CS6308-JAVA PROGRAMMING

V P Jayachitra
Assistant Professor
Department of Computer
Technology
MIT Campus
Anna University
Syllabus
 The Origins of Java
• Java is conceived by
– James Gosling
– Patrick Naughton
– Chris Warth
– Ed Frank, and
– Mike Sheridan
at Sun Microsystems in 1991.
• Known as Oak initially and renamed as Java in
1995.
 Motivation
• First, to create a platform-independent language
– To create software for various consumer electronic
devices, such as toasters, microwave ovens, and
remote controls.
– Why?
• computer languages were designed to be compiled into
machine code that was targeted for a specific type of CPU.
• compilers are expensive and time consuming to create for
all kind of CPU.
– What?
• portable, cross-platform language that could produce code
that would run on a variety of CPUs under differing
environments.
 Motivation contd…
• Second focus is the World Wide Web
– Why?
• Web, demanded portable programs
• Java was an obscure language for consumer
electronics.
– What?
• Java was propelled to the forefront of computer
language design due to WWW.
• architecture-neutral programming language
• focus switch from consumer electronics to Internet
programming.
 Motivation contd…
• Third, Security
– Java’s support for networking.
• Why?
– library of ready-to-use functionality enabled
programmers to easily write programs that accessed or
made use of the Internet.
– Downloading and executing program at multiplatformed
environment may harm the system ( virus, Trojan etc.,)
• What?
– Confine an application to the Java execution environment
and prevent it from accessing other parts of the
computer.
 Java’s Lineage: C and C++

• From C, Java inherits its syntax.

• Java’s object model is adapted from C++.
– Java is not an enhanced version of C++
– Neither upwardly nor downwardly compatible
with C++
– C++ was designed to solve a different set of
problems.
– Java was designed to solve a certain set of
problems.
 Features removed from C/C++
• typedef
• #define
• struct , union
• enum
• Functions (i.e methods in java)
• Multiple inheritance
• Goto
• Operator overloading
• pointers
 What is Java?
• Programming language designed to meet the
challenge of application development in the context
of heterogeneous, network-wide distributed
environment.
• Is a language that has proven ideal for developing
secure, high performance and highly robust
application on multiplatform.
 Key features of Java
• Simple • Architecture-neutral

• Secure • Interpreted

• Portable • High performance

• Object-oriented • Distributed

• Robust • Dynamic

• Multithreaded
 Key features of Java contd…
• Simple
– Easy to learn and use effectively.
• no pointers/stack concerns
– Because Java inherits the C/C++ syntax and many
of the object-oriented features of C++
• Object-Oriented
– “everything is an object” paradigm
– Only primitive types, such as integers, are kept as
high-performance nonobjects.
 Key features of Java contd…
• Robust
– Java is a strongly typed language
• checks the code at compile time, also checks the code at
run time
– Garbage collector
• Automatic memory management-
– Exception handling
• Architecture-Neutral
– JVM
• code longevity and portability.
• “write once; run anywhere, any time, forever.”
 Key features of Java contd…
• Multithreaded
– write programs that do many things
simultaneously.
– multiprocess synchronization -enables to
construct smoothly running interactive systems
• Interpreted and High Performance
– Java bytecode -carefully designed to translate
directly into native machine code
– For very high performance -just-in-time compiler
 Key features of Java contd…
• Distributed
– Java is designed for the distributed environment of
the Internet as it handles TCP/IP protocols.
– Remote Method Invocation (RMI). This feature
enables a program to invoke methods across a
network.

• Dynamic
– run-time type information -used to verify and
resolve accesses to objects at run time.
Highlights of Java
Java – 2020 popular language
 Java Editions
• Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition (J2SE)
– Desktop based application and networking
applications
• Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EE)
– Large‐scale, distributed networking applications
and Web‐based applications
• Java 2 Platform, Micro Edition (J2ME)
– Small memory‐constrained devices, such as cell
phones, pagers and PDAs
 Java development environment
• Text editor
• IDE (Integrated development environment)
 What Java can do?
• Development tools
– Javac, Java
• API
– XML, PACKAGE
• Deployment tool
– JDK
• UI tool
– javaFX, SWING
• Integrated library
– JDBC, RMI
 Java IDE
• Integrated Development Environment(IDE)
– a GUI based application that facilitates application
development such as coding, compilation or
interpretation and debug programs more easily.
– An IDE contains
• Code editor-syntax highlights
• Build tools -Compiler /Debugger/Interpreter
• Auto documentation-comments
• Libraries
– Top 3 lightweight IDE -2021
• IntelliJ IDEA
• Eclipse
• NetBeans
 Overview of Java
• Two Paradigms
– Procedural oriented paradigm
• process-oriented model
• code acting on data
• problems with this approach appear as programs grow
larger and more complex.
– object-oriented programming paradigm
• data controlling access to code.
– organizes a program around its data (that is, objects) and a set
of well-defined interfaces to that data.
• problems with this approach appear as programs grow
larger and more complex.
 Overview of Java
• Abstraction
– A powerful way to manage abstraction is through
the use of hierarchical classifications.
– To manage complexity
 Overview of Java
• The Three OOP Principle
– Encapsulation
– Inheritance, and
– Polymorphism
 Overview of Java
• Encapsulation: Implements information hiding and modularity
– mechanism that binds together code and the data it manipulates, and keeps both safe from
outside interference and misuse.
– protective wrapper that prevents the code and data from being arbitrarily accessed by other
code defined outside the wrapper.
– knows how to access it and thus can use it regardless of the implementation details—and
without fear of unexpected side effects.
– Class
• To encapsulate complexity
• A class defines the structure and behavior (data and code) that will be shared by a set of objects.
• Members-code and data
– Data-member variables or instance variables.
– Code-member method or method
» behavior and interface of a class are defined by the methods that operate on its instance data.
– objects are referred to as instances of a class.
– Thus, a class is a logical construct; an object has physical reality.
– Each method or variable in a class may be marked private or public.
– The public interface of a class represents everything that external users of the class need to
know, or may know.
– The private methods and data can only be accessed by code that is a member of the class
 Overview of Java
• Inheritance: Code reuse and code organization
– Inheritance is the process by which one object
acquires the properties of another object.
– Without the use of hierarchies, each object
would need to define all of its characteristics
explicitly.
– an object need only define those qualities that
make it unique within its class.
– It can inherit its general attributes from its
parent
 Overview of Java
• Polymorphism: defined in many forms
– is a feature that allows one interface to be used
for a general class of actions.
– The specific action is determined by the exact
nature of the situation
 About Java
• Case sensitive
• Statically typed
• Strongly typed
• Multiparadigm
 JVM Architecture
Java source file
.java
Class X{}

Javac

Byte codelass

Intel JVM ARM JVM

Memory Memory Byte code verifier
Byte code verifier
manager manager
(Garbage
Interpreter /JIT Compiler (Garbage PC OS /JIT Compiler
Interpreter
collector) collector)
Java API Java API
PC OS Mobile OS

JVM architecture
 A First Simple Program
class System{
static PrintStream out ;}

/* First Java program class PrintStream{

println(){}
call this file [Link] print(){}
}
*/ Keyword Identifier
Access Keyword
class Example{ modifier
public static void main(String args[]){
[Link](“This is java template”);
}

cannot declare a top-level class as private or protected. It can be either public or default
(no modifier).
• The keyword class to declare that a new class is being defined.
• Example is an identifier that is the name of the class.
• The entire class definition, including all of its members, will be between the
opening curly brace ({) and the closing curly brace (}).
• The public keyword is an access modifier, which allows the programmer to
control the visibility of class members.
• The keyword static allows main() to be called without having to instantiate a
particular instance of the class.
• Necessary, since main( ) is called by the Java Virtual Machine before any objects
are made.
• The keyword void simply tells the compiler that main( ) does not return a value.
• Java compiler will compile classes that do not contain a main( ) method. But java
has no way to run these classes
• String args[ ] declares a parameter named args, which is an array of instances of
the class String.
• args receives any command-line arguments present when the program is
executed.
• A complex program will have dozens of classes, only one of which will need to
have a main( ) method to get things started.
• System is a predefined class that provides access to the system, and out is the
 Comment
• The contents of a comment are ignored by the
compiler.
• Java supports three styles of comments.
– multiline comment.
• begin with /* and end with */
– Single line comment /**
* <h1> sum of two numbers !</h1>
• // * program finds the sum
*and gives the output on
– Documentation comment *the screen.
• begin with /** and end with */. *
*/
 A First Simple Program

/* First Java program Static method:

Used for class and method identifier
call this file [Link] Belong to the class
No instance is required to access
*/ Can access static data memeber
Cannot access non static members
class Example{ or methods directly
This and super cannot be used
int a=40; //non static
public static void main(String args[]){
[Link](“the value of value of a is”+ a);
}
compile time error
 A First Simple Program

/* First Java program Static method:

Used for class and method identifier
call this file [Link] Belong to the class
No instance is required to access
*/ Can access static data memeber
Cannot access non static members
class Example{ or methods directly
This and super cannot be used
static {
[Link](“the value of value of a is”+ a);
}
}
compile time error : supported upto jdk 7 but later version need main method
 Class

class identifier { class identifier implements identifier1, identifier2 {

//class body
} }

class identifier extends superclass identifier implements interface identifier{

Modifier: public , private Member variables: fields

Class name: first letter capital Variables in methods: local variables
Class can extend one parent Variables in method declaration: parameter
Class can implement more than
one interface

attribute declaration: noun, method name: first word verb

state modifier return type method name(parameter list){
Modifier: 0 or more modifiers //method body
Field type }
Field name
 Java modifiers
• public: access across package
• protected: members
– Used by members of subclass of same or different
package
– Not used for class ,interface
• default: only classes of same package
• Private: members within in the class
– No private class or interface
 Java program
• In Java, a source file is officially called a
compilation unit.
• The Java compiler requires that a source file
use the .java filename extension.
• In Java, all code must reside inside a class.
• Java is case-sensitive.
• Filename should match the class name.
 Compiling the Program

• Execute the compiler, javac, specifying the name of

the source file on the command line
• C:\>javac [Link]
• The javac compiler creates a file
called [Link] that contains the bytecode
version of the program.
• Java bytecode is the intermediate representation of
your program that contains instructions the Java
Virtual Machine will execute.
• The output of javac is not code that can be directly
executed.
 Run the program
• Use Java application launcher called java.
• Pass the class name Example as a command-
line argument
• C:\>java Example
• Output:
– This is java template