Soil Mechanics Workshop Calculations
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ScribdTranslationsSoil Mechanics Workshop Calculations
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ScribdTranslationsUniversity of Panama Faculty of Engineering Department
Civil Engineering School of Civil Engineering
Civil Engineering in Buildings
Soil Mechanics I
Título:
Workshop 3
Members:
Cristofer González
Jamaly López
Yorlenis Valdes
Delivery date: June 28, 2023
5.1 Given = 2.75, calculate the unit weight of zero air voids for a soil in
kN/m3 para w= 5%,8%,10%,12% y 15%.
Data:
e=0
• Vv=0
• = 2.75
a) For w = 5%
9.81
γ zav=
1
0.05+
2.75
= . /
b) w = 8%
9.81
γ zav=
1
0.08+
2.75
= . /
c) w = 10%
9.81
γ zav=
1
0.10+
2.75
= . /
d) w = 12%
9.81
γ zav= =20.28 kN/m3
1
0.12+
2.75
e) w = 15%
9.81
γ zav=
1
0.15+
2.75
= . /
W% ( ⁄ )
5 23.72
8 22.11
10 21.15
12 20.28
15 19.10
5.2 The results of a standard Proctor test are given below.
Determine the maximum dry unit weight of compaction and the content of
optimal humidity.
5.3 For the soil described in problem 5.2, if Gs=2.72, determine the ratio of
empty and the degree of saturation in the optimal moisture content.
G Sγ w
γd =
1+e
GSγ w
e= −1
γd
(2.72)(9.81)
e= −1=0.36
19.62
wG S
S=
e
( 0.125 ) ( 2.72 )
S=
0.36
S = 94%
5.4 The following table shows the results of a standard Proctor test.
Determine the maximum dry density (kg/m3) of the compaction and the content of
optimal humidity.
943.3cm3
( 1m3
1000000cm )
3 =0.0009433m
3
5.5 A test of the determination of the field unit weight for the
Soil described in problem 5.4 yielded the following data: Content of
humidity = 10.5% Wet density = 1705 kg/m3. Determination of the
relative compaction
The filling of a proposed embankment requires 3500 m3 of compacted soil.
The void ratio of the compacted fill is specified as 0.65.
four lending banks are available, as described in the following
table. Make the calculations to select the well that it should consist of
soil to minimize cost.
= /
∗ − =0
For each case:
0.85∗ − = 0 (1)
1.2∗ − = 0 (2)
0.95∗ − = 0 (3)
0.75∗ − = 0 (4)
0.65∗ − = 0 (5)
+ =3500 (6)
From equation 5, equation 7 is obtained.
0.65∗ (7)
Replacing equation 7 in equation 6
+0.65∗ 3500
1.65 = 3500
2121.2121 3
We replace Vs in all the equations
0.85∗2121.2121 = (1) 1803.0303
1.2∗2121.2121 = (2) =2545.4545
0.95∗2121.2121 = (3) =2015.1515
0.75∗2121.2121 = (4) =1590.9091
2121.2121 + =3500 (6) =1378.7879
The volumes of material that are required from each lending bank are:
= +
=1803.0303+2121.2121
=3924.2424
=2545.4545+2121.2121
=4666.6666
=2015.1515+2121.2121
6257.1515
=1590.9091+2121.2121
3712.1212
The cost is obtained from the following equation:
Costo = (Volumen del terraplén)·(costo por metro cúbico)
Costo A= 3924.2424∗9 = 35318.1816
Cost B = 4666.6666 * 6 = 27999.9996
Cost C = 6257.1515 * 7 = 43800.0605
Cost D=3712.1212*10=37121.21
5.9 En la tabla se muestran los resultados de la prueba de compactación de
laboratory on clayey soil.
Below are the results of a determination test of the
Field density in the same soil using the sand cone method:
Dry density of Ottawa sand = 1.570 kg/m3 ρarena ]
Ottawa sand mass to fill the funnel = 0.545 kg [M4]
Weight of the device + sand filled to the level of the key = 7.59kg [M1]
Weight of the device + sand (after use) = 4.78 kg [M2]
Wet soil mass of the hole = 3.007 kg [M]
Soil moisture content of wet soil = 10.2 % [w]
Determine
Dry unit weight of compaction in the field.
b) Compaction Percentage.
The amount of sand used to fill the hole and cone is: m3 = m1 - m2
7.590 -4.780 = 2.81
Sand mass to fill the hole is: m5 = m3 - m4
2.81 −0.545 = 2.265
Dry soil mass of the hole:
Md
γd =
V
M 3.007
M d= =
1+ w 10.2
1+
100
= .
Volume of the sand used:
M5
ρarena =
V
M 5 2.265kg
V= =
ρ arena 1570
= .AAKIAK x LQ-3
Field compaction specific weight:
Md 2.7287kg
γd = =
V 1.442675x10−3 m3
kg
γ d =1891.417
m3
γ d =1891.417
9.81 N
m3 1kg ( )( 1000N
1 kN
)=18.555 kNm
3
Specific weight of sand and soil
γ of the arena= why
N
γ of the arena= ( 1570 ) ( 9.81 )=15401.7
m3
= . /
(3.007)(9.81) N
γ soil= =20442.6
−3
1.443 times 10 m3
= . /
Field compaction specific weight:
γ
γd =
w
1+
100
kN
20.44
m3 kN
γd = =18.55 3
10.2 m
1+
100
Relative compaction of a field
γ d ( field) 18.555
R ( % )= = =97.9%
γ d (max−lab) 18.93
Common questions
Powered by AIWhen selecting soil from different lending banks for embankment construction, considerations include cost, volume required, and specific properties like compaction and void ratio. Decisions should minimize cost while maintaining necessary structural characteristics. For example, lending bank A has the lowest cost at 35,318.18 currency units but may not meet void ratio specifications, whereas bank B offers a balance between cost and meeting specific fill requirements, costing 27,999.99 currency units .
Field compaction methods, such as the sand cone method, determine the in-situ dry density of soil, while laboratory methods like the Proctor test establish the maximum dry density under controlled conditions. Relative compaction is evaluated by comparing the field dry density to the maximum dry density obtained in the laboratory. For instance, with a field compaction specific weight of 18.555 kN/m³ and a maximum laboratory dry density of 18.93 kN/m³, the relative compaction is calculated as 97.9% .
The specific gravity of soil affects compaction properties as it influences the unit weight of zero air voids and the calculation of the void ratio. A higher specific gravity generally leads to a higher dry density and lower void ratio at a given moisture content when compacted, improving the soil's strength and stability. Given a specific gravity (Gs) of 2.72, for a soil at optimal moisture content with 94% degree of saturation, the void ratio can be calculated as approximately 0.36 .
The optimal moisture content and maximum dry density are determined by performing a standard Proctor test, where soil samples are compacted at different moisture levels to determine the moisture content at which the soil reaches its maximum dry density. The results depend on soil type, compaction energy, and the specific weight of the soil. By plotting dry density versus moisture content, the peak of the curve indicates the maximum dry density and the corresponding moisture level indicates the optimal moisture content .
The void ratio in compacted soil is determined by factors including soil's specific gravity, degree of saturation, and compacted volume. It is calculated using the formula e = (G * w) / (S * γ_d), where G is the specific gravity, w is moisture content, S is degree of saturation, and γ_d is dry density. For example, with values G = 2.72, S = 94%, and an optimal moisture content, the void ratio is approximately 0.36 .
Moisture content plays a critical role in soil compaction as it influences soil's ability to achieve maximum dry density during compression, thereby affecting its strength and stability. It is experimentally determined by progressively adding water to soil samples during a standard Proctor test, compacting them at various moisture levels, and plotting dry density versus moisture content to find the optimal point .
Relative compaction is calculated by dividing the field dry density by the maximum dry density achieved in laboratory conditions, then multiplying by 100 to express it as a percentage. It signifies the degree to which field compaction approaches the ideal conditions achieved in a lab, indicating the soil's effectiveness in bearing proposed loads. For example, a relative compaction of 97.9% suggests high efficiency in field compaction .
The unit weight of zero air voids (γ_zav) for soil is calculated using the formula γ_zav = (G * 9.81) / (w + G), where G is the specific gravity of the soil, and w is the moisture content. For instance, with a specific gravity (Gs) of 2.75 and moisture contents of 5%, 8%, 10%, 12%, and 15%, the values of γ_zav are calculated as follows: - For w = 5%, γ_zav = 23.72 kN/m³ . - For w = 8%, γ_zav = 22.11 kN/m³ . - For w = 10%, γ_zav = 21.15 kN/m³ . - For w = 12%, γ_zav = 20.28 kN/m³ . - For w = 15%, γ_zav = 19.10 kN/m³ .
Determining the dry unit weight of compaction is crucial for ensuring the structural integrity and load-bearing capacity of earthworks in civil engineering projects. It helps to identify the optimal moisture content for maximum density, which reduces settlement and increases stability, thus affecting the overall safety and longevity of structures such as roads, embankments, and foundations .
In the sand cone method, the specific weight and dry density of soil are determined by measuring the volume of sand needed to fill a hole made in the ground. The dry density is calculated by dividing the dry mass of soil removed from the hole by the volume of sand used. For instance, with a known dry density of Ottawa sand at 1.570 kg/m³ and sand mass used as 2.265 kg, the dry density of the field soil is calculated as approximately 18.555 kN/m³ .