Size Reduction and Sieving in Food Processing
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ScribdTranslationsSize Reduction and Sieving in Food Processing
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ScribdTranslationsUnit Operations l
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REDUCTION IN SIZE AND SIEVING
DR. ENRIQUE RAMIREZ FIGUEROA
1.1. SIZE REDUCTION
Size reduction is the operation in which the average size
the solid foods is reduced by the application of forces
impact, understanding or abrasion.
To the spraying and formation of very small particles
it is also called crushing.
The main objectives of size reduction:
Disintegration.
Obtain a specified grain size or size distribution.
1.1.1. IMPORTANCE OF SIZE REDUCTION
The purpose of size reduction is very important in the industry because
the following reasons:
It facilitates the extraction of a desired constituent that is found
within the structure of the solid, such as the obtaining of flour from
from grains and syrup made from sugarcane.
Particles of a certain size can be obtained by complying with
a specific food requirement, such as sugar for
ice creams, preparation of spices and refining of chocolate.
Increase in the surface-volume ratio increasing,
the rate of heating or cooling, the rate of
extraction of a desired solute, etc.
If the particle size of the products to be mixed is
homogeneous and smaller in size than the original, the mixture is
makes it easier and faster, as happens in production of
formulations, packaged soups, sweet mixes, among others.
Practice number 1:
Effect of size reduction on dehydration operations
solid-liquid extraction
The advantages of size reduction in
the food processes are the following:
Increase in the surface/volume ratio increases the speed of
["dehydration","heating","cooling","extraction"]
When a screening process is combined, particles of a
default size.
When the particle size of the products to be mixed is
homogeneous, the mixing of the ingredients becomes more effective.
1.1.2 SIZE REDUCTION EQUIPMENT
In a gradual size reduction, the following operations can be distinguished:
To break: it is equivalent to subdividing the size down to the dimension of a
hazelnut.
Crush: subdivide the size down to the dimension of a granule
Milling: corresponds to a fine crushing
Classification of size reduction machines:
Coarse grinders: machines whose feed is large pieces (>
5 [cm] in diameter).
Intermediate crushers: machines that do not feed on very large masses
large and that produce a product capable of passing through a 40 mesh sieve.
Fine mills: Machines that produce product that passes through the sieve of
200 meshes.
Some types of machines for size reduction
Crushers or coarse breakers
The Mandibles (Blake, Dodge)
The rotating jaws
Intermediate crushers
Of rollers
Of hammers
Of discs
Fine mills
Centrifuges
Of millstones
Of rollers
About balls
Of tube
Ultra fine mills
Of hammers
They use the energy of a fluid.
Blake Jaw Crusher
Food is received from the top between two jaws that form an open V with a
Angle of 20-30°. One jaw is fixed, almost vertical, and the other is movable.
The jaws open and close 250 - 400 times per minute.
The product is downloaded from the bottom and intermittently.
Smooth roll crushers.
Its operation is based on two metal rollers with smooth surfaces that rotate in opposite directions.
The feed particles trapped by the rollers break during compression and
download from the bottom
The speeds of the rollers fluctuate between 50—300 r.p.m.
The size of the product depends on the space between the rollers.
They give few fines.
Rotary breaker:
It is a circular jaw crusher between which material is crushed and
subdivide the material into several parts
A conical crushing head rotates inside a casing.
funnel and open at the top where the feed enters
The solids trapped in the space in the shape of a V formed by the
cabezal y la carcaza se rompen varias veces hasta salir por el fondo 35
The crushing head rotates freely on the shaft and moves
slowly due to the friction of the material being crushed
The speed of the head is 125 - 425 revolutions per minute
The product download is continuous
Toothed roll crusher
The surfaces of the rollers can have grooves, break edges, or teeth.
They can have two rollers or just one that works against a fixed curved plate.
Toothed roller crushers are more versatile. They do not only operate by
compression but also by impact and shear
They cannot work with very hard solids.
Impact breakers
They have a high-speed cylindrical rotor that rotates inside the housing.
Food is introduced from the top, and it breaks upon impact with the
rotor or with the walls and comes out from the bottom of the device
Imactors with two rotors typically provide crushing in three stages.
Hammer mill
It is used for ultra-fines that pass through the 325 mesh sieve.
The particles are broken by groups of oscillating hammers connected to a rotating disc.
In addition to the hammers, the mill's shaft has 2 fans that move air through
from the team and unload them into ducts that collect the product.
Mills that use the energy of a fluid
Solid particles are transported in a gas stream and guided with great precision.
speed in an elliptical trajectory.
Due to impacts and friction against the walls of the chamber and also due to friction between the
the particle size reduction is performed.
Gas is compressed air or superheated steam.
Ball mill
Most of the reduction occurs by impact when the balls fall from the maximum.
height of the casing There are tubular mills in which the casing is cylindrical. They can be
place cross partitions and generate compartments with decreasing diameter balls
in the sense of progress of the material covered. This modality reduces unnecessary work since
the large balls only break large particles and the small ones only reduce particles
girls
•Cone mill: It contains balls of different sizes due to natural wear caused by the
operation
As the casing rotates, the large balls move towards the point of maximum.
diameter and the small ones towards the discharge point
In this way, the initial break is made with the larger balls and then the
particles are further reduced by the effect of smaller balls falling from a height
minor
This operation increases the mill's performance as it improves the obtained product ratio.
by energy consumed.
Roller mill
Solid particles are trapped between a rotating member and the surface of
a ring or casing
Vertical cylindrical rollers press against a fixed anvil ring.
The product is removed with an air current and goes to a classifier separator.
Closed circuit milling operation.
It refers to the action of a mill and a separator connected in such a way that the
coarse particles are recycled to the mill
This avoids energy waste caused by the act of grinding a material.
beyond the desired size
The product of a gyratory crusher is screened and separated into three fractions: fines,
mediums and thick.
The thick ones are sent back to the grinder.
The fines are taken to the final reduction unit, which is a ball mill.
The intermediate particles are processed in a roller mill before entering the
ball mill
The ball mill operates in wet conditions: water is pumped through the mill to
drag the particles to a centrifugal classifier that separates the particles
thick that form a sludge, more water is added and it is recycled to the mill
The product consisting of the fines comes out of the classifier as a suspension.
[Link]. PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS
Elasticity: A solid regains its original shape when deformed. A spring is a
object in which we can observe this property.
Fragility: A solid can break into many pieces (brittle).
Hardness: there are solids that cannot be scratched by softer ones. Diamond is a
solid with high hardness.
Defined shape: They have a defined shape, are relatively rigid, and do not flow like
They make gases and liquids, except under extreme pressures.
Defined volume: Because they have a defined shape, their volume is also
constant.
High density: Solids have relatively high densities due to their proximity.
of their molecules that's why it's said they are more 'heavy'
Floating
Capillarity: the ease with which liquids rise through tubes of different diameters
very tiny (capillaries) where the force of cohesion is surpassed by the force of
adhesion.
Viscosity: material that shows a lot of resistance to flow.
Vapor pressure: The pressure of a vapor in equilibrium with its liquid form, the so-called
vapor pressure only depends on temperature; its value at a given temperature is
a characteristic property of all liquids.
1.1.4. SELECTION CRITERIA
Classification of size reduction processes depending on our
product
1. Cut into wedges, slices, or rounds
from large to medium
from medium to small
from small to granular
2. Grinding to powder, increasing fineness:
Granulated products > spices > flours > fruit nectars > powdered sugar
starches > fine pasta
3. Homogenization and emulsion
1.1.5. EQUIPMENT DESIGN.
Ball mill or cylinders: it consists of a cylinder ofsteelhalf full
con bolas o cilindros de acero y para ejercer su efecto reductor se le aplica un lento
movementrotational. At low speeds and with small balls, the way to reduce
the predominant size is that of shearing (friction) and when using large balls or the
The cylinder spins at high speeds, with impact prevailing.
Hammer Mill: it is a cylindrical chamber covered with a plate
steel perforated that has a rotor inside with a series of shafts
stuck to their axis (hammers) that rotate at highspeed. Theforce
mainly used is that of impact when hit and propelled against
the steel plate.
Roller Mill: consisting of two or more parallel steel rollers
yes and spinning concentrically pushing the food to pass through the space between
they. The main force exerted is compression.
Jaw Crusher: consists of two steel plates where one is
mobile and the other stationary. It is used for crushing large-sized particles,
medium and fine size. Works with compression and rubbing.
1.1.6 GRAIN MILLING
Milling is a unit operation aimed at reducing the
average volume of the particles in a solid sample, thus existing
exclusive movement transfer of solids.
The most commonly used reduction methods in grinding machines are
compression, impact, shear rubbing, and cutting.
Compression: Reduce hard solids to smaller sizes, with pressure from above and
down.
Impact: Breaking by blow, produces thick, medium, and fine sizes.
Frothing or shearing: Produces fine particles, it can be done with a saw.
Cortado: Cuts are made with predefined sizes.
[Link] IN DRY AND WET
Milling can be done on dry materials or on solid suspensions in
liquid (water), which would be the case of Wet milling.
Wet grinding Dry Milling
•Requiere menos potencia por tonelada tratada Requires
• more power per ton treated
•No special equipment is required for it •If special equipment is required for the
powder treatment powder treatment
•Consume more coating (due to corrosion) •Consume more coating
Milling is the last of the mechanical reduction processes.
granulometric in which particles are produced whose size is less than 8
mm.
Milling allows for the greatest size reduction ratio.
between the initial and final particle, also assuming the highest consumption
energy of the particle size reduction processes.