Understanding Statistical Parameters
Translated by
ScribdTranslationsUnderstanding Statistical Parameters
Translated by
ScribdTranslationsSTATISTICAL PARAMETERS
A statistical parameter, instatistics, it is a value that tries to summarize in
a single number a certain characteristic of astatistical variable.
In order to summarize the information, various formulas were devised that
they offered measures of a certain type. Thus, there are those that provide us
information about the center, others about dispersion or variability, and others about the
position of a value.
[Link] OF CENTRAL TENDENCY:Ofnominated as such because they offer
information about the data center set. For example, the mean is a
measure of tendency or central position since the average gives us a value
center of the dataset. Where could we say it is located?
midpoint? In the center, approximately in the middle. Another example of measurement
The central tendency is the median.
The main measures of central tendency, as well as the different formulas that
allow to calculate these measures in any case. These measures are the average,
the mode and the median.
̅
1.1 Media Themedia ethe average value of a set of numerical data,
calculated as the sum of the set of values divided by the total number of
values. The following shows the formula of thearithmetic mean:
Arithmetic mean formula
Example of average: Let's imagine that we have obtained 4 different grades in
4 exams, with our final grade being the average score obtained. Let's imagine
that these grades have been 7, 6, 8, and 5.
To find the average grade, we will add the scores and divide the result.
for the number of values we have.
(7+6+8+5) / 4 = 6.5.
A process that would culminate with an average rating of 6.5.
̃ median ands astatisticfrom the central position that divides the
1.2 Mediana The
distribution in two, that is, leave the same amount of values on one side as on the other
another. The median can be calculated by putting the numbers in ascending order and
then locating the number of the center of that distribution.
Examples
2, 3, 3,5,8, 10, 11 2, 2, 3,3,5, 7, 8, 130
(3+5)/2=4
MED = 5 MED = 4
̂
1.3 Fashion The mode is the value that appears most frequently in a statistical sample or
population. It does not have a formula in itself. What should be done is to carry out the sum of
the repetitions of each value. For example, what is the mode of the following table
of salaries?
Example of mode: Let's imagine that we have rolled a die among a group of 8.
friends, and we want to know the fashion.
The results in the throws have been (sorted from lowest to highest): 2, 3,
3, 3, 3, 4, 5, 5.
Thus, since fashion has no formula, but is the observed value that most
It repeats, the mode in the following distribution is 3. For 3 is the observed value.
what else is repeated (x4).
Fashion Example
2. Measures of dispersion:
They are also known as measures of variability. For example, the deviation
typical is a measure of variability as it tells us if the values of a set
The data is very disparate or not. Two more examples of measures of dispersion.
they could be the variance and the statistical range.
Main measures of dispersion
The most known measures of dispersion are: the range, the variance, the standard deviation
coefficient of variation(not to be confused with)coefficient of determination.
typical and ethe
Next, we will look at these four measures.
2.1 Range (R) Herange andis a numeric value that indicates the difference between the value
maximum and minimum of a statistical population or sample. Its formula is:
Formula for range To calculate the range of a statistical sample or population
we will use the following formula:
R = Maxx–Minex
Where:
R→It is the range.
Max → It is the maximum value of the sample or population.
Min → It is the minimum value of the statistical sample or population.
x→It is the variable on which this measure is intended to be calculated.
The range is usually used to obtain the total dispersion. That is to say, if we have
a sample with two observations: 10 and 100 euros, the range will be 90 euros.
2.1 Variance (Var X)The variance isis a measure of dispersion that represents the
variability of a data series concerning [Link] is formally calculated
like the sum of the squared residuals divided by the total of
observations. Its formula is as follows:
Before looking at the formula for variance, we must say that variance in
statistics is very important. Since it is a simple measure,
can provide a lot of information about a specific variable.
Formula to calculate variance
The unit of measurement of variance will always be the unit of measurement
corresponding to the data but squared. The variance is always
greater than or equal to zero. When the residues are squared, it is mathematically
It's impossible for the variance to be negative. And in that way, it cannot be less than
zero.
Where
X: variable on which the variance is intended to be calculated
xi:observation number i of variable X. i can take values between 1 and
n.
n:number of observations.
It is the mean of variable X.
Or in other words:
Example of variance calculation Let's coin a series of data about
salaries. We have five people, each with a different salary:
Juan: 1,500 euros
1,200 euros
José: 1,700 euros
1,300 euros
Mateo: 1,800 euros
The average salary, which we need for our calculation, is (1,500 +
1,200 + 1,700 + 1,300 + 1,800) / 5) 1,500 euros.
Since the variance formula in its expanded form is formulated as
follows:
We will obtain that it must be calculated so that:
The result is 52,000 euros squared. It is important to remember that always
When we calculate variance, we have the units of measurement squared. For
convert it to euros, in this case we would have to carry out thestandard [Link]
the approximate result would be 228 euros. This means that, on average, the
The difference between the salaries of different people will be 228 euros.
2.3 Standard Deviation ( σ)Thestandard deviationit is another measure that offers
information about the dispersion relative to the mean. Its calculation is exactly the
same as the variance, but taking the square root of its result. That is,
The standard deviation is the square root of the variance.
To understand this concept, we need to analyze 2 fundamental concepts.
Mathematical expectation,expected value or mean: It is the mean of our
data series.
Deviation: Deviation is the separation that exists between a value
any of the series and the average.
Formulas to calculate the standard deviation
The first is squaring the deviations, dividing by the total number.
of observations and finally take the square root to undo the exponent.
square, such that:
X → Variable for which variance is to be calculated
xi→ Observation number i of variable X. i can take values between 1
y n.
N → Number of observations.
It is the average of the variable X.
Alternatively, there would be another way to calculate it. It would be by averaging
the sum of the absolute values of the deviations. That is, to apply the following
formula:
Example of calculating the standard deviation
We are going to check how, with either of the two formulas presented, the
The result of the standard deviation or mean deviation is the same.
According to the variance formula (square root):
According to the absolute value formula:
2.4 Coefficient of variation (CV) Its calculation is obtained by dividing the deviation
typical between the absolute value of themedia dthe set and it is generally expressed
in percentage for better understanding.
X→Variable on which the variance is to be calculated
σxStandard deviation of variable X.
| It is the mean of variable X in absolute value with
Example of calculating the coefficient of variation
Let's think about a population of elephants and another of mice. The population of
Elephants have an average weight of 5,000 kilograms and a standard deviation of 400.
kilograms. The population of mice has an average weight of 15 grams and a
standard deviation of 5 grams. If we compared the dispersion of both
populations through the standard deviation we could think that there is greater
dispersion for the elephant population than for the mouse population.
However, when calculating the coefficient of variation for both populations, we
we would realize that it is just the opposite.
Elephants: 400/5000=0.08
Mice: 5/15=0.33
If we multiply both values by 100, we have that the coefficient of variation
for elephants it is just 8%, while for mice it is
33%. As a result of the difference between the populations and their average weight,
we see that the population with the greatest dispersion is not the one that has a greater
standard deviation.