Energy Reports 10 (2023) 431–438

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Research paper

Sensitivity analysis index to determine the optimal location of

multi-objective UPFC for improvement of power quality parameters
Mohammad Zand a , Morteza Azimi Nasab a , Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban a ,
∗
Pandav Kiran Maroti a , S.M. Muyeen b ,
a
Department of Electrical Engineering, IT and Cybernetic, University of South-Eastern, Norway
b
Department of Electrical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar

article info a b s t r a c t

Article history: Today, advanced technologies are used for the reliable operation of power systems. In order to access
Received 28 November 2022 a reliable and practical function in the systems, it is necessary to use precise control systems with
Received in revised form 9 May 2023 higher efficiency in the systems to minimize the problems of the distribution system. Devices that are
Accepted 15 June 2023
made on the basis of power electronics have wide applications in power systems today. These devices,
Available online 7 July 2023
which are called FACTS devices, provide the possibility of improving energy transmission with the
Keywords: least investment cost, as well as quick control of power system problems. FACTS devices are placed in
Total harmonic distortion (THD) series, parallel or series-parallel transmission lines and control the operation of distribution systems
Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) in permanent states as well as the dynamic behavior of the system in transient states. FACTS devices
Power quality are an effective method to solve the problems and limitations of lines. Transmission and replacement
Sensitivity analysis networks are used to create new lines in the network. From the point of view of power distribution
control, FACTS controllers can be placed anywhere in the transmission line, but the elements are most
effectively used when they are placed at the most critical point. Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)
is one of the most important FACTS devices that can improve parameters. The quality of power used in
the power system depends on the effect of this controller in improving the loss reduction, reducing the
total harmonic distortion (THD), and removing the clogged lines to their proper location in the power
system. This device is capable of all different effective parameters at a time. These parameters usually
include voltage, impedance, and phase. This paper uses a new sensitivity analysis index to determine
the optimal size and location of the UPFC to improve the power quality parameters of the distribution
system. The proposed method is evaluated on the IEEE 14-bus network in the Simulink environment
of MATLAB software. Finally, according to the simulation results and the results obtained from the
base network, it is determined that using the proposed sensitivity analysis index in UPFC location,
losses Network, total harmonic distortions (THD) and eclipses Network lines are much improved. The
results indicate that the proposed method has provided a good answer to determine the optimal size
and location of UPFC to improve power quality parameters. Using the results of the sensitivity analysis
method, the best place to install UPFC in the power grid, mode number 6 between buses 2 and 11
is obtained. and The amount of network power losses after sensitivity analysis, compared to the base
network Active losses of about 55% and reactive losses of about 11% deceased, Due to the circular
structure of the network, the current passing through the lines is different depending on the amount
of load in the bases near that line, and with the presence of UPFC, the network is optimized and the
current passing through the lines is also reduced. 4) Percentage of total harmonic distortion (THD)
mains voltage before the presence of UPFC is about 27.12%, which after installation in the 6th place
with a maximum size has been reduced to about 11.11%.
© 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license
([Link]

1. Introduction

∗ Corresponding author. In recent years, Extensive efforts have been made to increase
E-mail addresses: [Link]@[Link] (M. Zand), the damping and dynamic stability of power systems, the results
morteza1368morteza@[Link] (M.A. Nasab), sanjeevi_12@[Link]
(S. Padmanaban), kiranpandav88@[Link] (P.K. Maroti), of which have led to the emergence and design of various types
[Link]@[Link] (S.M. Muyeen). of power system stabilizers (Rathore et al., 2021; Ghiasi et al.,

[Link]
2352-4847/© 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license ([Link]
M. Zand, M.A. Nasab, S. Padmanaban et al. Energy Reports 10 (2023) 431–438

2021; Ahmadi-Nezamabad et al., 2019; Mosaad et al., 2021; Ap-

pala Naidu et al., 2021). UPFC is a controller consisting of power
electronics that can control the active and reactive power on
the transmission line. UPFC consists of two series and parallel
voltage source converters that can be modeled by variable voltage
sources. The series converter is installed in series on a line by a
transformer and the parallel branch of UPFC also includes a volt-
age source converter which, in addition to supplying the voltage
of the bus connected to it, is also responsible for the active power
exchange between the bus and the series converter. Two series
and parallel converters are connected by a DC capacitor. The
condition for the voltage to be constant on this DC capacitor is the
power balance between the converters (Liaquat et al., 2021; San- Fig. 1. The general structure of UPFC.
jeevikumar et al., 2022; Fakhar et al., 2021; Siddique et al., 2020).
To maximize the efficiency of the UPFC in the power system, it is
necessary to determine the UPFC installation goals and use them In the paper Adetunji et al. (2022), Ahmadi et al. (2023), Chen
to determine the optimal installation location of this element et al. (2021), Gamil et al. (2022), Haider et al. (2022), Samavat
and its capacity. An appropriate optimization algorithm can be et al. (2023), Khan et al. (2022), Zand et al. (2020a) and Zand
used for optimal UPFC location. The proper location of the UPFC et al. (2020b) a combined method based on determining the
increases the level of network security by eliminating or mini- optimal location and size of UPFC is presented to improve the
mizing overload lines and limiting voltage changes in the shafts dynamic stability. In this paper, the maximum bus power losses
during severe disturbances. In addition to the above, reducing are defined to identify the most optimal UPFC installation lo-
system losses leads to increased network efficiency. Also, the cost cation. In the paper Azimi Nasab et al. (2021b), a new method
of investment and installation of UPFC should be minimized. In for solving the problem of locating and setting the optimal UPFC
the article Nasab et al. (2022) to find the optimal location of UPFC parameter based on security based on the combined search en-
hybrid algorithms (HIA) such as safety-genetic algorithm (IGA) gine optimization method is provided. In Răboacă et al. (2021),
and PSO algorithm have been used to achieve optimal power the particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique and genetic
flow (OPF). In this paper Veerasamy et al. (2021) the perfor- algorithm (GA) are used to minimize active losses to determine
mance of GSA with other meta-heuristic search techniques such the optimal location of UPFC in the power system (Sadr et al.,
as biogeography optimization (BBO), Golmykh genetic algorithm 2020). In this paper, the location of FACTS devices in the power
(Stud GA), genetic algorithm (GA), ant colony optimization (ACO), grid is performed in the presence of one of the combined devices,
in the system Different standard test systems and real power called Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC). This research aims
systems are compared. The results show GSA has a great ability to reduce losses and reduce total harmonic distortion (THD) by
in planning the power system and providing a quality and fast using UPFC.
solution to operational problems. In Wei et al. (2021), Elbatawy
and Morsi (2021), Alkhateeb et al. (2020), Pokhrel et al. (2021), 2. Principles of UPFC operation
Shayeghi et al. (2009) and He et al. (2021), a multi-objective
fuzzy method based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) for
The UPFC arises from the connection of two compensators: a
the optimal location and adjustment of the UPFC parameter in a
static compensator (STATCOM) which injects approximately sine
power system for a long period is presented. Article Mahadevan
current with a variable amplitude at the connection point) and
et al. (2021), Zhang et al. (2022), Tao et al. (2022), Huang et al.
a static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) (which injects
(2022), Cheng et al. (2022), Singh and Dubey (2022), Muttaqi et al.
approximately a sine voltage with a variable amplitude at the
(2022) and Clairand et al. (2022) uses the newly modified bee
connection point. Providing the active power demand required by
mating optimization method, the fuzzy multi-objective method
the series converter is used in the DC connection terminal of the
based on the multi-objective bee mating optimization (MOMO)
AC network. Also, the parallel converter can generate or absorb
to determine the optimal location and optimal adjustment of
reactive power in the AC terminal which is independent of the
the UPFC parameter in a power system for a long period. Is.
active power transmitted from the DC terminal. General UPFC is
Article Alkhateeb et al. (2020) Using dynamic voltage stability
visible as given in Fig. 1.
analysis, presents a new method for locating UPFC based on fuzzy
logic in the power grid. In the study (Azimi Nasab et al., 2021a;
Castillo-Calzadilla et al., 2022; Davoodi et al., 2022; Li et al., 2022; 3. A static model of FACTS devices
Saini and Gidwani, 2022; Seresht et al., 2023; Zambrano-Asanza
et al., 2021), a particle swarm optimization algorithm for density 3.1. Static transmission line modeling
management Using the optimal size and location of a UPFC device
in a market-based power system is provided. The purpose of this The template is used to format your paper and style the
paper Masrur et al. (2022) was to identify the optimal location text. All margins, column widths, line spaces, and text fonts are
of UPFC in the power system under N-1 probability. The size and prescribed please do not alter them. You may note peculiarities.
cost of FACTS devices have been defined to determine the optimal The circuit equivalent to π is a simple transmission line with
location and size, and efforts have been made to improve the the cumulative parameters connected between bus i and j in
UPFC installation cost as well as to improve the voltage profile Fig. 2. The mixed voltages of bus i and j are assumed to be
parameters and maximum load. In this paper, the cat swarm Vj ̸ δj and Vj ̸ δj , respectively. Active and reactive power flowing
optimization algorithm is used to locate multiple UPFCs and load from bus i to j Qij and Pij are obtained by using,
uncertainty is considered.
Pij = Vi2 Gij − Vi Vj Gij Cosδij + Bij Sinδij
[ ]
The paper presents a graphical user interface (GUI) based on a (1)
genetic algorithm (GA) that can find the optimal locations and
parameters of multiple FACTS devices in large power systems. Qij = Vi2 (Bij − Bsh ) − Vi Vj [Gij sinδij − Bij cosδij ] (2)
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4.1. Network losses

Losses in transmission systems are unavoidable, which limits

the transmission capacity of the lines and always imposes addi-
tional costs on the network. Therefore, reducing it as much as
possible is always the goal of transmission line designers. In this
work, total network losses are used as one factor of the objec-
tive function, which is expressed as follows (Ahmadi-Nezamabad
et al., 2019).
Fig. 2. Equivalent circuit π transmission line.
n n
∑ ∑
min P1 (x) = PLoss =
( )
AIJ PI PI + Q I Q J + BIJ (Q I PJ − PI Q J )
i=1 i=1

(10)
( )
where BIJ and AIJ is defined and depends on the set of branches
and lines of the network that i and j are two buses of the network.

4.2. Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)

Fig. 3. Transmission line model with a UPFC between the two bus bars. The Total harmonic distortion, or THD, is a qualitative param-
eter that indicates how close a waveform or signal is to a sine
waveform. The amount of THD is expressed as a percentage and
the lower the THD, the better the sine waveform. In this study, the
aim is to reduce the total harmonic distortion in the lines using
UPFC (Rathore et al., 2021).
√∑
n 2
h=2 (Eh )
min F3 (x) = × 100. (11)
E1
Fig. 4. UPFC injection model.
where Eh is the harmonic component of h, and E1 is the main
harmonic component.
That δij = δi = δj . Similarly, the power transfer from bus j to bus
4.3. Clogged lines
i is as follows,
Pij = Vi2 Gij − Vi Vj Gij Cosδij + Bij Sinδij
[ ]
(3) One problem in the electricity industry is the problem of line
congestion. With the restructuring of the electricity industry and
Qij = Vi2 (Bij − Bsh ) − Vi Vj Gij sinδij − Bij cosδij
[ ]
(4)
increasing demand, using the maximum capacity of transmission
3.2. UPFC model lines becomes more important, but using the maximum capacity
of lines and transferring high power from lines may increase
The transmission line model with a UPFC between the two loads and problems due to the thermal limits of the line. This is
busbars is shown in Fig. 3. The UPFC has three control parameters called transmission line density. Density occurs in situations such
called the size and angle of the injection voltage ( ) as transmission line interruption or load increase (Appala Naidu
(δT and VT ) and the size of the injection current Iq . Load dis- et al., 2021).
tribution relationships from bus i to j and vice versa are written k
as follows (Ghiasi et al., 2021).
∑ Ik
min F4 (x) = (1 − ) (12)
Imax
Siju = Piju + Qiju = Vi Iij∗ = Vi [Ish + Iji + (IT + Iq )]∗ (5) j=1

Siju = Piju + Qiju = Vi (Ish + Iji )∗ (6) In the above relation, Ik is the line current, and IMax is the
maximum line current that must be reduced. or heads, are or-
In the steady-state, the UPFC installed in the line is converted ganizational devices that guide the reader through your paper.
to the active, reactive power of the injection into a bus. Fig. 4. There are two types: component heads and text heads.
shows the injection model of the UPFC
( ) power. The active power
of the injection in (Piu )i and bus Pju j as well as the reactive 5. Sensitivity analysis index
power of injection (Qju and Qiu ) and in the presence of UPFC is
as follows (Ghiasi et al., 2021). In this paper, sensitivity analysis based on the sensitivity of
Piu = −VT2 Gij − 2Vi VT Gij cos (δT − δi ) + Vj VT Gij cos (δT − δi ) various network parameters to load changes (load power) has
been implemented in the network. The implementation steps are
+ Bij sin (δT − δi ) (7)
as follows:
Pju = Vi VT [Gij cos (δT − δi ) + Bij sin (δT − δi )] (8)
• Step 1: Initially, network study modes are generated in a
Qju = Vi VT [Gij sin (δT − δi ) + Bij cos (δT − δi )] (9) scenario in which the UPFC installation location is different,
and, in each case, it is installed in a different location.
4. Problem objective functions • Step 2: The modes obtained in the first step, in this step
with the rated load of the network and considering the rated
In this work, three objective functions are considered that can power of UPFC to perform the amount of THD, losses, and
be improved by placing UPFC in the network. line clogging in this step for all modes.
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• Step 3: In this stage, the nominal load of the network is

increased to a certain extent and all the modes of the first
stage are performed with a new load in this stage to get the
amount of THD, losses, and clogged lines in this stage for all
modes.
• Step 4: In this step, the sensitivity of changes in each indi-
cator is measured and the case with the most changes will
be considered as the UPFC installation location.

In the following relations, only three targets of THD, line

clogging, and network losses are considered THDstep . The amount
of harmonic distortion of the network is Llinesstep , the amount of
line clogging and PLOSSTotalstep is the number of total network losses
in each stage (Liaquat et al., 2021). Fig. 5. IEEE 14-bus network.

∂ THD ∂ ILines ∂ PLOSSTotal

, ,
∂ PL ∂ PL ∂ PL
(THDstep 2 − THDstop 3 )
F1 (x) = (13)
max(THDstep 2 − THDstop 3 )
(LLinesstep 2 − ILinesstop 3 )
F2 (x) = (14)
max(LLinesstep 2 − ILinesstop 3 )
(PLossLines step 2 − PLossLines step 3 )
F3 (x) = (15)
max(PLossLines step 2 − PLossLines step 3 )
The amount of change of each quantity with increasing the
network load between the second and third stages is calculated.
Then the maximum amount of changes is calculated by the fol-
lowing equation and the case with the most changes will be
considered as the optimal place for installation:

case Num. = max (F1 + F2 + F3 ) (16)

To obtain the optimal location:

• UPFC is on the k line and between the j and i buses, which

is the most sensitive to changes in losses, line trucks, and
THD.
• UPFC should not be placed in lines that are close to the
production bases, even if the sensitivity of those modes is Fig. 6. Loss curve in each 14-bus network line (without UPFC and nonlinear
higher. load), (a) Active power losses, (b) Reactive power losses.

6. Numerical simulation results

6.1. Sensitivity analysis indicators

To prove the practicality of the proposed method, we simulate

a 14-bus test network (Fig. 5) in the Simulink environment of
MATLAB software. This network consists of 5 generators and 21
transmission lines. Shin 1 is the slack bus. The amount of rate
power is equal to 111 MVA Other information about this network
is given in Sanjeevikumar et al. (2022).
Fig. 7. Flow profile of each 14-bus network line (without UPFC presence and
nonlinear load).
6.2. Scenario 1: Results of 14-bus network without nonlinear load
and UPFC

By performing a 14-bus network simulation without the pres- quality parameters and proven it from collapsing. The basic 14-
ence of compensating sources and nonlinear loads, the active and bus network has no nonlinear load and its THD is close to zero.
reactive power loss reduction curve of the network and the line To create a harmonic and increase the network THD, 6 nonlinear
current profile curve are obtained. Fig. 6 shows the loss reduction loads, including DC RL load, which is fed by a diode rectifier, are
curve and Fig. 7 shows the 14-bus network flow profile. Network placed in the network and the network is changed. These bars are
line losses are an almost high value for a 14-bus network. Active placed on bases 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, and 12.
line losses are related to lines that have an ohmic section, and
reactive line losses, which are negative, mean that they have 6.3. Scenario 2: Results of 14-bus network in the presence of non-
capacitive properties. Due to the circular structure of the network, linear load without UPFC
the current passing through the lines is different depending on
the amount of load in the nearby buses. Therefore, it is neces- The UPFC and network parameters are presented in Table 1.
sary to install the compensating device to optimize the power Fig. 8 is the loss reduction curve and Fig. 9 shows the flow profile
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Table 1 Table 2
UPFC and network parameters in the simulation. Locations intended for UPFsC installation.
Symbol Quantity Amount Case 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 12 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Network information The bus 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2
vp−p Line voltage (phase to phase, RMS) 232 kV first (i)

fs Network frequency 62 Hz Bus end 11 6 9 13 1 5 11 6 7 1 1 5 11 6 3 1 1 5

(j)
Sbase Base power 122 MVA
Rn Nonlinear load resistance 2 k
Ln Nonlinear load inductance 1 mH
UPFC Information decreased by about 2.5-fold. From Fig. 10, the nonlinear load has
Number installed on the network 1 unit a good effect on the network bus voltage and has harmonized
SUPFC Nominal power UPFC 2–122 MVA the network voltage, because according to Fig. 10(a), the network
Pref Active reference power +12 p.u. voltage is non-sinusoidal and includes harmonic. The THD of
Qref Reactive power reference +2.7 p.u. the main voltage before the presence of UPFC is about 12.27%,
Shunt converter
which is reduced by installing UPFC. The reason for the reduction
of reactive losses can be considered the use of rectifiers and
Vref Voltage adjustment point 1 p.u.
low reactive power consumption and the creation of network
Droop Droop 2.1 p.u./100 MVA
harmonics.
Qref Reactive power setting point 2 p.u.
Iqref Reactive current setting point 2 p.u.
6.4. Scenario 3: Sensitivity analysis results to find UPFC
Series converter
Pref Active reference power 8.7 p.u. 7100 MVA In this scenario, a suitable place to install UPFC is obtained
Qref Reactive power reference −2.6 p.u. 7100 MVA using sensitivity analysis. The right place to install this compen-
sator is very important due to its high cost. For this purpose, 18
states have been selected for UPFC installation by default in the
14-bus test network. The analysis process selects the installation
location from among these 18 states according to the indicators.
18 states of locations intended for UPFC installation are given in
Table 2. At this stage, the UPFC size is considered to be equal to
111 MVA. Also, to determine network load changes. In the third
stage of sensitivity analysis, the network load increases by 21%.
Fig. 11 shows how the indicators change in different modes in a
sensitivity analysis. Fig. 11 shows that according to Equation 17,
which calculates the maximum indices and considers the desired
state as the situation with the most changes, mode 6 is consid-
ered a suitable place to install UPFC. The results of the network
parameters are presented in the following figures. By performing
a 14-bus network simulation in the sensitivity analysis scenario,
the curve of reducing the active and reactive power losses of the
network are obtained. Fig. 12 shows the loss reduction curve and
Fig. 13 shows the flow profile of each 14-bus network line. The
number of losses in this scenario in this network is equal to 3.85
MW and 1.19 MVAr. Due to the absence of UPFC, active losses
have decreased by about 2% and reactive losses by about 16%. Due
Fig. 8. Loss curve in each 14-bus network line in the presence of nonlinear load
to nonlinear loads in the 14-bus network and compensation by
(without UPFC) (a) Active power losses, (b) Reactive power losses. UPFC, its THD rate has decreased to the amount of 11.11%. Fig. 14
shows the Voltage curve and harmonic analysis of bus voltage in
sensitivity analysis in the presence of nonlinear load.

7. Conclusions

The Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) is one of the most

important FACTS devices that can be used to improve power
quality and reduce power system losses, the effectiveness of this
controller depends on its proper location in the power system. In-
stalling UPFC in the wrong place and with the wrong parameters
not only does not improve the performance of the power system
but may also have negative effects. In this paper, the positioning
Fig. 9. 14-bus network line flow profile curve in the presence of nonlinear load of the Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) in the power grid
(without UPFC). was investigated by a proposed sensitivity analysis index. This
UPFC positioning paper was performed by the sensitivity analysis
method. The network under study in this study is the IEEE 14-bus
of each 14-bus network line in the presence of nonlinear load network, which is evaluated and evaluated raw. After simulating
and without UPFC. With 1.2 MW and 1.263 MVAr, compared the proposed method, the following results are obtained from the
to the network without the presence of nonlinear load, active system: (1) Using the results of the sensitivity analysis method,
losses have increased about 1-fold while reactive losses have the best place to install UPFC in the power grid, mode number 6
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M. Zand, M.A. Nasab, S. Padmanaban et al. Energy Reports 10 (2023) 431–438

Fig. 10. Presence of nonlinear load (a) 1 mains bus voltage curve, (b) Harmonic analysis.

Fig. 11. How do the indicators change in the states in the sensitivity analysis.

Fig. 12. Loss curve in each 14-bus network line in sensitivity analysis, (a) Active power losses, (b) Reactive power losses.

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M. Zand, M.A. Nasab, S. Padmanaban et al. Energy Reports 10 (2023) 431–438

Fig. 13. Flow profile of each 14-bus network line in sensitivity analysis.

Fig. 14. Voltage curve and harmonic analysis of bus voltage 1 bus in sensitivity analysis (a) voltage curve (b) Harmonic analysis.

between buses 2 and 11 is obtained. (2) The amount of network Data availability
power losses after sensitivity analysis, compared to the base
network Active losses of about 55% and reactive losses of about Data will be made available on request.
11% deceased, (3) Due to the circular structure of the network,
the current passing through the lines is different depending on Acknowledgment
the amount of load in the bases near that line, and with the
presence of UPFC, the network is optimized and the current Open Access funding provided by the Qatar National Library.
passing through the lines is also reduced. (4) Percentage of total
harmonic distortion (THD) mains voltage before the presence of References
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