ ρ(x, y)dA 36/5 63
R
598 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

⎛ ⎞
Hence the center of mass is (x , y ) = ⎝44 , 100 ⎠.
− −
27 63

5.36 Calculate the mass, moments, and the center of mass of the region between the curves y = x and
y = x 2 with the density function ρ(x, y) = x in the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 1.

Example 5.59

Finding a Centroid

Find the centroid of the region under the curve y = e x over the interval 1 ≤ x ≤ 3 (see the following figure).

Figure 5.69 Finding a centroid of a region below the curve

y = e x.

Solution
To compute the centroid, we assume that the density function is constant and hence it cancels out:

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 599

∬ x dA ∬ y dA
My M
xc = m = R and y c = mx = R ,
∬ dA x ∬ dA
R x=3y=e R x=3
∬ x dA ∫ ∫ x dy dx ∫ xe x dx
My 3 2
= 32e = 22e ,
x=1 y=0 x=1
xc = m = R = x = x=3
∬ dA x=3y=e e −e e −1
R ∫ ∫ dy dx ∫ e x dx
x=1 y=0 x=1
x
x=3y=e x=3
∫ ∫ y dy dx ∫ e 2x dx
∬ y dA 2 1 e 2 ⎛e 4 − 1⎞
M
y c = mx = R =
x=1 y=0
= x=1 = 4 ⎝ ⎠
= 1 e⎛⎝e 2 + 1⎞⎠.
∬ dA x x=3 ⎛ 2 ⎞ 4
x=3y=e e⎝e − 1⎠
R ∫ ∫ dy dx ∫ e x dx
x=1 y=0 x=1

Thus the centroid of the region is

⎛ 2e 2 1 ⎛ 2 ⎞⎞
(x c, y c) =
⎝e 2 − 1 , 4 e⎝e + 1⎠⎠.

5.37 Calculate the centroid of the region between the curves y = x and y = x with uniform density in the
interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 1.

Moments of Inertia
For a clear understanding of how to calculate moments of inertia using double integrals, we need to go back to the
general definition in Section 6.6. The moment of inertia of a particle of mass m about an axis is mr 2, where r is the
distance of the particle from the axis. We can see from Figure 5.66 that the moment of inertia of the subrectangle R i j

about the x-axis is (y*i j ) 2 ρ(x*i j , y*i j )ΔA. Similarly, the moment of inertia of the subrectangle R i j about the y-axis is

(x*i j ) 2 ρ(x*i j , y*i j )ΔA. The moment of inertia is related to the rotation of the mass; specifically, it measures the tendency
of the mass to resist a change in rotational motion about an axis.
The moment of inertia I x about the x-axis for the region R is the limit of the sum of moments of inertia of the regions
R i j about the x-axis. Hence

k l 2 k l 2
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
Ix = lim ∑ ∑ ⎝y*
ij ⎠ mi j = lim ∑ ∑ ⎝y*
ij ⎠ ρ⎛⎝x*i j , y*i j ⎞⎠ΔA = ∬ y 2 ρ(x, y)dA.
k, l → ∞ i=1 j=1 k, l → ∞ i=1 j=1 R

Similarly, the moment of inertia I y about the y-axis for R is the limit of the sum of moments of inertia of the regions
R i j about the y-axis. Hence

k l 2 k l 2
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
Iy = lim ∑ ∑ ⎝x*
ij ⎠ mi j = lim ∑ ∑ ⎝x*
ij ⎠ ρ⎛⎝x*i j , y*i j ⎞⎠ΔA = ∬ x 2 ρ(x, y)dA.
k, l → ∞i = 1 j = 1 k, l → ∞i = 1 j = 1 R
600 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

Sometimes, we need to find the moment of inertia of an object about the origin, which is known as the polar moment of
inertia. We denote this by I 0 and obtain it by adding the moments of inertia I x and I y. Hence

I 0 = I x + I y = ∬ ⎛⎝x 2 + y 2⎞⎠ρ(x, y)dA.

R

All these expressions can be written in polar coordinates by substituting x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, and dA = r dr dθ.
2
For example, I 0 = ∬ r ρ(r cos θ, r sin θ)dA.
R

Example 5.60

Finding Moments of Inertia for a Triangular Lamina

Use the triangular region R with vertices (0, 0), (2, 2), and (2, 0) and with density ρ(x, y) = xy as in
previous examples. Find the moments of inertia.

Solution
Using the expressions established above for the moments of inertia, we have
x=2y=x
Ix = ∬ y 2 ρ(x, y)dA = ∫ ∫ xy 3 dy dx = 8 ,
3
R x=0y=0
x=2y=x
Iy = ∬ x 2 ρ(x, y)dA = ∫ ∫ x 3 y dy dx = 16 ,
3
R x=0y=0
2 x
I0 = ∬ ⎛⎝x 2 + y 2⎞⎠ρ(x, y)dA = ∫ ∫ ⎛⎝x 2 + y 2⎞⎠xy dy dx
R 0 0
= I x + I y = 8.

5.38 Again use the same region R as above and the density function ρ(x, y) = xy. Find the moments of
inertia.

As mentioned earlier, the moment of inertia of a particle of mass m about an axis is mr 2 where r is the distance of the
particle from the axis, also known as the radius of gyration.
Hence the radii of gyration with respect to the x-axis, the y-axis, and the origin are

I Iy I
R x = mx , R y = m , and R 0 = m0 ,

respectively. In each case, the radius of gyration tells us how far (perpendicular distance) from the axis of rotation the entire
mass of an object might be concentrated. The moments of an object are useful for finding information on the balance and
torque of the object about an axis, but radii of gyration are used to describe the distribution of mass around its centroidal
axis. There are many applications in engineering and physics. Sometimes it is necessary to find the radius of gyration, as in
the next example.

Example 5.61

Finding the Radius of Gyration for a Triangular Lamina

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 601

Consider the same triangular lamina R with vertices (0, 0), (2, 2), and (2, 0) and with density ρ(x, y) = xy
as in previous examples. Find the radii of gyration with respect to the x-axis, the y-axis, and the origin.

Solution
If we compute the mass of this region we find that m = 2. We found the moments of inertia of this lamina in
Example 5.58. From these data, the radii of gyration with respect to the x-axis, y-axis, and the origin are,
respectively,
Ix 8/3 8 2 3
Rx = m= 2 = 6= 3 ,
Iy 16/3 8 2 6
Ry = m= 2 = 3= 3 ,
I0 8
R0 = m = 2 = 4 = 2.

5.39 Use the same region R from Example 5.61 and the density function ρ(x, y) = xy. Find the radii of
gyration with respect to the x-axis, the y-axis, and the origin.

Center of Mass and Moments of Inertia in Three Dimensions

All the expressions of double integrals discussed so far can be modified to become triple integrals.

Definition
If we have a solid object Q with a density function ρ(x, y, z) at any point (x, y, z) in space, then its mass is

m = ∭ ρ(x, y, z)dV.
Q

Its moments about the xy-plane, the xz-plane, and the yz-plane are

M xy = ∭ zρ(x, y, z)dV, M xz = ∭ yρ(x, y, z)dV,

Q Q
M yz = ∭ xρ(x, y, z)dV.
Q

− − −
If the center of mass of the object is the point ⎛⎝ x , y , z ⎞⎠, then

− M yz − M − M xy
x = m , y = mxz , z = m .

Also, if the solid object is homogeneous (with constant density), then the center of mass becomes the centroid of the
solid. Finally, the moments of inertia about the yz-plane, the xz-plane, and the xy-plane are

I x = ∭ ⎛⎝y 2 + z 2⎞⎠ρ(x, y, z)dV,

Q
I y = ∭ ⎛⎝x 2 + z 2⎞⎠ρ(x, y, z)dV,
Q
I z = ∭ ⎛⎝x 2 + y 2⎞⎠ρ(x, y, z)dV.
Q
602 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

Example 5.62

Finding the Mass of a Solid

Suppose that Q is a solid region bounded by x + 2y + 3z = 6 and the coordinate planes and has density
ρ(x, y, z) = x 2 yz. Find the total mass.

Solution
The region Q is a tetrahedron (Figure 5.70) meeting the axes at the points (6, 0, 0), (0, 3, 0), and (0, 0, 2).
To find the limits of integration, let z = 0 in the slanted plane z = 1 ⎛⎝6 − x − 2y⎞⎠. Then for x and y find the
3
projection of Q onto the xy-plane, which is bounded by the axes and the line x + 2y = 6. Hence the mass is
⎛ ⎞
x = 6 y = 1/2(6 − x) z = 1/3⎝6 − x − 2y⎠
m = ∭ ρ(x, y, z)dV = ∫ ∫ ∫ x 2 yz dz dy dx = 108 ≈ 3.086.
35
Q x=0 y=0 z=0

Figure 5.70 Finding the mass of a three-dimensional solid

Q.

5.40 Consider the same region Q (Figure 5.70), and use the density function ρ(x, y, z) = xy 2 z. Find the
mass.

Example 5.63

Finding the Center of Mass of a Solid

Suppose Q is a solid region bounded by the plane x + 2y + 3z = 6 and the coordinate planes with density
ρ(x, y, z) = x 2 yz (see Figure 5.70). Find the center of mass using decimal approximation.

Solution
We have used this tetrahedron before and know the limits of integration, so we can proceed to the computations
right away. First, we need to find the moments about the xy-plane, the xz-plane, and the yz-plane:

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 603

⎛ ⎞
x = 6 y = 1/2(6 − x) z = 1/3⎝6 − x − 2y⎠
M xy = ∭ zρ(x, y, z)dV = ∫ ∫ ∫ x 2 yz 2 dz dy dx = 54 ≈ 1.543,
35
Q x=0 y=0 z=0
⎛ ⎞
x = 6 y = 1/2(6 − x) z = 1/3⎝6 − x − 2y⎠
M xz = ∭ yρ(x, y, z)dV = ∫ ∫ ∫ x 2 y 2 z dz dy dx = 81 ≈ 2.314,
35
Q x=0 y=0 z=0
⎛ ⎞
x = 6 y = 1/2(6 − x) z = 1/3⎝6 − x − 2y⎠
M yz = ∭ xρ(x, y, z)dV = ∫ ∫ ∫ x 3 yz dz dy dx = 243 ≈ 6.943.
35
Q x=0 y=0 z=0

Hence the center of mass is

− M yz − M − M xy
x = m , y = mxz , z = m ,
M yz
x = m = 243/35 = 243 = 2.25,
−
108/35 108
M
y = mxz = 81/35 = 81 = 0.75,
−
108/35 108
M xy
z = m = 54/35 = 54 = 0.5.
−
108/35 108

The center of mass for the tetrahedron Q is the point (2.25, 0.75, 0.5).

5.41 Consider the same region Q (Figure 5.70) and use the density function ρ(x, y, z) = xy 2 z. Find the
center of mass.

We conclude this section with an example of finding moments of inertia I x, I y, and I z.

Example 5.64

Finding the Moments of Inertia of a Solid

Suppose that Q is a solid region and is bounded by x + 2y + 3z = 6 and the coordinate planes with density
ρ(x, y, z) = x 2 yz (see Figure 5.70). Find the moments of inertia of the tetrahedron Q about the yz-plane,
the xz-plane, and the xy-plane.

Solution
Once again, we can almost immediately write the limits of integration and hence we can quickly proceed to
evaluating the moments of inertia. Using the formula stated before, the moments of inertia of the tetrahedron Q
about the xy-plane, the xz-plane, and the yz-plane are
604 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

I x = ∭ ⎛⎝y 2 + z 2⎞⎠ρ(x, y, z)dV,

Q
I y = ∭ ⎛⎝x 2 + z 2⎞⎠ρ(x, y, z)dV,
Q

and
I z = ∭ ⎛⎝x 2 + y 2⎞⎠ρ(x, y, z)dV with ρ(x, y, z) = x 2 yz.
Q

Proceeding with the computations, we have

y = 1 (6 − x) z = 1 ⎛⎝6 − x − 2y⎞⎠
x=6 2 3
I x = ∭ ⎛⎝y 2 + z 2⎞⎠x 2 yz dV = ∫ ∫ ∫ ⎛ 2
⎝y + z 2⎞⎠x 2 yz dz dy dx = 117 ≈ 3.343,
Q x=0 y=0 z=0
35

y = 1 (6 − x) z = 1 ⎛⎝6 − x − 2y⎞⎠
x=6 2 3
I y = ∭ ⎛⎝x 2 + z 2⎞⎠x 2 yz dV = ∫ ∫ ∫ ⎛ 2
⎝x + z 2⎞⎠x 2 yz dz dy dx = 684 ≈ 19.543,
Q x=0 y=0 z=0
35

y = 1 (6 − x) z = 1 ⎛⎝6 − x − 2y⎞⎠
x=6 2 3
I z = ∭ ⎛⎝x 2 + y 2⎞⎠x 2 yz dV = ∫ ∫ ∫ ⎛ 2
⎝x + y 2⎞⎠x 2 yz dz dy dx = 729 ≈ 20.829.
Q x=0 y=0 z=0
35

Thus, the moments of inertia of the tetrahedron Q about the yz-plane, the xz-plane, and the xy-plane are
117/35, 684/35, and 729/35, respectively.

5.42 Consider the same region Q (Figure 5.70), and use the density function ρ(x, y, z) = xy 2 z. Find the
moments of inertia about the three coordinate planes.

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 605

5.6 EXERCISES
In the following exercises, the region R occupied by a 301. R is the trapezoidal region determined by the lines
lamina is shown in a graph. Find the mass of R with the y = − 1 x + 5 , y = 0, y = 2, and x = 0;
density function ρ. 4 2
ρ(x, y) = 3xy.
297. R is the triangular region with vertices
(0, 0), (0, 3), and (6, 0); ρ(x, y) = xy.

302. R is the trapezoidal region determined by the lines

y = 0, y = 1, y = x, and
298. R is the triangular region with vertices y = −x + 3; ρ(x, y) = 2x + y.
(0, 0), (1, 1), (0, 5); ρ(x, y) = x + y.

303. R is the disk of radius 2 centered at (1, 2);

ρ(x, y) = x 2 + y 2 − 2x − 4y + 5.

299. R is the rectangular region with vertices

(0, 0), (0, 3), (6, 3), and (6, 0); ρ(x, y) = xy.

300. R is the rectangular region with vertices

(0, 1), (0, 3), (3, 3), and (3, 1); ρ(x, y) = x 2 y.
606 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

304. R is the unit disk; ρ(x, y) = 3x 4 + 6x 2 y 2 + 3y 4. 307. R is the region bounded by

y = x, y = −x, y = x + 2, y = −x + 2; ρ(x, y) = 1.

308. R is the region bounded by y = 1x , y = 2x , y = 1,

305. R is the region enclosed by the ellipse and y = 2; ρ(x, y) = 4(x + y).
2 2
x + 4y = 1; ρ(x, y) = 1.

In the following exercises, consider a lamina occupying

⎧ 2 2 ⎫ the region R and having the density function ρ given in
306. R = (x, y)|9x + y ≤ 1, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 ;
⎨
⎩
⎬
⎭
the preceding group of exercises. Use a computer algebra
2 2
ρ(x, y) = 9x + y . system (CAS) to answer the following questions.
a. Find the moments M x and M y about the x-axis
and y-axis, respectively.

b. Calculate and plot the center of mass of the lamina.

c. [T] Use a CAS to locate the center of mass on the
graph of R.

309. [T] R is the triangular region with vertices

(0, 0), (0, 3), and (6, 0); ρ(x, y) = xy.

310. [T] R is the triangular region with vertices

(0, 0), (1, 1), and (0, 5); ρ(x, y) = x + y.

311. [T] R is the rectangular region with vertices

(0, 0), (0, 3), (6, 3), and (6, 0); ρ(x, y) = xy.

312. [T] R is the rectangular region with vertices

(0, 1), (0, 3), (3, 3), and (3, 1); ρ(x, y) = x 2 y.

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 607

313. [T] R is the trapezoidal region determined by the 325. R is the trapezoidal region determined by the lines
lines y = − 1 x + 5 , y = 0, y = 2, and x = 0; y = − 1 x + 5 , y = 0, y = 2, and
4 2 4 2
ρ(x, y) = 3xy. x = 0; ρ(x, y) = 3xy.

314. [T] R is the trapezoidal region determined by the 326. R is the trapezoidal region determined by the lines
lines y = 0, y = 1, y = x, and y = 0, y = 1, y = x, and
y = −x + 3; ρ(x, y) = 2x + y. y = −x + 3; ρ(x, y) = 2x + y.

315. [T] R is the disk of radius 2 centered at (1, 2); 327. R is the disk of radius 2 centered at (1, 2);
2 2
ρ(x, y) = x + y − 2x − 4y + 5. ρ(x, y) = x 2 + y 2 − 2x − 4y + 5.

316. [T] R is the unit disk; 328. R is the unit disk; ρ(x, y) = 3x 4 + 6x 2 y 2 + 3y 4.
ρ(x, y) = 3x 4 + 6x 2 y 2 + 3y 4.
329. R is the region enclosed by the ellipse
317. [T] R is the region enclosed by the ellipse 2 2
x + 4y = 1; ρ(x, y) = 1.
2 2
x + 4y = 1; ρ(x, y) = 1.
330.
⎧ ⎫ ⎧ ⎫
318. [T] ⎩
2 2
R = (x, y)|9x + y ≤ 1, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 ;
⎨ ⎬
⎭
R = ⎨⎩(x, y)|9x 2 + y 2 ≤ 1, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0⎬⎭; ρ(x, y) = 9x 2 + y 2.

ρ(x, y) = 9x 2 + y 2.
331. R is the region bounded by
319. [T] R is the region bounded by y = x, y = −x, y = x + 2, and y = −x + 2;
y = x, y = −x, y = x + 2, and y = −x + 2;
ρ(x, y) = 1.
ρ(x, y) = 1.
332. R is the region bounded by
320. [T] R is the region bounded by y = 1x , y = 1x , y = 2x , y = 1, and y = 2; ρ(x, y) = 4(x + y).
y = 2x , y = 1, and y = 2; ρ(x, y) = 4(x + y).
333. Let Q be the solid unit cube. Find the mass of the
In the following exercises, consider a lamina occupying the solid if its density ρ is equal to the square of the distance
region R and having the density function ρ given in the of an arbitrary point of Q to the xy-plane.
first two groups of Exercises.
a. Find the moments of inertia I x, I y, and I 0 about 334. Let Q be the solid unit hemisphere. Find the mass of
the solid if its density ρ is proportional to the distance of
the x-axis, y-axis, and origin, respectively.
an arbitrary point of Q to the origin.
b. Find the radii of gyration with respect to the
x-axis, y-axis, and origin, respectively. 335. The solid Q of constant density 1 is situated inside
the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 16 and outside the sphere
321. R is the triangular region with vertices
(0, 0), (0, 3), and (6, 0); ρ(x, y) = xy. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1. Show that the center of mass of the
solid is not located within the solid.
322. R is the triangular region with vertices
(0, 0), (1, 1), and (0, 5); ρ(x, y) = x + y. 336. Find the mass of the solid
⎧ ⎫
Q = ⎨⎩(x, y, z)|1 ≤ x 2 + z 2 ≤ 25, y ≤ 1 − x 2 − z 2⎬⎭
323. R is the rectangular region with vertices whose density is ρ(x, y, z) = k, where k > 0.
(0, 0), (0, 3), (6, 3), and (6, 0); ρ(x, y) = xy.

324. R is the rectangular region with vertices

(0, 1), (0, 3), (3, 3), and (3, 1); ρ(x, y) = x 2 y.
608 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

337. [T] The solid 343. The mass of a solid Q is given by

⎧ 2 2 ⎫
Q = (x, y, z)|x + y ≤ 9, 0 ≤ z ≤ 1, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
⎨ ⎬
2 2
⎩ ⎭
2 4 − x 2 16 − x − y
⎛ 2
n
has density equal to the distance to the xy-plane. Use a ∫ ∫ ∫ ⎝x + y 2 + z 2⎞⎠ dz dy dx, where n
0 0
CAS to answer the following questions. x2 + y2
a. Find the mass of Q.
is an integer. Determine n such the mass of the solid is
b. Find the moments M xy, M xz, and M yz about the
(2 − 2)π.
xy-plane, xz-plane, and yz-plane, respectively.
c. Find the center of mass of Q. 344. Let Q be the solid bounded above the cone
d. Graph Q and locate its center of mass. x + y2 = z2
2
and below the sphere
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 4z = 0. Its density is a constant k > 0.
338. Consider the
solid
Q = (x, y, z)|0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 2, 0 ≤ z ≤ 3 with the
⎧
⎨
⎩
⎫
⎬
⎭
Find k such that the center of mass of the solid is situated
7 units from the origin.
density function ρ(x, y, z) = x + y + 1.
a. Find the mass of Q. 345. The solid
⎧ ⎫
b. Find the moments M xy, M xz, and M yz about the Q = ⎨⎩(x, y, z)|0 ≤ x 2 + y 2 ≤ 16, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, 0 ≤ z ≤ x⎬⎭
xy-plane, xz-plane, and yz-plane, respectively. has the density ρ(x, y, z) = k. Show that the moment
c. Find the center of mass of Q. M xy about the xy-plane is half of the moment M yz about
the yz-plane.
339. [T] The solid Q has the mass given by the triple
π
1 4 1 346. The solid Q is bounded by the cylinder
integral ∫ ∫ ∫r 2
dr dθ dz. Use a CAS to answer the 2
x +y =a , 2 2
the paraboloid b 2 − z = x 2 + y 2, and
−1 0 0
the xy-plane, where 0 < a < b. Find the mass of the
following questions.
a. Show that the center of mass of Q is located in the solid if its density is given by ρ(x, y, z) = x 2 + y 2.
xy-plane.
b. Graph Q and locate its center of mass. 347. Let Q be a solid of constant density k, where
k > 0, that is located in the first octant, inside the circular
340. The solid Q is bounded by the planes
cone x 2 + y 2 = 9(z − 1) 2, and above the plane z = 0.
x + 4y + z = 8, x = 0, y = 0, and z = 0. Its density at
Show that the moment M xy about the xy-plane is the
any point is equal to the distance to the xz-plane. Find the
same as the moment M yz about the xz-plane.
moments of inertia I y of the solid about the xz-plane.
348. The solid Q has the mass given by the triple integral
341. The solid Q is bounded by the planes
1 π/2 r 2
x + y + z = 3, x = 0, y = 0, and z = 0. Its density is
∫ ∫ ∫ ⎛⎝r 4 + r⎞⎠dz dθ dr.
ρ(x, y, z) = x + ay, where a > 0. Show that the center 0 0 0

of mass of the solid is located in the plane z = 3 for any a. Find the density of the solid in rectangular
5 coordinates.
value of a. b. Find the moment M xy about the xy-plane.

342. Let Q be the solid situated outside the sphere 349. The solid Q has the moment of inertia I x about
2 2 2
x +y +z =z and inside the upper hemisphere the yz-plane given by the triple integral
2 2 2 2
x + y + z = R , where R > 1. If the density of the 2 4 − y2 x2 + y2
⎛ 2
solid is ρ(x, y, z) = 1 , find R such that the ∫ ∫ ∫ ⎝y + z 2⎞⎠⎛⎝x 2 + y 2⎞⎠dz dx dy.
x + y2 + z2
2 0 2 1 ⎛x 2 + y 2⎞
− 4 − y 2⎝ ⎠

mass of the solid is 7π . a. Find the density of Q.

2
b. Find the moment of inertia I z about the xy-plane.

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 609

350. The solid Q has the mass given by the triple integral
π/4 2 sec θ 1
∫ ∫ ∫ ⎛⎝r 3 cos θ sin θ + 2r⎞⎠dz dr dθ.
0 0 0
a. Find the density of the solid in rectangular
coordinates.
b. Find the moment M xz about the xz-plane.

351. Let Q be the solid bounded by the xy-plane,

the cylinder x 2 + y 2 = a 2, and the plane z = 1, where
a > 1 is a real number. Find the moment M xy of the
solid about the xy-plane if its density given in cylindrical
d2 f
coordinates is ρ(r, θ, z) = (r), where f is a
dr 2
differentiable function with the first and second derivatives
continuous and differentiable on (0, a).

b
352. A solid Q has a volume given by ∬ ∫ dA dz,
D a
where D is the projection of the solid onto the xy-plane
and a < b are real numbers, and its density does not
depend on the variable z. Show that its center of mass lies
in the plane z = a + b .
2

353. Consider the solid enclosed by the cylinder

x + z = a 2 and the planes y = b and y = c, where
2 2

a > 0 and b < c are real numbers. The density of Q

is given by ρ(x, y, z) = f ′(y), where f is a differential
function whose derivative is continuous on (b, c). Show
that if f (b) = f (c), then the moment of inertia about the
xz-plane of Q is null.

354. [T] The average density of a solid Q is defined

as ρ ave = 1 ∭ ρ(x, y, z)dV = m , where V(Q)
V(Q) Q V(Q)
and m are the volume and the mass of Q, respectively.
If the density of the unit ball centered at the origin is
−x 2 − y 2 − z 2
ρ(x, y, z) = e , use a CAS to find its average
density. Round your answer to three decimal places.

355. Show that the moments of inertia I x, I y, and I z

about the yz-plane, xz-plane, and xy-plane,
respectively, of the unit ball centered at the origin whose
−x 2 − y 2 − z 2
density is ρ(x, y, z) = e are the same. Round
your answer to two decimal places.
610 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

5.7 | Change of Variables in Multiple Integrals

Learning Objectives
5.7.1 Determine the image of a region under a given transformation of variables.
5.7.2 Compute the Jacobian of a given transformation.
5.7.3 Evaluate a double integral using a change of variables.
5.7.4 Evaluate a triple integral using a change of variables.

Recall from Substitution Rule ([Link] the method of integration by substitution.

3
When evaluating an integral such as ∫ x(x 2 − 4) 5 dx, we substitute u = g(x) = x 2 − 4. Then du = 2x dx or
2

x dx = 1 du and the limits change to u = g(2) = 2 2 − 4 = 0 and u = g(3) = 9 − 4 = 5. Thus the integral becomes
2
5
∫ 1 u 5 du and this integral is much simpler to evaluate. In other words, when solving integration problems, we make
2
0
appropriate substitutions to obtain an integral that becomes much simpler than the original integral.
We also used this idea when we transformed double integrals in rectangular coordinates to polar coordinates and
transformed triple integrals in rectangular coordinates to cylindrical or spherical coordinates to make the computations
simpler. More generally,
b d
∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f g(u) g′(u)du,
⎛
⎝
⎞
⎠
a c

Where x = g(u), dx = g′(u)du, and u = c and u = d satisfy c = g(a) and d = g(b).

A similar result occurs in double integrals when we substitute x = f (r, θ) = r cos θ, y = g(r, θ) = r sin θ, and
dA = dx dy = r dr dθ. Then we get

∬ f (x, y)dA = ∬ f (r cos θ, r sin θ)r dr dθ

R S

where the domain R is replaced by the domain S in polar coordinates. Generally, the function that we use to change the
variables to make the integration simpler is called a transformation or mapping.

Planar Transformations
A planar transformation T is a function that transforms a region G in one plane into a region R in another plane by
a change of variables. Both G and R are subsets of R 2. For example, Figure 5.71 shows a region G in the uv-plane
transformed into a region R in the xy-plane by the change of variables x = g(u, v) and y = h(u, v), or sometimes
we write x = x(u, v) and y = y(u, v). We shall typically assume that each of these functions has continuous first partial
derivatives, which means g u, g v, h u, and h v exist and are also continuous. The need for this requirement will become
clear soon.

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 611

Figure 5.71 The transformation of a region G in the uv-plane into a region R in the
xy-plane.

Definition
A transformation T: G → R, defined as T(u, v) = (x, y), is said to be a one-to-one transformation if no two
points map to the same image point.

To show that T is a one-to-one transformation, we assume T(u 1, v 1) = T(u 2, v 2) and show that as a consequence we
obtain (u 1, v 1) = (u 2, v 2). If the transformation T is one-to-one in the domain G, then the inverse T −1 exists with the
domain R such that T −1 ∘ T and T ∘ T −1 are identity functions.
Figure 5.71 shows the mapping T(u, v) = (x, y) where x and y are related to u and v by the equations x = g(u, v)
and y = h(u, v). The region G is the domain of T and the region R is the range of T, also known as the image of G
under the transformation T.

Example 5.65

Determining How the Transformation Works

Suppose a transformation T is defined as T(r, θ) = (x, y) where x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ. Find the image of
the polar rectangle G = {(r, θ)|0 < r ≤ 1, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π/2} in the rθ-plane to a region R in the xy-plane. Show
that T is a one-to-one transformation in G and find T −1 (x, y).

Solution
Since r varies from 0 to 1 in the rθ-plane, we have a circular disc of radius 0 to 1 in the xy-plane. Because
θ varies from 0 to π/2 in the rθ-plane, we end up getting a quarter circle of radius 1 in the first quadrant of
the xy-plane (Figure 5.72). Hence R is a quarter circle bounded by x 2 + y 2 = 1 in the first quadrant.
612 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

Figure 5.72 A rectangle in the rθ-plane is mapped into a quarter circle in the xy-plane.

In order to show that T is a one-to-one transformation, assume T ⎛⎝r 1, θ 1⎞⎠ = T ⎛⎝r 2, θ 2⎞⎠ and show as a consequence
that ⎛⎝r 1, θ 1⎞⎠ = ⎛⎝r 2, θ 2⎞⎠. In this case, we have

T ⎛⎝r 1, θ 1⎞⎠ = T ⎛⎝r 2, θ 2⎞⎠,

(x 1, y 1) = (x 1, y 1),
⎛
⎝r 1 cos θ 1, r 1 sin θ 1⎞⎠ = ⎛⎝r 2 cos θ 2, r 2 sin θ 2⎞⎠,
r 1 cos θ 1 = r 2 cos θ 2, r 1 sin θ 1 = r 2 sin θ 2.

Dividing, we obtain
r 1 cos θ 1 r cos θ 2
= 2
r 1 sin θ 1 r 2 sin θ 2
cos θ 1 cos θ 2
=
sin θ 1 sin θ 2
tan θ 1 = tan θ 2
θ1 = θ2

since the tangent function is one-one function in the interval 0 ≤ θ ≤ π/2. Also, since 0 < r ≤ 1, we have
r 1 = r 2, θ 1 = θ 2. Therefore, ⎛⎝r 1, θ 1⎞⎠ = ⎛⎝r 2, θ 2⎞⎠ and T is a one-to-one transformation from G into R.
y
To find T −1 (x, y) solve for r, θ in terms of x, y. We already know that r 2 = x 2 + y 2 and tan θ = x . Thus

T −1 (x, y) = (r, θ) is defined as r = x 2 + y 2 and θ = tan −1 ⎛⎝ x ⎞⎠.

y

Example 5.66

Finding the Image under T

Let the transformation T be defined by T(u, v) = (x, y) where x = u 2 − v 2 and y = uv. Find the image of
the triangle in the uv-plane with vertices (0, 0), (0, 1), and (1, 1).

Solution

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 613

The triangle and its image are shown in Figure 5.73. To understand how the sides of the triangle transform, call
the side that joins (0, 0) and (0, 1) side A, the side that joins (0, 0) and (1, 1) side B, and the side that
joins (1, 1) and (0, 1) side C.

Figure 5.73 A triangular region in the uv-plane is transformed into an image in the xy-plane.

For the side A: u = 0, 0 ≤ v ≤ 1 transforms to x = −v 2, y = 0 so this is the side A′ that joins (−1, 0) and
(0, 0).

For the side B: u = v, 0 ≤ u ≤ 1 transforms to x = 0, y = u 2 so this is the side B′ that joins (0, 0) and
(0, 1).

For the side C: 0 ≤ u ≤ 1, v = 1 transforms to x = u 2 − 1, y = u (hence x = y 2 − 1) so this is the side C′

that makes the upper half of the parabolic arc joining (−1, 0) and (0, 1).

All the points in the entire region of the triangle in the uv-plane are mapped inside the parabolic region in the
xy-plane.

5.43 Let a transformation T be defined as T(u, v) = (x, y) where x = u + v, y = 3v. Find the image of the
rectangle G = {(u, v): 0 ≤ u ≤ 1, 0 ≤ v ≤ 2} from the uv-plane after the transformation into a region R in
the xy-plane. Show that T is a one-to-one transformation and find T −1 (x, y).

Jacobians
Recall that we mentioned near the beginning of this section that each of the component functions must have continuous
first partial derivatives, which means that g u, g v, h u, and h v exist and are also continuous. A transformation that has this
property is called a C 1 transformation (here C denotes continuous). Let T(u, v) = ⎛⎝g(u, v), h(u, v)⎞⎠, where x = g(u, v)
and y = h(u, v), be a one-to-one C 1 transformation. We want to see how it transforms a small rectangular region S,
Δu units by Δv units, in the uv-plane (see the following figure).
614 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

Figure 5.74 A small rectangle S in the uv-plane is transformed into a region R in the
xy-plane.

Since x = g(u, v) and y = h(u, v), we have the position vector r(u, v) = g(u, v)i + h(u, v)j of the image of the point
(u, v). Suppose that (u 0, v 0) is the coordinate of the point at the lower left corner that mapped to (x 0, y 0) = T(u 0, v 0).
The line v = v 0 maps to the image curve with vector function r(u, v 0), and the tangent vector at (x 0, y 0) to the image
curve is
∂y
r u = g u (u 0, v 0)i + h u (u 0, v 0)j = ∂ x i + j.
∂u ∂u
Similarly, the line u = u 0 maps to the image curve with vector function r(u 0, v), and the tangent vector at (x 0, y 0) to
the image curve is
∂y
r v = g v (u 0, v 0)i + h v (u 0, v 0)j = ∂ x i + j.
∂v ∂v
Now, note that
r⎛⎝u 0 + Δu, v 0⎞⎠ − r(u 0, v 0)
r u = lim so r⎛⎝u 0 + Δu, v 0⎞⎠ − r(u 0, v 0) ≈ Δur u.
Δu → 0 Δu
Similarly,
r⎛⎝u 0, v 0 + Δv⎞⎠ − r(u 0, v 0)
r v = lim so r⎛⎝u 0, v 0 + Δv⎞⎠ − r(u 0, v 0) ≈ Δvr v.
Δv → 0 Δv
This allows us to estimate the area ΔA of the image R by finding the area of the parallelogram formed by the sides Δvr v
and Δur u. By using the cross product of these two vectors by adding the kth component as 0, the area ΔA of the image
R (refer to The Cross Product) is approximately |Δur u × Δvr v| = |r u × r v|ΔuΔv. In determinant form, the cross

| ||
product is

|
i j k
∂x ∂y
∂x ∂y
0 = ∂u ∂u ⎛ ∂ y ∂ x ∂ y⎞
k = ⎝∂ x
∂ u ∂ v ∂ v ∂ u⎠
ru × rv = ∂ u ∂u − k.
∂x ∂y
∂x ∂y ∂v ∂v
0
∂v ∂v
⎛ ∂ y ∂ x ∂ y⎞
Since |k| = 1, we have ΔA ≈ |r u × r v|ΔuΔv = ⎝∂ x
∂ u ∂ v ∂ v ∂ u⎠
− ΔuΔv.

Definition
The Jacobian of the C 1 transformation T(u, v) = ⎛⎝g(u, v), h(u, v)⎞⎠ is denoted by J(u, v) and is defined by the
2 × 2 determinant

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 615

| |
∂x ∂y
J(u, v) =
| |
∂ (x, y)
∂ (u, v)
=
∂u
∂x
∂v
∂u
∂y
∂v
⎛ ∂ y ∂ x ∂ y⎞
= ⎝∂ x
∂ u ∂ v ∂ v ∂ u⎠
− .

Using the definition, we have

ΔA ≈ J(u, v)ΔuΔv =
| |
∂ (x, y)
∂ (u, v)
ΔuΔv.

Note that the Jacobian is frequently denoted simply by

∂ (x, y)
J(u, v) = .
∂ (u, v)

| | | |
Note also that
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂x
∂u ∂u ⎛ ∂ y ∂ x ∂ y⎞ ∂u ∂v
= ⎝∂ x
∂ u ∂ v ∂ v ∂ u⎠
− = .
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂y
∂v ∂v ∂u ∂v
∂ (x, y)
Hence the notation J(u, v) = suggests that we can write the Jacobian determinant with partials of x in the first
∂ (u, v)
row and partials of y in the second row.

Example 5.67

Finding the Jacobian

Find the Jacobian of the transformation given in Example 5.65.

Solution
The transformation in the example is T(r, θ) = (r cos θ, r sin θ) where x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ. Thus the

| ||
Jacobian is
∂x ∂x
J(r, θ) =
∂ (x, y)
∂ (r, θ)
=
∂r ∂θ
∂y ∂y
∂r ∂θ
=
cos θ −r sin θ
sin θ r cos θ |
= r cos 2 θ + r sin 2 θ = r⎛⎝cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ⎞⎠ = r.

Example 5.68

Finding the Jacobian

Find the Jacobian of the transformation given in Example 5.66.

Solution
The transformation in the example is T(u, v) = ⎛⎝u 2 − v 2, uv⎞⎠ where x = u 2 − v 2 and y = uv. Thus the
Jacobian is
616 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

| ||
∂x ∂x
J(u, v) =
∂ (x, y)
∂ (u, v)
=
∂u
∂y
∂u
∂v
∂y
∂v
=
2u v
−2v u |
= 2u 2 + 2v 2.

5.44 Find the Jacobian of the transformation given in the previous checkpoint: T(u, v) = (u + v, 2v).

Change of Variables for Double Integrals

We have already seen that, under the change of variables T(u, v) = (x, y) where x = g(u, v) and y = h(u, v), a small
region ΔA in the xy-plane is related to the area formed by the product ΔuΔv in the uv-plane by the approximation

ΔA ≈ J(u, v)Δu, Δv.

Now let’s go back to the definition of double integral for a minute:
m n
∬ f (x, y)dA = m, lim
n→∞
∑ ∑ f ⎛⎝x i j, y i j⎞⎠ΔA.
R i=1 j=1

Referring to Figure 5.75, observe that we divided the region S in the uv-plane into small subrectangles S i j and we let
the subrectangles R i j in the xy-plane be the images of S i j under the transformation T(u, v) = (x, y).

Figure 5.75 The subrectangles S i j in the uv-plane transform into subrectangles R i j in the
xy-plane.

Then the double integral becomes

m n m n
∬ f (x, y)dA = m, lim
R
n→∞
∑ ∑
i=1 j=1
f ⎛⎝x i j, y i j⎞⎠ΔA = m, lim
n→∞
∑
i=1 j=1
∑ | |
f ⎛⎝g⎛⎝u i j, v i j⎞⎠, h⎛⎝u i j, v i j⎞⎠⎞⎠ J ⎛⎝u i j, v i j⎞⎠ ΔuΔv.

Notice this is exactly the double Riemann sum for the integral

∬ f ⎛⎝g(u, v), h(u, v)⎞⎠

S | | ∂ (x, y)
∂ (u, v)
du dv.

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 617

Theorem 5.14: Change of Variables for Double Integrals

Let T(u, v) = (x, y) where x = g(u, v) and y = h(u, v) be a one-to-one C 1 transformation, with a nonzero
Jacobian on the interior of the region S in the uv-plane; it maps S into the region R in the xy-plane. If f is
continuous on R, then

∬ f (x, y)dA = ∬ f ⎛⎝g(u, v), h(u, v)⎞⎠

R S | |
∂ (x, y)
∂ (u, v)
du dv.

With this theorem for double integrals, we can change the variables from (x, y) to (u, v) in a double integral simply by
replacing

dA = dx dy =
| |
∂ (x, y)
∂ (u, v)
du dv

when we use the substitutions x = g(u, v) and y = h(u, v) and then change the limits of integration accordingly. This
change of variables often makes any computations much simpler.

Example 5.69

Changing Variables from Rectangular to Polar Coordinates

Consider the integral

2 2x − x 2
∫ ∫ x 2 + y 2 dy dx.
0 0

Use the change of variables x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ, and find the resulting integral.

Solution
First we need to find the region of integration. This region is bounded below by y = 0 and above by

y = 2x − x 2 (see the following figure).

Figure 5.76 Changing a region from rectangular to polar

coordinates.

Squaring and collecting terms, we find that the region is the upper half of the circle x 2 + y 2 − 2x = 0, that
is, y 2 + (x − 1) 2 = 1. In polar coordinates, the circle is r = 2 cos θ so the region of integration in polar
coordinates is bounded by 0 ≤ r ≤ cos θ and 0 ≤ θ ≤ π .
2
618 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

The Jacobian is J(r, θ) = r, as shown in Example 5.67. Since r ≥ 0, we have |J(r, θ)| = r.

The integrand x 2 + y 2 changes to r in polar coordinates, so the double iterated integral is

2 2x − x 2 π/2 2 cos θ π/2 2 cos θ

∫ ∫ x 2 + y 2dy dx = ∫ ∫ r|J(r, θ)|dr dθ = ∫ ∫ r 2dr dθ.
0 0 0 0 0 0

5.45 1 1 − x2
⎛ 2
Considering the integral ∫ ∫ ⎝x + y 2⎞⎠dy dx, use the change of variables x = r cos θ and
0 0
y = r sin θ, and find the resulting integral.

Notice in the next example that the region over which we are to integrate may suggest a suitable transformation for the
integration. This is a common and important situation.

Example 5.70

Changing Variables

Consider the integral ∬ (x − y)dy dx, where R is the parallelogram joining the points (1, 2),
R
(3, 4), (4, 3), and (6, 5) (Figure 5.77). Make appropriate changes of variables, and write the resulting
integral.

Figure 5.77 The region of integration for the given integral.

Solution
First, we need to understand the region over which we are to integrate. The sides of the parallelogram are
x − y + 1 = 0, x − y − 1 = 0, x − 3y + 5 = 0, and x − 3y + 9 = 0 (Figure 5.78). Another way to look at
them is x − y = −1, x − y = 1, x − 3y = −5, and x − 3y = 9.

Clearly the parallelogram is bounded by the lines y = x + 1, y = x − 1, y = 1 (x + 5), and y = 1 (x + 9).

3 3
Notice that if we were to make u = x − y and v = x − 3y, then the limits on the integral would be

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 619

−1 ≤ u ≤ 1 and −9 ≤ v ≤ − 5.
To solve for x and y, we multiply the first equation by 3 and subtract the second equation,

3u − v = ⎛⎝3x − 3y⎞⎠ − ⎛⎝x − 3y⎞⎠ = 2x. Then we have x = 3u − v . Moreover, if we simply subtract the second
2
equation from the first, we get u − v = (x − y) − ⎝x − 3y⎠ = 2y and y = u − v .
⎛ ⎞

Figure 5.78 A parallelogram in the xy-plane that we want to transform by a

change in variables.

Thus, we can choose the transformation

⎛ ⎞
T(u, v) = ⎝3u − v , u − v ⎠
2 2
and compute the Jacobian J(u, v). We have

| |
∂x ∂x
J(u, v) =
∂ (x, y)
∂ (u, v)
=
∂u
∂y
∂u
∂v
∂y
∂v
=
|
3/2
1/2
−1/2
−1/2 |
= − 3 + 1 = − 1.
4 4 2

Therefore, |J(u, v)| = 1 . Also, the original integrand becomes

2

x − y = 1 [3u − v − u + v] = 1 [3u − u] = 1 [2u] = u.

2 2 2
Therefore, by the use of the transformation T, the integral changes to
−5 1 −5 1
∬ (x − y)dy dx = ∫ ∫ J(u, v)u du dv = ∫ ∫ ⎛⎝12 ⎞⎠u du dv,
R −9 −1 −9 −1

which is much simpler to compute.

5.46 Make appropriate changes of variables in the integral ∬ 4 dy dx, where R is the trapezoid
R (x − y) 2
bounded by the lines x − y = 2, x − y = 4, x = 0, and y = 0. Write the resulting integral.
620 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

We are ready to give a problem-solving strategy for change of variables.

Problem-Solving Strategy: Change of Variables

1. Sketch the region given by the problem in the xy-plane and then write the equations of the curves that form
the boundary.
2. Depending on the region or the integrand, choose the transformations x = g(u, v) and y = h(u, v).

3. Determine the new limits of integration in the uv-plane.

4. Find the Jacobian J(u, v).

5. In the integrand, replace the variables to obtain the new integrand.

6. Replace dy dx or dx dy, whichever occurs, by J(u, v)du dv.

In the next example, we find a substitution that makes the integrand much simpler to compute.

Example 5.71

Evaluating an Integral

Using the change of variables u = x − y and v = x + y, evaluate the integral

x2 − y2
∬ (x − y)e dA,
R

where R is the region bounded by the lines x + y = 1 and x + y = 3 and the curves x 2 − y 2 = −1 and
x 2 − y 2 = 1 (see the first region in Figure 5.79).

Solution
As before, first find the region R and picture the transformation so it becomes easier to obtain the limits of
integration after the transformations are made (Figure 5.79).

Figure 5.79 Transforming the region R into the region S to simplify the computation of an integral.

Given u = x − y and v = x + y, we have x = u + v and y = v − u and hence the transformation to use is

2 2
⎛ ⎞
T(u, v) = ⎝u + v , v − u ⎠. The lines x + y = 1 and x + y = 3 become v = 1 and v = 3, respectively. The
2 2

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 621

curves x 2 − y 2 = 1 and x 2 − y 2 = −1 become uv = 1 and uv = −1, respectively.

Thus we can describe the region S (see the second region Figure 5.79) as
⎧
S = ⎨⎩(u, v)|1 ≤ v ≤ 3, −1 1 ⎫⎬
v ≤ u ≤ v ⎭.

| |
The Jacobian for this transformation is
∂x ∂x
J(u, v) =
∂ (x, y)
∂ (u, v)
=
∂u
∂y
∂u
∂v
∂y
∂v
=
|
1/2
1/2
−1/2
1/2 |
= 1.
2

Therefore, by using the transformation T, the integral changes to

3 1/v
x2 − y2
∬ (x − y)e dA = 1 ∫ ∫ ue uv du dv.
R 2
1 −1/v

Doing the evaluation, we have

3 1/v
1∫ ∫ ue uv du dv = 4 ≈ 0.490.
2 3e
1 −1/v

5.47 Using the substitutions x = v and y = u + v, evaluate the integral ∬ y sin⎛⎝y 2 − x⎞⎠dA where R is
R
the region bounded by the lines y = x, x = 2, and y = 0.

Change of Variables for Triple Integrals

Changing variables in triple integrals works in exactly the same way. Cylindrical and spherical coordinate substitutions are
special cases of this method, which we demonstrate here.
Suppose that G is a region in uvw-space and is mapped to D in xyz-space (Figure 5.80) by a one-to-one C 1
transformation T(u, v, w) = (x, y, z) where x = g(u, v, w), y = h(u, v, w), and z = k(u, v, w).

Figure 5.80 A region G in uvw-space mapped to a region D in xyz-space.

622 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

Then any function F(x, y, z) defined on D can be thought of as another function H(u, v, w) that is defined on G:

F(x, y, z) = F ⎛⎝g(u, v, w), h(u, v, w), k(u, v, w)⎞⎠ = H(u, v, w).

Now we need to define the Jacobian for three variables.

Definition

| |
The Jacobian determinant J(u, v, w) in three variables is defined as follows:

∂x ∂y ∂z
∂u ∂u ∂u
∂y ∂z .
J(u, v, w) = ∂ x
∂v ∂v ∂v
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂w ∂w ∂w

| |
This is also the same as
∂x ∂x ∂x
∂u ∂v ∂w
∂y ∂y ∂y
J(u, v, w) = .
∂u ∂v ∂w
∂z ∂z ∂z
∂u ∂v ∂w
∂ (x, y, z)
The Jacobian can also be simply denoted as .
∂ (u, v, w)

With the transformations and the Jacobian for three variables, we are ready to establish the theorem that describes change
of variables for triple integrals.

Theorem 5.15: Change of Variables for Triple Integrals

Let T(u, v, w) = (x, y, z) where x = g(u, v, w), y = h(u, v, w), and z = k(u, v, w), be a one-to-one C 1
transformation, with a nonzero Jacobian, that maps the region G in the uvw-plane into the region D in the
xyz-plane. As in the two-dimensional case, if F is continuous on D, then

∭ F(x, y, z)dV = ∭ F ⎛⎝g(u, v, w), h(u, v, w), k(u, v, w)⎞⎠

R G | |
∂ (x, y, z)
∂ (u, v, w)
du dv dw

= ∭ H(u, v, w)|J(u, v, w)|du dv dw.

G

Let us now see how changes in triple integrals for cylindrical and spherical coordinates are affected by this theorem. We
expect to obtain the same formulas as in Triple Integrals in Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates.

Example 5.72

Obtaining Formulas in Triple Integrals for Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates

Derive the formula in triple integrals for

a. cylindrical and
b. spherical coordinates.

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 623

Solution
a. For cylindrical coordinates, the transformation is T(r, θ, z) = (x, y, z) from the Cartesian rθz-plane to
the Cartesian xyz-plane (Figure 5.81). Here x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, and z = z. The Jacobian for

|||
the transformation is
∂x ∂x ∂x
∂r ∂θ ∂z
∂ (x, y, z) ∂y ∂y ∂y
J(r, θ, z) = =
∂ (r, θ, z) ∂r ∂θ ∂z
∂z ∂z ∂z
∂r ∂θ ∂z

|
cos θ −r sin θ 0
⎛ ⎞
= sin θ r cos θ 0 = r cos 2 θ + r sin 2 θ = r⎝cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ⎠ = r.
0 0 1

We know that r ≥ 0, so |J(r, θ, z)| = r. Then the triple integral is

∭ f (x, y, z)dV = ∭ f (r cos θ, r sin θ, z)r dr dθ dz.

D G

Figure 5.81 The transformation from rectangular coordinates to cylindrical coordinates can be treated as a change of
variables from region G in rθz-space to region D in xyz-space.

b. For spherical coordinates, the transformation is T ⎛⎝ρ, θ, φ⎞⎠ = (x, y, z) from the Cartesian pθφ-plane to
the Cartesian xyz-plane (Figure 5.82). Here x = ρ sin φ cos θ, y = ρ sin φ sin θ, and z = ρ cos φ.

| |
The Jacobian for the transformation is
∂x ∂x ∂x

| |
∂ρ ∂θ ∂φ
sin φ cos θ −ρ sin φ sin θ ρ cos φ cos θ
∂ (x, y, z) ∂y ∂y ∂y
J ⎛⎝ρ, θ, φ⎞⎠ = ⎛ = = sin φ sin θ −ρ sin φ cos θ ρ cos φ sin θ .
∂ ⎝ρ, θ, φ⎞⎠ ∂ρ ∂θ ∂φ
cos θ 0 −ρ sin φ
∂z ∂z ∂z
∂ρ ∂θ ∂φ

Expanding the determinant with respect to the third row:

624 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

= cos φ
|−ρ sin φ sin θ
ρ sin φ sin θ
ρ cos φ cos θ
ρ cos φ sin θ |
− ρ sin φ
|
sin φ cos θ
sin φ sin θ
−ρ sin φ sin θ
ρ sin φ cos θ |
= cos φ⎛⎝−ρ 2 sin φ cos φ sin 2 θ − ρ 2 sin φ cos φ cos 2 θ⎞⎠
−ρ sin φ⎛⎝ρ sin 2 φ cos 2 θ + ρ sin 2 φ sin 2 θ⎞⎠

= −ρ 2 sin φ cos 2 φ⎛⎝sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ⎞⎠ − ρ 2 sin φ sin 2 φ⎛⎝sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ⎞⎠
= −ρ 2 sin φ cos 2 φ − ρ 2 sin φ sin 2 φ
= −ρ 2 sin φ⎛⎝cos 2 φ + sin 2 φ⎞⎠ = −ρ 2 sin φ.

|
Since 0 ≤ φ ≤ π, we must have sin φ ≥ 0. Thus |J ⎛⎝ρ, θ, φ⎞⎠| = −ρ 2 sin φ = ρ 2 sin φ. |

Figure 5.82 The transformation from rectangular coordinates to spherical coordinates can be treated as a change of
variables from region G in ρθφ-space to region D in xyz-space.

Then the triple integral becomes

∭ f (x, y, z)dV = ∭ f ⎛⎝ρ sin φ cos θ, ρ sin φ sin θ, ρ cos φ⎞⎠ρ 2 sin φ dρ dφ dθ.
D G

Let’s try another example with a different substitution.

Example 5.73

Evaluating a Triple Integral with a Change of Variables

Evaluate the triple integral

⎛ ⎞
3 4 ⎝y/2⎠ + 1
⎛ z⎞
∫∫ ∫ ⎝x + 3 ⎠dx dy dz
0 0 y/2

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 625

in xyz-space by using the transformation

u = ⎛⎝2x − y⎞⎠/2, v = y/2, and w = z/3.

Then integrate over an appropriate region in uvw-space.

Solution
As before, some kind of sketch of the region G in xyz-space over which we have to perform the integration
can help identify the region D in uvw-space (Figure 5.83). Clearly G in xyz-space is bounded by
the planes x = y/2, x = ⎛⎝y/2⎞⎠ + 1, y = 0, y = 4, z = 0, and z = 4. We also know that we have to use
⎛ ⎞
u = 2x − y /2, v = y/2, and w = z/3 for the transformations. We need to solve for x, y, and z. Here we find
⎝ ⎠

that x = u + v, y = 2v, and z = 3w.

Using elementary algebra, we can find the corresponding surfaces for the region G and the limits of integration
in uvw-space. It is convenient to list these equations in a table.

Equations in xyz for the Corresponding equations in uvw for Limits for the
region D the region G integration in uvw

x = y/2 u + v = 2v/2 = v u=0

x = y/2 u + v = (2v/2) + 1 = v + 1 u=1

y=0 2v = 0 v=0

y=4 2v = 4 v=2

z=0 3w = 0 w=0

z=3 3w = 3 w=1
626 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

Figure 5.83 The region G in uvw-space is transformed to region D in xyz-space.

| ||
Now we can calculate the Jacobian for the transformation:
∂x ∂x ∂x

|
∂u ∂v ∂w
1 1 0
∂y ∂y ∂y
J(u, v, w) = = 0 2 0 = 6.
∂u ∂v ∂w
0 0 3
∂z ∂z ∂z
∂u ∂v ∂w
The function to be integrated becomes

f (x, y, z) = x + z = u + v + 3w = u + v + w.
3 3
We are now ready to put everything together and complete the problem.
⎛ ⎞
3 4 ⎝y/2⎠ + 1
⎛ z⎞
∫∫ ∫ ⎝x + 3 ⎠dx dy dz
0 0 y/2

1 2 1 1 2 1
=∫ ∫ ∫ (u + v + w)|J(u, v, w)|du dv dw = ∫ ∫ ∫ (u + v + w)|6|du dv dw
0 0 0 0 0 0
1

∫ ⎡⎣u2 + vu + wu⎤⎦0 dv dw
1 2 1 1 2
2
= 6∫ ∫ ∫ (u + v + w)du dv dw = 6∫
0 0 0 0 0
2

∫ ⎡⎣12 v + v2 + wv⎤⎦0 dw
1 2 1
⎛1 ⎞ 2
= 6∫ ∫ ⎝2 + v + w⎠dv dw = 6
0 0 0
1
1
= 6∫ (3 + 2w)dw = 6⎡⎣3w + w 2⎤⎦0 = 24.
0

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 627

5.48 Let D be the region in xyz-space defined by 1 ≤ x ≤ 2, 0 ≤ xy ≤ 2, and 0 ≤ z ≤ 1.

Evaluate ∭ ⎛⎝x 2 y + 3xyz⎞⎠dx dy dz by using the transformation u = x, v = xy, and w = 3z.

D
628 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

5.7 EXERCISES
In the following exercises, the function T −1 : R → S.
T : S → R, T(u, v) = (x, y) on the region
S = {(u, v)|0 ≤ u ≤ 1, 0 ≤ v ≤ 1} bounded by the unit 368. x = 4u, y = 5v, where S = R = R 2.
square is given, where R ⊂ R 2 is the image of S under
T. 369. x = u + 2v, y = −u + v, where S = R = R 2.

a. Justify that the function T is a C 1 transformation. 370. x = e 2u + v, y = e u − v, where S = R2 and

b. Find the images of the vertices of the unit square S R = (x, y)|x > 0, y > 0
⎧
⎨
⎩
⎫
⎬
⎭

through the function T.

c. Determine the image R of the unit square S and
371. x = ln u, y = ln(uv), where
graph it. S = {(u, v)|u > 0, v > 0} and R = R 2.

356. x = 2u, y = 3v 372. x = u + v + w, y = 3v, z = 2w, where

3
357. x = u , y = v S=R=R .
2 3
373. x = u + v, y = v + w, z = u + w, where
358. x = u − v, y = u + v
S = R = R 3.
359. x = 2u − v, y = u + 2v
In the following
exercises, the transformation
T : S → R, T(u, v) = (x, y) and the region R ⊂ R 2 are
360. x = u 2, y = v 2
given. Find the region S ⊂ R 2.
361. x = u 3, y = v 3 ⎧ ⎫
374. x = au, y = bv, R = ⎨⎩(x, y)|x 2 + y 2 ≤ a 2 b 2⎬⎭,
In the following exercises, determine whether the where a, b > 0
transformations T : S → R are one-to-one or not.
⎧ 2 y2 ⎫
362. x = u 2, y = v 2, where S is the rectangle of vertices 375. x = au, y = bv, R = ⎨(x, y)| x 2 + 2 ≤ 1⎬,
⎩ a b ⎭
(−1, 0), (1, 0), (1, 1), and (−1, 1). where a, b > 0

363. x = u 4, y = u 2 + v, where S is the triangle of x = ua , y = v , z = w

376.
b c,
vertices (−2, 0), (2, 0), and (0, 2). ⎧ ⎫
R = ⎨⎩(x, y)|x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ≤ 1⎬⎭, where a, b, c > 0
364. x = 2u, y = 3v, where S is the square of vertices
(−1, 1), (−1, −1), (1, −1), and (1, 1). 377.
⎧ 2 y2 2 ⎫
x = au, y = bv, z = cw, R = ⎨(x, y)| x 2 − 2 − z 2 ≤ 1, z > 0⎬,
⎩ a b c ⎭
365. T(u, v) = (2u − v, u), where S is the triangle of
vertices (−1, 1), (−1, −1), and (1, −1). where a, b, c > 0

366. x = u + v + w, y = u + v, z = w, where In the following exercises, find the Jacobian J of the

transformation.
S = R = R 3.
378. x = u + 2v, y = −u + v
367. x = u 2 + v + w, y = u 2 + v, z = w, where
3
S = R = R 3. 379. x = u , y = v2
2 u
In the following exercises, the transformations T : S → R
are one-to-one. Find their related inverse transformations 380. x = e 2u − v, y = e u + v

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 629

381. x = ue v, y = e −v 389. The triangular region R with the vertices

(0, 0), (2, 0), and (1, 3) is shown in the following
382. x = u cos(e v), y = u sin(e v) figure.

383. x = v sin⎛⎝u 2⎞⎠, y = v cos⎛⎝u 2⎞⎠

384. x = u cosh v, y = u sinh v, z = w

⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
385. x = v cosh⎝1 1
u ⎠, y = v sinh⎝u ⎠, z = u + w
2

386. x = u + v, y = v + w, z = u

387. x = u − v, y = u + v, z = u + v + w
a. Find a transformation T : S → R,
388. The triangular region R with the vertices T(u, v) = (x, y) = (au + bv, cu + dv), where
(0, 0), (1, 1), and (1, 2) is shown in the following a, b, c and d are real numbers with ad − bc ≠ 0
figure.
such that T −1 (0, 0) = (0, 0),
T −1 (2, 0) = (1, 0), and T −1 (1, 3) = (0, 1).
b. Use the transformation T to find the area A(R) of
the region R.

In the following exercises, use the transformation

u = y − x, v = y, to evaluate the integrals on the
parallelogram R of vertices
(0, 0), (1, 0), (2, 1), and (1, 1) shown in the following
figure.

a. Find a T : S → R,
transformation
T(u, v) = (x, y) = (au + bv, cu + dv), where
a, b, c, and d are real numbers with
ad − bc ≠ 0 such that
−1 −1
T (0, 0) = (0, 0), T (1, 1) = (1, 0), and
−1
T (1, 2) = (0, 1).
b. Use the transformation T to find the area A(R) of
the region R.

390. ∬ (y − x)dA
R

391. ∬ ⎛⎝y 2 − xy⎞⎠dA

R

In the following exercises, use the transformation

630 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

y − x = u, x + y = v to evaluate the integrals on the

square R determined by the lines
y = x, y = −x + 2, y = x + 2, and y = −x shown in
the following figure.

∬ ⎛⎝x 2 − 2xy + y 2⎞⎠e

x+y
396. dA
R

397. ∬ ⎛⎝x 3 + 3x 2 y + 3xy 2 + y 3⎞⎠dA

R
x+y
392. ∬ e dA
R 398. The circular annulus sector R bounded by the circles
4x 2 + 4y 2 = 1 and 9x 2 + 9y 2 = 64, the line x = y 3,
393. ∬ sin(x − y)dA
R and the y-axis is shown in the following figure. Find
a transformation T from a rectangular region S in the
In the following exercises, use the transformation
rθ-plane to the region R in the xy-plane. Graph S.
x = u, 5y = v to evaluate the integrals on the region R
bounded by the ellipse x 2 + 25y 2 = 1 shown in the
following figure.

394. ∬ x 2 + 25y 2 dA
R

2
395. ∬ ⎛⎝x 2 + 25y 2⎞⎠ dA
R

In the following exercises, use the transformation

u = x + y, v = x − y to evaluate the integrals on the
trapezoidal region R determined by the points
(1, 0), (2, 0), (0, 2), and (0, 1) shown in the following
figure.

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 631

399. The solid R bounded by the circular cylinder 1 2 z+1

2
x +y =9 2
and the planes z = 0, z = 1, 404. Evaluate the triple integral ∫∫ ∫ ⎛
⎝y + 1⎞⎠dx dy dz
0 1 z
x = 0, and y = 0 is shown in the following figure. Find a by using the transformation u = x − z,
transformation T from a cylindrical box S in rθz-space
v = 3y, and w = z .
to the solid R in xyz-space. 2

405. Evaluate the triple integral

2 6 3z + 2
∫∫ ∫ ⎛
⎝5 − 4y⎞⎠dx dz dy by using the transformation
0 4 3z
u = x − 3z, v = 4y, and w = z.

406. A transformation T : R 2 → R 2, T(u, v) = (x, y) of

the form x = au + bv, y = cu + dv, where
a, b, c, and d are real numbers, is called linear. Show
that a linear transformation for which ad − bc ≠ 0 maps
parallelograms to parallelograms.

407. The transformation

T θ : R 2 → R 2, T θ (u, v) = (x, y), where
x = u cos θ − v sin θ, y = u sin θ + v cos θ, is called a
rotation of angle θ. Show that the inverse transformation
of T θ satisfies T θ −1 = T −θ, where T −θ is the rotation
400. Show that of angle −θ.
⎛ 2 y2⎞ 1
∬ f ⎜ x + ⎟dA = 2π 15∫ f (ρ)ρ dρ, where f is a
R ⎝ 3 3⎠ 408. [T] Find the region S in the uv-plane whose image
0
continuous function on [0, 1] and R is the region through a rotation of angle π is the region R enclosed
4
2 2 2 2
bounded by the ellipse 5x + 3y = 15. by the ellipse x + 4y = 1. Use a CAS to answer the
following questions.
401. Show that a. Graph the region S.
1
⎛ ⎞ b. Evaluate the integral ∬ e −2uv du dv. Round your
∭ f ⎝ 16x 2 + 4y 2 + z 2⎠dV = π
2
∫ f (ρ)ρ 2 dρ, where
S
R 0
answer to two decimal places.
f is a continuous function on [0, 1] and R is the region
bounded by the ellipsoid 16x 2 + 4y 2 + z 2 = 1. 409. [T] The transformations T i : ℝ 2 → ℝ 2,
i = 1,…, 4, defined by T 1 (u, v) = (u, −v),
402. [T] Find the area of the region bounded by the curves
xy = 1, xy = 3, y = 2x, and y = 3x by using the T 2 (u, v) = (−u, v), T 3 (u, v) = (−u, −v), and
y T 4 (u, v) = (v, u) are called reflections about the
transformation u = xy and v = x . Use a computer
x-axis, y-axis, origin, and the line y = x, respectively.
algebra system (CAS) to graph the boundary curves of the
region R. a. Find the image of the region
⎧ 2 2 ⎫
S = (u, v)|u + v − 2u − 4v + 1 ≤ 0
⎨
⎩
⎬
⎭
in the
403. [T] Find the area of the region bounded by the curves
xy-plane through the transformation
x 2 y = 2, x 2 y = 3, y = x, and y = 2x by using the
T 1 ∘ T 2 ∘ T 3 ∘ T 4.
y
transformation u = x 2 y and v = x . Use a CAS to graph b. Use a CAS to graph R.
the boundary curves of the region R. c. Evaluate the integral ∬ sin(u 2)du dv by using a
S
CAS. Round your answer to two decimal places.
632 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

410. [T] The transformation 414. [T] Lamé ovals (or superellipses) are plane curves of
3 3
T k, 1, 1 : ℝ → ℝ , T k, 1, 1 (u, v, w) = (x, y, z) of the n ⎛y ⎞
n
equations ⎛⎝ ax ⎞⎠ + ⎝ ⎠ = 1, where a, b, and n are positive
b
form x = ku, y = v, z = w, where k ≠ 1 is a positive
real numbers.
real number, is called a stretch if k > 1 and a compression a. Use a CAS to graph the regions R bounded by
if 0 < k < 1 in the x-direction. Use a CAS to evaluate Lamé ovals for a = 1, b = 2, n = 4 and n = 6,
⎛ ⎞
−⎝4x 2 + 9y 2 + 25z 2⎠ respectively.
the integral ∭ e dx dy dz on the solid b. Find the transformations that map the region R
S
⎧ ⎫ bounded by the Lamé oval x 4 + y 4 = 1, also
S = (x, y, z)|4x 2 + 9y 2 + 25z 2 ≤ 1⎬⎭ by considering the
⎨
⎩
called a squircle and graphed in the following
compression T 2, 3, 5 (u, v, w) = (x, y, z) defined by figure, into the unit disk.
x = u , y = v , and z = w . Round your answer to four
2 3 5
decimal places.

411. [T] The transformation

T a, 0 : ℝ 2 → ℝ 2, T a, 0 (u, v) = (u + av, v), where
a ≠ 0 is a real number, is called a shear in the
x-direction. The transformation,
T b, 0 : R 2 → R 2, T o, b (u, v) = (u, bu + v), where
b ≠ 0 is a real number, is called a shear in the
y-direction.
a. Find transformations T 0, 2 ∘ T 3, 0.
b. Find the image R of the trapezoidal region S c. Use a CAS to find an approximation of the area
bounded by u = 0, v = 0, v = 1, and v = 2 − u A(R) of the region R bounded by x 4 + y 4 = 1.
through the transformation T 0, 2 ∘ T 3, 0. Round your answer to two decimal places.

c. Use a CAS to graph the image R in the xy-plane. 415. [T] Lamé ovals have been consistently used by
d. Find the area of the region R by using the area of designers and architects. For instance, Gerald Robinson,
a Canadian architect, has designed a parking garage in a
region S.
shopping center in Peterborough, Ontario, in the shape of a
n ⎛y ⎞
n
412. Use the transformation, x = au, y = av, z = cw superellipse of the equation ⎛⎝ ax ⎞⎠ + ⎝ ⎠ = 1 with a = 9
b b 7
and spherical coordinates to show that the volume of a and n = e. Use a CAS to find an approximation of the area
x2 + y2 z2 of the parking garage in the case a = 900 yards, b = 700
region bounded by the spheroid + 2 = 1 is
a2 c yards, and n = 2.72 yards.
4πa 2 c .
3

413. Find the volume of a football whose shape is a

x2 + y2 z2
spheroid + 2 = 1 whose length from tip to tip is
a2 c
11 inches and circumference at the center is 22 inches.
Round your answer to two decimal places.

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 633

CHAPTER 5 REVIEW
KEY TERMS
double integral of the function f (x, y) over the region R in the xy -plane is defined as the limit of a double Riemann
m n
sum, ∬ f (x, y)dA = m, lim
n→∞
∑ ∑ f (x*i j , y*i j )ΔA.
R i=1 j=1

double Riemann sum m n

of the function f (x, y) over a rectangular region R is ∑ ∑ f (x*i j , y*i j )ΔA where R is
i=1 j=1
divided into smaller subrectangles R i j and (x*i j , y*i j ) is an arbitrary point in R i j

Fubini’s theorem if f (x, y) is a function of two variables that is continuous over a rectangular region
⎧
R = (x, y) ∈ ℝ 2 |a ≤ x ≤ b, c ≤ y ≤ d , then the double integral of f over the region equals an iterated integral,
⎫
⎨ ⎬
⎩ ⎭

b d d b
∬ f (x, y)dy dx = ∫ ∫ f (x, y)dx dy = ∫ ∫ f (x, y)dx dy
R a c c a

improper double integral a double integral over an unbounded region or of an unbounded function
iterated integral for a function f (x, y) over the region R is
b d b⎡ d ⎤
a. ∫a ∫c f (x, y)dx dy = ∫ ⎢∫ f (x, y)dy⎥dx,
a⎣ c ⎦

d a d⎡ b ⎤
b. ∫c ∫ f (x, y)dx dy = ∫ ⎢∫ f (x, y)dx⎥dy,
b c ⎣ a ⎦

where a, b, c, and d are any real numbers and R = [a, b] × [c, d]

Jacobian the Jacobian J(u, v) in two variables is a 2 × 2 determinant:

| |
∂x ∂y
∂u ∂u
J(u, v) = ;
∂x ∂y
∂v ∂v

| |
the Jacobian J(u, v, w) in three variables is a 3 × 3 determinant:

∂x ∂y ∂z
∂u ∂u ∂u
∂y ∂z
J(u, v, w) = ∂ x
∂v ∂v ∂v
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂w ∂w ∂w
one-to-one transformation a transformation T : G → R defined as T(u, v) = (x, y) is said to be one-to-one if no
two points map to the same image point
planar transformation a function T that transforms a region G in one plane into a region R in another plane by a
change of variables
polar rectangle the region enclosed between the circles r = a and r = b and the angles θ = α and θ = β; it is
described as R = (r, θ)|a ≤ r ≤ b, α ≤ θ ≤ β
⎧ ⎫
⎨ ⎬
⎩ ⎭

radius of gyration the distance from an object’s center of mass to its axis of rotation
634 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

transformation a function that transforms a region G in one plane into a region R in another plane by a change of
variables
triple integral the triple integral of a continuous function f (x, y, z) over a rectangular solid box B is the limit of a
Riemann sum for a function of three variables, if this limit exists
triple integral in cylindrical coordinates the limit of a triple Riemann sum, provided the following limit exists:
l m n
lim
l, m, n → ∞
∑ ∑ ∑ f (r*i jk, θ*i jk, z*i jk)r*i jk ΔrΔθΔz
i=1 j=1k=1

triple integral in spherical coordinates the limit of a triple Riemann sum, provided the following limit exists:
l m n
lim
l, m, n → ∞
∑ ∑ ∑ f (ρ*i jk, θ*i jk, φ*i jk)(ρ*i jk) 2 sin φΔρΔθΔφ
i=1 j=1k=1

Type I a region D in the xy -plane is Type I if it lies between two vertical lines and the graphs of two continuous
functions g 1 (x) and g 2 (x)

Type II a region D in the xy -plane is Type II if it lies between two horizontal lines and the graphs of two continuous
functions h 1 (y) and h 2 (y)

KEY EQUATIONS
• Double integral
m n
∬ f (x, y)dA = m, lim
n→∞
∑ ∑ f (x*i j , y*i j )ΔA
R i=1 j=1

• Iterated integral
b d b⎡ d ⎤
∫a ∫c f (x, y)dx dy = ∫ ⎢∫ f (x, y)dy⎥dx
a⎣ c ⎦
or
d a d⎡ b ⎤
∫c ∫ f (x, y)dx dy = ∫ ⎢∫ f (x, y)dx⎥dy
b c ⎣ a ⎦

• Average value of a function of two variables

f ave = 1 ∬ f (x, y)dx dy
Area R R

• Iterated integral over a Type I region

⎤b ⎡g 2(x)
⎢ ⎥
∬ f (x, y)dA = ∬ f (x, y)dy dx = ∫ ⎢ ∫ f (x, y)dy⎥dx
D D a ⎣g (x) ⎦
1

• Iterated integral over a Type II region

d ⎡h 2(y) ⎤
⎢ ⎥
∬ f (x, y)dA = ∬ f (x, y)dx dy = ∫ ⎢ ∫ f (x, y)dx⎥dy
D D c ⎣h (y) ⎦
1

• Double integral over a polar rectangular region R

m n m n
∬ f (r, θ)dA = m, lim
n→∞
∑ ∑ f ⎛⎝r i j * , θ i j * ⎞⎠ΔA = m, lim
n→∞
∑ ∑ f ⎛⎝r i j * , θ i j * ⎞⎠r i j * ΔrΔθ
R i=1 j=1 i=1 j=1

• Double integral over a general polar region

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 635

θ = β r = h 2 (θ)
∬ f (r, θ)r dr dθ = ∫ ∫ f (r, θ)r dr dθ
D θ = α r = h 1 (θ)

• Triple integral
l m n
lim
l, m, n → ∞
∑ ∑ ∑ f (x*i jk, y*i jk, z*i jk)ΔxΔyΔz = ∭ f (x, y, z)dV
i=1 j=1k=1 B

• Triple integral in cylindrical coordinates

∭ g(x, y, z)dV = ∭ g(r cos θ, r sin θ, z)r dr dθ dz = ∭ f (r, θ, z)r dr dθ dz
B B B

• Triple integral in spherical coordinates

φ=ψθ=βρ=b
⎛ ⎞
∭ f ρ, θ, φ ρ sin φ dρ dφ dθ =
⎝ ⎠
2
∫ ∫ ∫ f ⎛⎝ρ, θ, φ⎞⎠ρ 2 sin φ dρ dφ dθ
B φ=γ θ=αρ=a

• Mass of a lamina
k l k l
m= lim
k, l → ∞
∑ ∑ mi j = lim
k, l → ∞
∑ ∑ ρ(x*i j , y*i j )ΔA = ∬ ρ(x, y)dA
i=1 j=1 i=1 j=1 R

• Moment about the x-axis

k l k l
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
Mx = lim
k, l → ∞
∑ ∑ ⎝y*
i j ⎠m i j = lim
k, l → ∞
∑ ∑ ⎝y*
i j ⎠ρ(x*
ij , y*i j )ΔA = ∬ yρ(x, y)dA
i=1 j=1 i=1 j=1 R

• Moment about the y-axis

k l k l
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
My = lim
k, l → ∞
∑ ∑ ⎝x*
i j ⎠m i j = lim
k, l → ∞
∑ ∑ ⎝x*
i j ⎠ρ(x*
ij , y*i j )ΔA = ∬ xρ(x, y)dA
i=1 j=1 i=1 j=1 R

• Center of mass of a lamina

∬ xρ(x, y)dA ∬ yρ(x, y)dA
− My − M
x= m = R and y = mx = R
∬ ρ(x, y)dA ∬ ρ(x, y)dA
R R

KEY CONCEPTS
5.1 Double Integrals over Rectangular Regions

• We can use a double Riemann sum to approximate the volume of a solid bounded above by a function of two
variables over a rectangular region. By taking the limit, this becomes a double integral representing the volume of
the solid.
• Properties of double integral are useful to simplify computation and find bounds on their values.
• We can use Fubini’s theorem to write and evaluate a double integral as an iterated integral.
• Double integrals are used to calculate the area of a region, the volume under a surface, and the average value of a
function of two variables over a rectangular region.

5.2 Double Integrals over General Regions

• A general bounded region D on the plane is a region that can be enclosed inside a rectangular region. We can use
this idea to define a double integral over a general bounded region.
• To evaluate an iterated integral of a function over a general nonrectangular region, we sketch the region and express
it as a Type I or as a Type II region or as a union of several Type I or Type II regions that overlap only on their
boundaries.
636 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

• We can use double integrals to find volumes, areas, and average values of a function over general regions, similarly
to calculations over rectangular regions.
• We can use Fubini’s theorem for improper integrals to evaluate some types of improper integrals.

5.3 Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates

• To apply a double integral to a situation with circular symmetry, it is often convenient to use a double integral in
polar coordinates. We can apply these double integrals over a polar rectangular region or a general polar region,
using an iterated integral similar to those used with rectangular double integrals.
• The area dA in polar coordinates becomes r dr dθ.
• Use x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, and dA = r dr dθ to convert an integral in rectangular coordinates to an integral
in polar coordinates.
⎛y ⎞
• Use r 2 = x 2 + y 2 and θ = tan −1 ⎝ x ⎠ to convert an integral in polar coordinates to an integral in rectangular
coordinates, if needed.
• To find the volume in polar coordinates bounded above by a surface z = f (r, θ) over a region on the xy -plane,
use a double integral in polar coordinates.

5.4 Triple Integrals

• To compute a triple integral we use Fubini’s theorem, which states that if f (x, y, z) is continuous on a rectangular
box B = ⎡⎣a, b⎤⎦ × ⎡⎣c, d⎤⎦ × ⎡⎣e, f ⎤⎦, then
f d b
∭ f (x, y, z)dV = ∫ ∫ ∫ f (x, y, z)dx dy dz
B e c a

and is also equal to any of the other five possible orderings for the iterated triple integral.
• To compute the volume of a general solid bounded region E we use the triple integral

V(E) = ∭ 1dV.
E
• Interchanging the order of the iterated integrals does not change the answer. As a matter of fact, interchanging the
order of integration can help simplify the computation.
• To compute the average value of a function over a general three-dimensional region, we use

f ave = 1 ∭ f (x, y, z)dV.

V(E) E

5.5 Triple Integrals in Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates

• To evaluate a triple integral in cylindrical coordinates, use the iterated integral

θ = β r = g 2 (θ) z = u 2 (r, θ)
∫ ∫ ∫ f (r, θ, z)r dz dr dθ.
θ = α r = g 1 (θ) z = u 1 (r, θ)

• To evaluate a triple integral in spherical coordinates, use the iterated integral

θ = β ρ = g 2 (θ) φ = u 2 (r, θ)
∫ ∫ ∫ f ⎛⎝ρ, θ, φ⎞⎠ρ 2 sin φ dφ dρ dθ.
θ = α ρ = g 1 (θ) φ = u 1 (r, θ)

5.6 Calculating Centers of Mass and Moments of Inertia

Finding the mass, center of mass, moments, and moments of inertia in double integrals:

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 637

• For a lamina R with a density function ρ(x, y) at any point (x, y) in the plane, the mass is m = ∬ ρ(x, y)dA.
R

• The moments about the x-axis and y-axis are

M x = ∬ yρ(x, y)dA and M y = ∬ xρ(x, y)dA.

R R
− My − M
• The center of mass is given by x = m , y = mx .

• The center of mass becomes the centroid of the plane when the density is constant.
• The moments of inertia about the x − axis, y − axis, and the origin are

I x = ∬ y 2 ρ(x, y)dA, I y = ∬ x 2 ρ(x, y)dA, and I 0 = I x + I y = ∬ ⎛⎝x 2 + y 2⎞⎠ρ(x, y)dA.

R R R

Finding the mass, center of mass, moments, and moments of inertia in triple integrals:
• For a solid object Q with a density function ρ(x, y, z) at any point (x, y, z) in space, the mass is
m = ∭ ρ(x, y, z)dV.
Q

• The moments about the xy-plane, the xz-plane, and the yz-plane are

M xy = ∭ zρ(x, y, z)dV, M xz = ∭ yρ(x, y, z)dV, M yz = ∭ xρ(x, y, z)dV.

Q Q Q
− M yz − M − M xy
• The center of mass is given by x = m , y = mxz , z = m .

• The center of mass becomes the centroid of the solid when the density is constant.
• The moments of inertia about the yz-plane, the xz-plane, and the xy-plane are

I x = ∭ ⎛⎝y 2 + z 2⎞⎠ρ(x, y, z)dV, I y = ∭ ⎛⎝x 2 + z 2⎞⎠ρ(x, y, z)dV,

Q Q
⎛ 2 2⎞
Iz = ∭ ⎝x + y ⎠ρ(x, y, z)dV.
Q

5.7 Change of Variables in Multiple Integrals

• A transformation T is a function that transforms a region G in one plane (space) into a region R in another plane
(space) by a change of variables.
• A transformation T : G → R defined as T(u, v) = (x, y) ⎛⎝or T(u, v, w) = (x, y, z)⎞⎠ is said to be a one-to-one
transformation if no two points map to the same image point.

• If f is continuous on R, then ∬ f (x, y)dA = ∬ f ⎛⎝g(u, v), h(u, v)⎞⎠

R S | |
∂ (x, y)
∂ (u, v)
du dv.

• If F is continuous on R, then

∭ F(x, y, z)dV = ∭ F ⎛⎝g(u, v, w), h(u, v, w), k(u, v, w)⎞⎠

R G | ∂ (x, y, z)
∂ (u, v, w) |
du dv dw

= ∭ H(u, v, w)|J(u, v, w)|du dv dw.

G

CHAPTER 5 REVIEW EXERCISES

True or False? Justify your answer with a proof or a b d d b
counterexample. 416. ∫ ∫ f (x, y)dy dx = ∫ ∫ f (x, y)dy dx
a c c a
638 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

417. Fubini’s theorem can be extended to three 429. The area of region enclosed by one petal of
dimensions, as long as f is continuous in all variables. r = cos(4θ).

2π 1 1 430. The volume of the solid that lies between the

418. The integral ∫ ∫ ∫ dz dr dθ represents the volume paraboloid z = 2x 2 + 2y 2 and the plane z = 8.
0 0 r
of a right cone.
431. The volume of the solid bounded by the cylinder
419. The Jacobian of the transformation for x 2 + y 2 = 16 and from z = 1 to z + x = 2.
x = u 2 − 2v, y = 3v − 2uv is given by −4u 2 + 6u + 4v.
432. The volume of the intersection between two spheres
of radius 1, the top whose center is (0, 0, 0.25) and the
Evaluate the following integrals. bottom, which is centered at (0, 0, 0).
420.
∬ ⎛⎝5x 3 y 2 − y 2⎞⎠dA, R = (x, y)|0 ≤ x ≤ 2, 1 ≤ y ≤ 4 For the following problems, find the center of mass of the
⎧ ⎫
⎨ ⎬
⎩ ⎭

R region.
433. ρ(x, y) = xy on the circle with radius 1 in the first
421. quadrant only.
y
∬ dA, D = (x, y)|0 ≤ x ≤ 1, −x ≤ y ≤ x
⎧ ⎫
⎨ ⎬
⎩ ⎭

D 3x 2 + 1 434. ρ(x, y) = (y + 1) x in the region bounded by

x
y = e , y = 0, and x = 1.
422. ∬ sin⎛⎝x 2 + y 2⎞⎠dA where D is a disk of radius 2
D
centered at the origin 435. ρ(x, y, z) = z on the inverted cone with radius 2
and height 2.
1 1
2
423. ∫ ∫ xye x dx dy 436. The volume an ice cream cone that is given by the
0 y ⎛ 2
solid above z = ⎝x + y 2⎞⎠ and below z 2 + x 2 + y 2 = z.
1 z x−z
424. ∫∫ ∫ 6dy dx dz The following problems examine Mount Holly in the state
−1 0 0 of Michigan. Mount Holly is a landfill that was converted
into a ski resort. The shape of Mount Holly can be
425. ∭ 3y dV, where approximated by a right circular cone of height 1100 ft
R and radius 6000 ft.
⎧ ⎫
R = ⎨⎩(x, y, z)|0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ x, 0 ≤ z ≤ 9 − y 2⎬⎭ 437. If the compacted trash used to build Mount Holly on
average has a density 400 lb/ft 3, find the amount of work
2 2π 1 required to build the mountain.
426. ∫ ∫ ∫ r dz dθ dr
0 0 r 438. In reality, it is very likely that the trash at the bottom
of Mount Holly has become more compacted with all the
2π π/2 3
weight of the above trash. Consider a density function with
427. ∫ ∫ ∫ ρ 2 sin(φ)dρ dφ dθ respect to height: the density at the top of the mountain
0 0 1 is still density 400 lb/ft 3 and the density increases. Every
100 feet deeper, the density doubles. What is the total
weight of Mount Holly?
1 1 − x2 1 − x2 − y2
428. ∫ ∫ ∫ dz dy dx The following problems consider the temperature and
0
− 1 − x2 − 1 − x2 − y2 density of Earth’s layers.

For the following problems, find the specified area or

volume.

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Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration 639

439. [T] The temperature of Earth’s layers is exhibited in 440. [T] The density of Earth’s layers is displayed in the
the table below. Use your calculator to fit a polynomial of table below. Using your calculator or a computer program,
degree 3 to the temperature along the radius of the Earth. find the best-fit quadratic equation to the density. Using this
Then find the average temperature of Earth. (Hint: begin equation, find the total mass of Earth.
at 0 in the inner core and increase outward toward the Layer Depth from Density (g/
surface) center (km) cm3)
Layer Depth from Temperature
center (km) °C Inner 0 12.95
Core
Rocky 0 to 40 0
Crust Outer 1228 11.05
Core
Upper 40 to 150 870
Mantle Mantle 3488 5.00

Mantle 400 to 650 870 Upper 6338 3.90

Mantle
Inner 650 to 2700 870
Mantel Crust 6378 2.55

Molten 2890 to 5150 4300 Source: [Link]

Outer Core geophys/[Link]

Inner Core 5150 to 6378 7200

The following problems concern the Theorem of Pappus
(see Moments and Centers of Mass ([Link]
Source: [Link] content/m53649/latest/) for a refresher), a method for
astronomy/planets/earth/[Link] calculating volume using centroids. Assuming a region R,
when you revolve around the x-axis the volume is given
by V x = 2πA –y , and when you revolve around the
y-axis the volume is given by V y = 2πA –x , where A
is the area of R. Consider the region bounded by
x 2 + y 2 = 1 and above y = x + 1.

441. Find the volume when you revolve the region around
the x-axis.

442. Find the volume when you revolve the region around
the y-axis.
640 Chapter 5 | Multiple Integration

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