MATHEMATICS REVIEW

NATURAL NUMBERS –N
The set of natural numbers is denoted by the letter N and its elements are the positive whole numbers, the primes.
numbers, historically, to have been used by humanity:

N = { 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 . . . . .}

Naturally, the elements of N: 1, 2, 3, 4... are infinite.

1.1 Operations and properties

1.1.1 Operazioni

In the set of natural numbers N, we generally consider the 4 operations (addition, multiplication, subtraction, and division).

The elementary operations that are well-defined in the set of natural numbers are the operation
of addition (or sum) and that of multiplication (or product).

Note: Subtraction and division operations in the set of natural numbers are not always
possible (e.g. 10–23 = -13; 29 : 5 = 5.8)

1.1.2 Operazioni combinate (espressioni)

In the case of multiple operations, the rules to follow are:

Perform the operations inside the parentheses first

If there is a sign - before the parentheses, this changes the sign of all the numbers inside the parentheses.
It is.–(5–3 + 6) -5+3-6

Multiplication and division should be performed before addition and subtraction, that is

3+6x5 3 + 30 = 33 but NO 9 x 5 = 45!!!

1.1.3 Properties

There are 4 properties of the operations that we have seen.

a. Commutative property: it is possible to change the order of the factors

b. Canceling property: è possibile cancellare due numeri uguali ma di segno opposto
c. Associative property: it is possible to combine two or more numbers into one number
d. Distributive property: to multiply/divide a number by a sum (or a
difference) you can multiply/divide the number by each term of the sum (or of the
difference)

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[Link] Addition and properties

Erasing property
21 + 7 - 7 = 21
21 + 7–7 = 21

According to the commutative property, the sum of two or more addends does not change when the order of the addends is changed.

addendum.

According to the associative property, the sum of three or more addends does not change if some of them are replaced.
replaces their sum.

By the cancellation property, two numbers of the same value but with different signs cancel each other out.

Note the existence of the neutral element for addition; the neutral element for addition is 0, in fact

6+0=6

[Link] Multiplication and properties

According to the commutative property, the product of two or more factors does not change when the order of the factors is changed.

According to the associative property, the product of three or more factors does not change if some of them are replaced.
replaces their product.

According to the distributive property, to multiply a number by a sum (or a difference) one can
multiply the number by each term of the sum (or the difference) and then add
(or subtract) the obtained products.

Note: existence of the neutral element; the neutral element for multiplication is the number 1, in fact

6x1=6

[Link] Subtraction and properties

Subtraction is the inverse operation of addition. As already noted, it cannot always occur within
of the set of natural numbers N (e.g. 3–5 = -2)

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 Cleansing property
21 + 7 - 7 = 21
21 + 7 - 7 = 21

The neutral element of subtraction is 0, in fact

6–0 = 6

[Link] Division and properties

Division is the inverse operation of multiplication. As already noted, it cannot always occur.
within the set of natural numbers N (e.g., 31 : 5 = 8.5)

According to the distributive property, to divide a sum (or a difference) by a number, one can divide
each term of the sum (or the difference) by that number and then add (or
subtract the obtained quotients

Note: The distributive property in division can only be applied to the right!!!

Example.
OK (20 + 4) : 2 = NO!!20 : (4 + 1) =
(20:2) + (4:2) = (20:4) + (20:1) =
10 + 2 = 12 5 + 20 = 25 IN FACT 20:5 = 4!!

[Link] Powers and properties

Power: Raising to a power consists of multiplying a number, called the base, by itself as many times
return as many times as indicated by the exponent

53= 5 x 5 x 5 = 125

Property:

A. Operations between powers with the same base

Power product: The product of two or more powers having the same base is a power.
of the same base with an exponent equal to the sum of the exponents.

So: tom x an= am+n

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2. Power division: The quotient of two or more powers having the same base is a power.
of the same base with an exponent equal to the difference of the exponents.

So: aman = am-n assuming that m is greater than n

3. Power of a power: The power of a power is a power that has for base the
same base and for exponent the product of the exponents.

So: (am)n= amn

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1.1 DECIMAL AND ROMAN SYSTEM

1.1.1 DECIMAL SYSTEM

1.1.2 THE ROMAN SYSTEM

The Romans did not have digits. To represent numbers, they used combinations of letters from their
alphabet. The symbols used by the Roman numeral system are:

Rules for composing numbers: The symbols I, X, and C can be repeated up to three times and the number
represented is given by the sum of the values of the symbols used.

II = 2 III = 3 XX = 20 XXX = 30 VIII = 8 XII = 12 LV = 55

CLVIII = 100+50+5+1+1+1 = 158

To avoid introducing a fourth repetition, a symbol must be subtracted.

XL=40 means that I subtract 10 from 50

IV = 4 IX = 9 XLIX = 40+9 XC = 90 CD = 400

CMLIX = (1000-100)+50+(10-1) = 959

The first three multiples of the base symbols I, X, C, and M are obtained by repeating the symbols a maximum of three times.
turn.

XX = 20 XXX = 30 CCC = 300

The symbols V, L, and D can never be repeated.

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 The highest number that can be written, following these rules is

3999 = MMMCMXCIX (3000+900+90+9)

The symbol M cannot be repeated more than three times, and there is no fundamental symbol.
greater than a thousand.

To multiply the value of a number by 1,000, a line is placed over the symbol.

example .

To multiply a number by 1,000,000, place 2 lines above the symbol.

1.2 EQUATIONS

How to solve them:

1. Perform the calculations, remembering that terms with X and terms without cannot be added or
subtracted from each other, but only multiplied or divided
Ex. 2 + X it cannot be done
2. X = 2x (when you find just the 'x', it's like there is a 1 in front)

2. Isolate the terms with X and move them to the left side of the equation; the terms without X go to the right.
from the sign "=", in order to obtain
Ex. 2x = 12

P.S. when moving terms from one side of the equals sign to the other, remember to CHANGE SIGN.
if necessary, do the OPPOSITE OPERATION!!
Ex. 3 times 5 equals 15 3x = 15 : 5
Moving 5 to the right of the equation, multiplication becomes division.

3. To solve the equation, you need to divide the term without the X by the number of the term with the X.
in this case
Ex. 2x = 12 12 : 2 = 6 X = 6

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2RELATIVE NUMBERS –Z

"Relative numbers" refers to numbers that have a sign. + o-) and their set is indicated by z

Their representation on the number line is as follows:

For the comparison of two relative numbers, one must consider the line: the number that is on the right is larger.
on the right

ES. 5<8 7>4

MA N.B.!! - 65 < - 2 -21 > -34

2.1 Operations with relative numbers:

a. Addition: in addition we move to the right on the number line of relative numbers
3+5=8 -4 + 8 = 4 -13 + 5 = -8 6 + (-3) 6–3 = 3
[Link]: in subtraction we move to the left on the number line.
Ex. 7–6 = 1 -6 - (+5) -6–5 = -11 -8–12 = -20
[Link] and division: in multiplication (division) it is sufficient to multiply (divide) the
numbers among themselves, but paying attention to the sign, according to these rules:
o + per + +
o + per - -
o -per + -
o -per- +
[Link]: raising to a power is equivalent to multiplying a number by
itself, so it is sufficient to follow the rules of multiplication. For convenience, we can adopt the
following precautions, regarding the sign:

o Positive number Raised to an even or odd number will have a positive sign.
Es. 23= + 8
22= + 4
o Negative number
. raised to an even number will have a positive sign
es. -52= + 25
. Raised to an odd number will have a negative sign
es. - 53- 125

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3 RATIONAL NUMBERS - Q

Rational numbers include, in addition to the natural numbers (N) already seen

a. Fractions, expressible as a decimal number (e.g. I can write the fraction 3/2 as a number
decimal, equal to the result of the division between the numerator and the denominator, in this case 3:
2 = 1.5)
b. Negative numbers (-3; -67 …

3.1 DECIMAL NUMBERS

To represent smaller parts of the unit, these can be further subdivided into parts among
they are the same.

A decimal number consists of an integer part and a proper decimal part.

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3.2 OPERATIONS WITH FRACTIONS

Addition and subtraction:

1. Draw a fraction line and identify the m.c.d. (minimum common denominator), that is the
multiple of the largest denominator between the 2, which is also divisible by the other

Ex. 3/5 - ½ we need to find the least common multiple between 5 and 2, that is 10

2. Write the gcd below the fraction line

Ex. --------------------------
10

3. Divide the gcd by the denominator and multiply by the numerator for each fraction.
paying attention to the signs!!!

(10 : 5) x 3 = 6 (10 : 2) x (- 1) = 5
6 - 5
Ex. --------------------------- = 1/10 a tenth
10

Multiplication

Multiply the numerator by the numerator and the denominator by the denominator.

3/5 x 1/2 3 x 1 = 3 the result will be 3/10

5 x 2 = 10

Division

The division of fractions is equivalent to multiplying by the reciprocal of the second fraction.

3/5 : 1/2 3/5 x 2/1 3 x 2 in the numerator the result will be 6/5
5 x 1 in the denominator

Exponentiation

It is sufficient to raise both the numerator and the denominator to a power.

Eg. (3/5)2 32/52 9/25

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4 GEOMETRY

4.1 ANGLES

The angle is a region of the plane determined by the intersection between 2 rays.

4.1.1 CLASSIFICATION BY MAGNITUDE

SHARP 0° - 90°
RETTO = 90 degrees
(indicated graphically with a small square)
obtuse 90° - 180°
PIATTO = 180°
GIRO = 360°

CONVEX = up to 180°
CONCAVE 180° - 360°

4.1.2 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO POSITION IN THE PLANE

COMPLEMENTARY = two angles whose sum is 90°

SUPPLEMENTARI = two angles whose sum is 180°

REMEMBER:the exterior and interior angles are supplementary β + γ = 180°

In a regular polygon, the internal angle and the central angle are supplementary. β + α = 180°

α = angle at the center

β = interior angle
γ = external angle

4.2 OPERATIONS BETWEEN ANGLES

The fundamental difference compared to traditional operations is that the angles use a system
sexagesimal (not decimal), that is in sixtieths (not in tenths), for which

1° (degree) = 60' minutes 1 minute = 60 seconds seconds

E.25° 12' 35''

[Link]
It is. 35° 39’ 37” + 7° 40’ 32”

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 1.69'' is greater than 59'', so we write 9'' and the 60''.
what remains we add to the first, knowing that
60" = 1', so we add 1'

The first (or minutes) summed give 79', plus 1' just added 80'.
As mentioned above, we write 20' and the 60' that remain we add to them.
degrees, knowing that 60' = 1°, so we add 1°

3. The summed degrees give 42°, plus an additional 1° makes 43°

[Link]
E.g.: 7° 14’ 26” – 4° 30’ 37”

[Link] from seconds, 26'' is smaller than 37'', so

I borrow 60 seconds from the minutes, knowing that 1 minute = 60 seconds.
86’’ – 37’’ = 49’’
Continuing with the minutes, 14' is smaller than 30', so
let's borrow 60' from degrees, knowing that 1° = 60' 14' + 60' = 74', but we must
subtract 1', 'loaned' to the previously mentioned seconds, that's why it says 73'
3. Let's finish with the degrees: it is sufficient to remove 1°, "borrowed" for the minutes, thus we obtain 6° and
we normally do the subtraction

[Link]
Ex. 32° 17’ 15” x 7

Starting always from the right, we multiply seconds, minutes and

grades for 7

we cannot write 105”, we can only write

[Link] courses

numbers between 00'' and 59'', for which we subtract 60'' 105 - 60 = 45 let's write 45''
remembering to report 60" = 1' when we multiply the minutes

2. Minutes: 17 x 7 = 119', plus 1' we reported = 120', but not

being able to write 120' we write 00' and we report 120' = 2°, from
to take into account when we multiply the degrees

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 3. Degrees: 32 x 7 = 224°, plus 2° = 226°

REMEMBER: FIRST PERFORM THE MULTIPLICATION, THEN REPORT THE REMAINDERS, NOT THE OTHER WAY AROUND!!!!!

In the case of degrees OK (32 x 7) + 2 = 226

NO!!!(32 + 2) x 7 = 238
First we multiply by 7, only after we add +2

[Link]
It. 44° 35’ 24” 6

4.3 POLYGONS

Polygons are geometric figures formed by vertices, segments called angles.

Polygon literally means 'more angles' in Greek.

4.3.1 CLASSIFICATION

- CONCAVE: these are polygons that have at least one concave angle (greater than
180°) -Note: just 1 is enough!!
- CONVEX: all angles are convex (less than 180°). Convex polygons are divided into:
irregular The sides and angles are different.
regularize
Latitudes and equal angles
they have central, internal and external angles (see above when talking about
angles)
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 Convex polygons are named after the number of angles they have (e.g. triangle = 3 angles;
pentagon = 5 angles; hexagon = 6 angles, etc.

4.3.2 PROPERTIES OF CONVEX POLYGONS

Knowing the number of sides of the polygon (n), we can derive the following properties:

- Diagonals traceable from a vertex: n–3

- Triangles in which the polygon can be divided: n–2
- Total diagonals: n times (n minus 3) divided by 2

4.3.3 PROPERTIES OF REGULAR CONVEX POLYGONS

Being convex polygons, these polygons enjoy the aforementioned properties, but in addition, they are also
regular polygons, for which they have
The angles are equal
The central angles (in the figure are α
the formula to calculate the central angle is 360° : number of sides
Internal and external angles the internal angle in figure β and the corresponding angle
external in figure γ they are supplementary β + γ = 180°
The internal angle and central supplementary angle α + β = 180°
The sum of the internal angles of a regular polygon (S) respects the following formula:
S = (n–2) x 180° where 'n' indicates the number of sides

For example, in the pentagon

S = (5–2) x 180°
3 x 180° = 540°

4.3.4 FORMULAS OF CONVEX POLYGONS

PERIMETRO (2p) = sum of all sides, the unit of measurement is the linear meter m)
AREA (A) = surface of the polygon, the formula changes based on the geometric figure, the unit of
the measure is the square meter (m2)

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[Link] TRIANGLES

Area of the triangle: A = (b x h) : 2 base times height divided by 2

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON:

- LATI:
EQUILATERAL: all 3 sides equal
ISOSCELE: 2 equal sides and 1 unequal side
ISOSCELES: all 3 sides unequal

- ANGOLI:
oACUTANGOLO: all 3 acute angles
o obtuse angle: 1 obtuse angle (just 1!!!)
RECTANGLE: 1 right angle (just 1!!!)

THE PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM only applies to the right triangle, therefore

When you see a right triangle, you already know that the Pythagorean theorem applies.
He says that:
The sum of the areas of the squares built on the legs (which are the 'straight' sides of the
The area of the triangle is equal to the area of the square constructed on the hypotenuse (side.

oblique
---------------------------------------
The formula to calculate the area of a right triangle is

A = (a x b) : 2 greater leg divided by lesser leg divided by 2

[Link] QUADRILATERALS

The quadrilateral consists of 4 sides, as the name suggests, and 4 angles.

[Link].1 SQUARE

The square is a particular quadrilateral, characterized by having all sides equal.

A (area) = l2(side squared)

d (diagonal) = side times square root of 2

adding depth to the square, that is a third dimension, we obtain the CUBE, a polyhedron that has
the characteristic of having all faces equal, for which:

LATERAL SURFACE SL = l2x 4(side squared times 4)

ST = l2x 6(six times the square of the side)
TOTAL SURFACE AREA
VOLUME V = l3(side to the third)

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