Digital Fluency-Questions [Link] any two advantages of IOT.

2 marks questions 1. Improved productivity of sta and reduced human labor.

[Link] is Arti cial Intelligence?
2. E cient operation management
->Arti cial intelligence is computer science technology that emphasizes creating
intelligent machine that can mimic human behavior. Here Intelligent machines 3. Better use of resources and assets
can be de ned as the machine that can behave like a human, think like a human, 4. Cost-e ective operation
and also capable of decision making. It is made up of two words, "Arti cial" and 5. Improved work safety
"Intelligence," which means the "man-made thinking ability." [Link] any two examples for Arti cial Intelligence.
[Link] is Data Base Management System in Data Science? • Voice Assistants: AI-powered assistants like Siri, Alexa, and
A Database Management System (DBMS) is de ned as the software system that
allows users to de ne, create, maintain and control access to the database.
Google Assistant.
DBMS makes it possible for end users to create, read, update and delete data in
• Recommendation Systems: AI algorithms used by Net ix or
database. It is a layer between programs and data. Amazon to recommend movies or products based on user
[Link] ne Sensors. preferences.
Sensors are devices that detect and respond to some type of input from the [Link] ne Communication.
physical environment. The input could be light, heat, motion, moisture,
Communication is the process of exchanging information,
pressure, or any other environmental phenomena. The output is generally an
electrical signal that is converted to a readable display or transmitted for further thoughts, ideas, and feelings between people or groups through
processing. speaking, writing, or using some other medium.
[Link] is IOT? [Link] ne Teamwork.
The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the network of physical objects Teamwork is the collaborative e ort of a group of individuals
embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies to connect and
working together towards a common goal or objective, leveraging
exchange data with other devices and systems over the internet. These objects,
or "things," can range from household appliances to industrial machines.
each other's strengths and skills to achieve better outcomes.
[Link] erentiate Classi cation and Regression. [Link] di erent types of cloud services models.
Classi cation is a type of supervised learning in machine learning where the • Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
output variable is a category or class label. Example: Predicting if an email is • Platform as a Service (PaaS)
spam or not. • Software as a Service (SaaS)
Regression is another type of supervised learning where the output variable is a • Function as a Service (FaaS)
continuous value. Example: Predicting the price of a house based on its features.
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[Link] di erent stages of Data Analysis. 6 marks questions
• Data Collection • Data Modeling [Link] di erent types of Cloud.
• Data Cleaning • Public Cloud :Public cloud is open to all to store and access
Data Interpretation
• Data Exploration and Analysis • information via the Internet using the pay-per-usage method. In
Data Visualization
[Link] are di erent ways to secure your mobile devices public cloud, computing resources are managed and operated by the
from cyber-attacks? Cloud Service Provider (CSP). Example: Amazon elastic compute
• Use strong passwords and biometric authentication. cloud (EC2), IBM SmartCloud Enterprise, Microsoft, Google App
• Regularly update your device's software and apps. Engine, Windows Azure Services Platform.
Private Cloud:Private cloud is also known as an internal cloud or
• Install a reputable antivirus app. corporate cloud. It is used by organizations to build and manage their
• Be cautious of suspicious links and downloads. own data centers internally or by the third party. It can be deployed
[Link] is encryption? using Opensource tools such as Openstack and Eucalyptus.
Encryption is the process of converting data into a coded Hybrid Cloud :Hybrid Cloud is a combination of the public cloud
format that can only be accessed or decrypted by someone with and the private cloud. We can say: Hybrid Cloud = Public Cloud +
the correct decryption key. It is used to protect sensitive Private Cloud. Hybrid cloud is partially secure because the services
information from unauthorized access. which are running on the public cloud can be accessed by anyone,
[Link] disadvantages of Arti cial Intelligence. while the services which are running on a private cloud can be
• High Implementation Costs: Developing and maintaining accessed only by the organization's users. Example: Google
AI systems can be expensive. Application Suite (Gmail, Google Apps, and Google Drive), O ce 365
• Job Displacement: Automation through AI can lead to the (MS O ce on the Web and One Drive), Amazon Web Services.
loss of jobs that are currently performed by humans. Community Cloud :Community cloud allows systems and services to
[Link] some big data tools and software. be accessible by a group of several organizations to share the
• Apache Hadoop information between the organization and a speci c community. It is
• Microsoft Azure owned, managed, and operated by one or more organizations in the
• Apache Spark • Google BigQuery community, a third party, or a combination of them. Example: Health
• Tableau • Talend Care community cloud.
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[Link] the types of Arti cial Intelligence. b)Based on Functionalities:
Arti cial intelligence can be divided into di erent types on the 1)Reactive Machines:The most basic type of AI that can only
basis of capabilities and functionalities. react to current scenarios using pre-programmed algorithms.
a)Based on Capabilities: They do not store memories or past experiences to in uence
1)Narrow AI (Weak AI):AI systems that are designed and future actions.
trained for a speci c task. They can perform this task very well Examples:IBM’s Deep Blue, which defeated chess champion
but cannot do anything outside their designated function. Garry [Link]’s AlphaGo.
Examples:Voice assistants like Siri and Alexa , Self-driving 2)Limited Memory:These AI systems can use past experiences
cars (for speci c driving conditions). to inform future decisions. They have a limited ability to store
and utilize historical data for a short period.
2)General AI (Strong AI):AI systems that possess the ability to
Examples:Self-driving cars, which observe the behavior of other
understand, learn, and apply knowledge in a way that is
cars and pedestrians and adjust their actions accordingly.
indistinguishable from human intelligence. These systems can
3)Theory of Mind:These AI systems can understand emotions,
perform any intellectual task that a human being [Link] type
beliefs, intentions, and can interact socially. They can form their
of AI does not currently exist but is a goal for AI researchers.
own representations of the world and [Link] type of AI is
Examples: Hypothetical AI that could think, understand, and
still in development and is not yet realized.
learn like a human across any domain or task. Examples: Hypothetical AI systems that can engage in human-
3)Super AI (Arti cial Superintelligence):An AI that surpasses like social interactions.
human intelligence and capabilities in every aspect. It would be 4)Self-aware AI:The most advanced form of AI, which possesses
capable of outperforming humans in all tasks, including self-awareness and consciousness. These systems have a sense
creative and social [Link] is a theoretical concept of self and can understand their own internal [Link] type of
and is a long-term goal of AI development. AI is purely theoretical and has not been developed.
Examples: AI systems in science ction, such as those Examples: AI characters in science ction, such as those in "Ex
depicted in movies like "Her" or "The Matrix". Machina" or "Westworld".
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[Link] Supervised and Unsupervised Machine Learning?

Supervised Unsupervised

[Link]: Uses labeled data (input-output pairs). [Link]:- Uses unlabeled data (only inputs).

[Link]: Learn a mapping from inputs to outputs. [Link]:Discover hidden patterns or structures in the data.

[Link]:Prediction (classi cation, regression). [Link]:Pattern discovery (clustering, dimensionality reduction).

[Link]: Decision trees, support vector machines, neural networks, [Link]: K-means clustering, hierarchical clustering, principal
linear regression. component analysis (PCA), autoencoders.

[Link]: Performance is typically evaluated using accuracy, [Link]:Performance can be subjective, often evaluated using metrics
precision, recall, F1-score, or mean squared error. like silhouette score, Davies-Bouldin index, or visualization.

[Link]: Requires a signi cant amount of labeled data, which can be [Link]: Does not require labeled data, making it useful for exploratory
expensive and time-consuming to obtain. data analysis when labels are not available.

[Link] a note on features of Data Base Management System.

A Database Management System (DBMS) is a sophisticated software application designed to store, manage, and retrieve data e ciently and
securely. Here are some of the key features of a DBM
*Data Independence:
*Logical Data Independence: The ability to change the logical schema without altering the external schema or application programs. This
means changes in the database structure do not a ect how users interact with the data.
*Physical Data Independence: The capability to modify the physical schema without impacting the logical schema. This ensures that changes
in how data is stored (e.g., data formats, storage locations) do not a ect data access.
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2. Data Integrity and Security: Recovery: O ers recovery mechanisms to restore the database
Integrity: Ensures the accuracy and consistency of data through to a consistent state after a failure. This includes rollback
integrity constraints such as primary keys, foreign keys, and unique (undoing changes made by failed transactions) and roll-forward
constraints. These constraints maintain the correctness of the data and
(applying changes from a backup to bring the database up-to-
prevent invalid data entry.
date).
Security: Provides robust mechanisms for data security, including user
authentication and authorization, ensuring that only authorized users
can access or modify the data. This is crucial for protecting sensitive 5. Data Abstraction and Data Model:
information from unauthorized access and breaches. Data Abstraction: Supports di erent levels of data abstraction
– physical level (how data is stored), logical level (structure of the
3. Transaction Management: data), and view level (how users see the data). This abstraction
ACID Properties: Ensures reliable processing of transactions through helps in simplifying data interaction for end-users and
Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability (ACID) properties. developers.
These properties guarantee that transactions are completed fully or not Schemas: Separates schema (structure of the database) from the
at all, maintain consistent data states, isolate transactions from each actual data. The database schema de nes how data is organized
other, and ensure data is durable and recoverable after system failures.
and relationships between di erent data entities.
Concurrency Control: Manages the simultaneous execution of
transactions in a multi-user environment to prevent con icts and ensure
6. E cient Data Storage and Retrieval:
data consistency. Techniques like locking, timestamping, and
multiversion concurrency control are used to handle concurrent access. Storage Management: E ciently manages data storage,
supporting large volumes of data and optimizing space usage.
4. Backup and Recovery: Indexing and Query Optimization: Enhances data retrieval
Backup: Provides facilities for regular data backup to prevent data loss speed through indexing, which creates data structures that
due to hardware or software failures. Backups can be scheduled improve search performance. Query optimization techniques are
automatically, and various strategies (e.g., full, incremental) can be used to execute queries in the most e cient way possible,
employed. reducing the time and resources required for data retrieval.
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 [Link] a note on types of Cyber attack. [Link] Reinforcement Machine Learning with Flow
1. Critical infrastructure security: Critical infrastructure security Diagram.
consists of the cyber-physical systems that modern societies rely on Reinforcement learning works on a feedback-based process, in
2. Application security: application security is one of the several which an AI agent (A software component) automatically explore
must-have security measures adopted to protect your systems. its surrounding by hitting & trail, taking action, learning from
Application security uses software and hardware methods to tackle
experiences, and improving its performance. Agent gets
external threats that can arise in the development stage of an
rewarded for each good action and get punished for each bad
application. Types of application security:
• antivirus programs action; hence the goal of reinforcement learning agent is to
• rewalls maximize the rewards. In reinforcement learning, there is no
• encryption program labelled data like supervised learning, and agents learn from their
3. Network security: As cyber security is concerned with outside experiences only. Due to its way of working, reinforcement
threats, network security guards against unauthorized intrusion of learning is employed in di erent elds such as Game theory,
your internal networks due to malicious intent. Operation Research, Information theory, multi-agent
Network security ensures that internal networks are secure by systems. A reinforcement learning problem can be formalized
protecting the infrastructure and inhibiting access to it. using Markov Decision Process(MDP)
4. Cloud security: Improved cyber security is one of the main Categories of Reinforcement Learning Reinforcement learning is
reasons why the cloud is taking over. Cloud security is a software- categorized mainly into two types of methods/algorithms:
based security tool that protects and monitors the data in your o Positive Reinforcement Learning
cloud resources. Cloud providers are constantly creating and o Negative Reinforcement Learning
implementing new security tools to help enterprise users better
secure their data.
[Link] of things (IoT) security
IoT refers to a wide variety of critical and non-critical cyber physical
systems, like appliances, sensors, televisions, wi routers, printers,
and security cameras.
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[Link] any 5 types of sensor in IOT. Explain each. [Link] about big data analytics.
Sensors are critical components in IoT systems, enabling devices to
interact with the physical world by collecting various types of data. Big data analytics is the use of advanced analytic techniques against very large,
1. Temperature Sensors:Temperature sensors detect the amount of heat diverse big data sets that include structured, semi-structured and unstructured
energy present in an environment or object, which is crucial for data, from di erent sources, and in di erent sizes from terabytes to zettabytes.
maintaining optimal conditions in various applications, such as ensuring Big data analytics is the often complex process of examining big data to
uncover information :such as hidden patterns, correlations, market trends
the proper functioning of industrial processes or maintaining
customer preferences :that can help organizations make informed business
comfortable temperatures in smart homes.
decisions.
2. Proximity Sensors:These sensors emit a signal (such as infrared light
Big data analytics is a form of advanced analytics, which involve complex
or ultrasonic waves) and measure the re ection of the signal to determine applications with elements such as predictive models, statistical algorithms and
the distance to an object. They are essential for applications requiring what-if analysis powered by analytics systems.
non-contact detection and measurement, such as preventing collisions in The bene ts of Big Data Analytics and tools are –
automotive systems or detecting human presence for smart lighting • Data accumulation from multiple sources, including the Internet, social media
systems. platforms, online shopping sites, company databases, external third-party
3. Motion Sensors:Motion sensors can detect changes in an environment sources, etc.
caused by movement. For instance, PIR sensors detect infrared radiation • Real-time forecasting and monitoring of business as well as the market .
changes caused by the movement of warm objects, such as humans. • Identify crucial points hidden within large datasets to in uence business
Accelerometers and gyroscopes measure changes in orientation and decisions.
acceleration, making them vital for wearable devices and smartphones.
• Promptly mitigate risks by optimizing complex decisions for unforeseen
events and potential threats.
4. Light Sensors: Light sensors convert light intensity into an electrical
signal, allowing devices to respond to changing lighting conditions. This
• Identify issues in systems and business processes in real-time.
• Unlock the true potential of data-driven marketing.
is important for energy e ciency, such as adjusting screen brightness to • Dig in customer data to create tailor-made products, services, o ers,
save battery life in mobile devices or optimizing lighting in smart discounts, etc.
buildings to reduce energy consumption. • Facilitate speedy delivery of products/services that meet and exceed client
5. Humidity Sensors:Humidity sensors provide data on atmospheric expectations.
moisture levels, which is crucial for maintaining comfortable and healthy • Diversify revenue streams to boost company pro ts and ROI.
indoor environments, optimizing agricultural practices, and ensuring the • Respond to customer requests, grievances, and queries in real-time.
proper storage conditions for sensitive materials. • Foster innovation of new business strategies, products, and services.
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[Link] a note on applications of Arti cial Intelligence. Personalized Marketing: AI-driven analytics create targeted
Arti cial Intelligence (AI) has become integral to numerous industries, marketing campaigns based on customer data, boosting engagement
transforming the way tasks are performed and decisions are made. Here and conversion rates
are some key applications of AI across various elds. 4. Manufacturing:
1. Healthcare:
Predictive Maintenance: AI monitors machinery performance and
Diagnostics: AI algorithms can analyze medical images (e.g., X-rays,
predicts failures before they occur, reducing downtime and
MRIs) to detect conditions like tumors, fractures, and infections with high
maintenance costs.
accuracy.
Quality Control: AI systems inspect products for defects using image
Personalized Medicine: AI helps tailor treatments to individual patients
by analyzing genetic information and predicting responses to di erent recognition, ensuring high-quality standards.
therapies. Supply Chain Optimization: AI optimizes supply chain operations
Virtual Health Assistants: AI-powered chatbots and virtual assistants by forecasting demand, managing inventory, and improving logistics.
provide 24/7 support to patients, answering queries, scheduling 5. Transportation:
appointments, and o ering medical advice. Autonomous Vehicles: AI enables self-driving cars to navigate,
2. Finance: detect obstacles, and make decisions, enhancing safety and e ciency.
Fraud Detection: AI systems analyze transaction patterns to detect and Tra c Management: AI analyzes tra c patterns to optimize signal
prevent fraudulent activities in real-time. timings, reduce congestion, and improve tra c ow.
Algorithmic Trading: AI algorithms predict stock market trends and Predictive Maintenance: AI predicts maintenance needs for vehicles
execute trades at optimal times, enhancing investment strategies. and infrastructure, preventing breakdowns and accidents.
Customer Service: AI chatbots handle customer inquiries, process
6. Education:
transactions, and provide personalized nancial advice, improving
Personalized Learning: AI systems adapt educational content to
customer experience.
individual learning styles and paces, improving student outcomes.
3. Retail:
Administrative Tasks: AI automates administrative tasks like
Recommendation Systems: AI algorithms analyze customer behavior
and preferences to recommend products, increasing sales and customer grading, scheduling, and enrollment, allowing educators to focus
satisfaction. more on teaching.
Inventory Management: AI optimizes stock levels by predicting demand, Intelligent Tutoring: AI-powered tutors provide personalized
reducing overstock and stockouts. assistance and feedback, enhancing the learning experience.
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[Link] in detail how to improve your communication skills. [Link] a lter. E ective communicators generally have highly
[Link] active listening. E ective communicators are always good listeners. developed social skills and are able to modulate how they express their
Active listening means engaging with what people say by giving a rmative thoughts and feelings to those around them. Know what’s appropriate
replies and asking followup questions to show that you are paying attention.
to express in di erent interpersonal contexts. Developing a lter will
[Link] on nonverbal communication. Mastering nonverbal cues and nonverbal
help supplement other communication techniques and ensure that you
signals can help prevent miscommunication and signal interest to those
around you. Pay attention to your facial expressions and body language when
maintain a certain level of decorum and avoid con ict in the work
you are speaking with someone in a professional setting. Your nonverbal cues atmosphere .
a ect the rst impression you make on someone. Maintaining eye contact,
limiting hand gestures, and having good posture go a long way when meeting [Link] about creative problem solving.
someone for the rst time. Creative problem solving (CPS) is a way of solving problems or
[Link] your own emotions. For the sake of clear communication and your identifying opportunities when conventional thinking has failed. It
own personal wellbeing, it’s important to manage your emotions and express encourages you to nd fresh perspectives and come up with innovative
them appropriately in context. Allowing strong emotions to unnecessarily solutions, so that you can formulate a plan to overcome obstacles and
creep into a professional setting can lead to poor communication and
reach your goals.
con ict.
Creative Problem Solving is an approach that makes use of techniques
[Link] for feedback. There’s no shame in asking for honest feedback on your
communication skills from colleagues. Asking your peers or subordinates for
that stimulate new ideas to come up with innovative and
their advice on improving your communication skills can help you better unconventional solutions to problems. CPS is not just coming up with
understand how you are coming across in your work environment. Cultivate a creative ideas, it’s a methodical process that requires conscious e ort
willingness to seek out other points of view and forge better relationships and time.
with your coworkers. Creative Education Foundation, rst developed creative problem
[Link] public speaking. Public speaking may sound daunting, but there’s no solving in the 1940s, along with the term"brainstorming."
better way to develop good communication skills than by seeking out public
Why use Creative problem Solving ( Need of Creative Problem
speaking opportunities. Great communicators are able to clearly articulate
their feelings, whether they’re speaking to a large group or talking face-to- Solving)
face to one other person. Regularly speaking in front of a group will magnify To improve your products, services, communications, and interpersonal
your strengths and weaknesses and force you to develop great skills, and for you and your organization to excel, you need to
communication habits. encourage creative thinking and nd innovative solutions that work.
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[Link] the bene ts of teamwork and collaboration. 6. Accelerated Business Velocity:With a collaborative culture,
1. Improved Flexibility of the Organization:When collaboration you gain the ability to bring products to the market faster.
improves, so too does the organization's ability to handle sudden Teamwork and communication speed up the entire process and
change. Teamwork makes it easier to pivot when customer preferences make it easier to produce anything. The entire organization's
change or disruptive technologies enter the [Link] fact, teamwork and
ability to create value accelerates as a result.
collaboration are the foundations of work methodologies such as Agile
7. Higher Retention Rates:What's the great thing about better
and Scrum, which allow teams to be more exible and responsive.
employee engagement? Happier, more ful lled workers. Why
2. Engaged Employees:One of the best ways to get workers to engage
is to improve teamwork, which builds the spirit of camaraderie in your would they leave if their work is ful lling, if the people they work
teams..Widespread collaboration leads to fully engaged workers eager with are all generous team players, and if they're getting the
to take on new projects, and who embrace change not as another recognition they crave?Not that collaboration automatically
burden but as a challenge that will take them to the next level. leads to all the above, but what it does is set the foundation for a
3. Healthier Employees:When you treat employees as people instead more open culture within the workplace. And it is this culture
of cogs in a machine, and ensure their managers focus on positive that keeps people loyal and committed to your organization.
interactions, then you can say goodbye to those deadly levels of stress 8. InnovativeIdeas: Sure, collaboration is never easy. It
that lead to toxic health conditions. generates as much friction as it does productive output. But the
4. More Productive Meetings:E cient collaboration results in more
silver lining of all that friction between con icting personalities
e cient meetings. With proactive teamwork enriching the corporate
and work styles? It generates dynamic, innovative ideas. And
culture, workers need fewer meetings as they accomplish their tasks and
without those new and vibrant ideas, your organization dies a
use tools to document work progress or delegate work yet to be done.
And when meetings must be held, there is more proactive information mediocre death. Look at Yahoo! for an example of this.
sharing, more engagement, more support for each other's e orts. 9. Enhanced Individual Productivity:When any teams uses
5. More Attractive to Top Talent:Collaboration gives your rm a tools or processes that make teamwork and team
competitive advantage when attracting top talent. Highly motivated job communication more e cient, individual workers' goals are met
prospects want to be able to work under people they respect and whom faster and with higher quality results
they feel they can learn from. 10. Increased Pro tability :Collaboration improves pro tability
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 [Link] about applications of IoT. 6. Wearables: Wearables remain a hot topic in the market, even
1. Smart Homes:One of the best and the most practical applications of IoT, today. These devices serve a wide range of purposes ranging from
smart homes really take both, convenience and home security, to the next
medical, wellness to tness. Of all the IoT startups, Jawbone, a
level. Though there are di erent levels at which IoT is applied for smart
wearables maker, is second to none in terms of funding.
homes, the best is the one that blends intelligent utility systems and
entertainment together. 7. Smart Grids: One of the many useful IoT examples, a smart grid,
2. Smart City: Not just internet access to people in a city but to the devices is a holistic solution that applies an extensive range of Information
in it as well – that’s what smart cities are supposed to be made of. And we can Technology resources that enable existing and new gridlines to
proudly say that we’re going towards realizing this dream. E orts are being reduce electricity waste and cost. A future smart grid improves the
made to incorporate connected technology into infrastructural requirements e ciency, reliability, and economics of electricity.
and some vital concerns like Tra c Management, Waste Management, Water 8. Industrial Internet: The Industrial Internet of Things consists of
Distribution, Electricity Management, and more. All these work towards
interconnected sensors, instruments, and other devices connected
eliminating some day-to-day challenges faced by people and bring in added
with computers’ industrial applications like manufacturing, energy
convenience.
3. Self-driven Cars:We’ve seen a lot about self-driven cars. Google tried it management, etc. While still being unpopular in comparison to IoT
out, Tesla tested it, and even Uber came up with a version of self-driven cars wearables and other uses, market researches like Gartner, Cisco,
that it later shelved. Since it’s human lives on the roads that we’re dealing etc., believe the industrial internet to have the highest overall
with, we need to ensure the technology has all that it takes to ensure better potential.
safety for the passenger and those on the roads. 9. Telehealth: Telehealth, or Telemedicine, hasn’t completely
4. IoT Retail Shops: If you haven’t already seen the video of Amazon Go – ourished yet. Nonetheless, it has great future potential. IoT
the concept store from the eCommerce giant, you should check it out right
Examples of Telemedicine include the digital communication of
away. Perhaps this is the best use of the technology in bridging the gap
Medical Imaging, Remote Medical Diagnosis & Evaluations, Video
between an online store and a retail store.
5. Farming:Farming is one sector that will bene t the most from the Internet Consultations with Specialists, etc.
of Things. With so many developments happening on tools farmers can use 10. Smart Supply-chain Management: Supply-chains have stuck
for agriculture, the future is sure promising. Tools are being developed for around in the market for a while now. A common example can be
Drip Irrigation, understanding crop patterns, Water Distribution, drones for Solutions for tracking goods while they are on the road. Backed with
Farm Surveillance, and more. These will allow farmers to come up with a IoT technology, they are sure to stay in the market for the long run.
more productive yield and take care of the concerns better.
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