Solution Manual of PCS Past Paper
Q1 (a): Explain each component of the modern communication system
with the help of a neat diagram.
Block Diagram:
Explanation of Each Component:
1. Information Source: Original message signal at input.
2. Source Encoder: Removes redundancy from the message and represents it in an efficient
binary form.
Example: Huffman coding, PCM (Pulse Code Modulation).
Function: Data compression → reduces transmission rate and bandwidth.
3. Encryption: Converts plain data into coded form for security during transmission.
Example: AES, RSA encryption.
4. Channel Encoder (Error Control Encoder): Adds redundant bits to detect or correct
errors caused by noise during transmission. Also Improves reliability.
Example: Hamming code, Convolutional code, CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check).
5. Modulator: Converts the baseband signal into a bandpass (high frequency) signal suitable
for transmission over the channel.
Modulation: AM, FM, PM, QAM, PSK, etc.
6. Channel (Transmission Medium): The physical or wireless path through which the signal
travels.
Types:
Wired: Coaxial cable, fiber optic.
Wireless: Free space (microwave, satellite, cellular).
7. De-Modulator: Reverse of modulation — converting the modulated signal back to its
baseband form.
8. Channel Decoder: Detects and corrects transmission errors using redundant bits added by
the encoder.
9. Decryption: Converts encrypted data back into its original readable form for the destination.
10. Source Decoder: Reconstructs the original information sequence (undoes compression).
11. Destination: The final end-user or device that receives and uses the transmitted information.
b) Compare the spectrum of DSB-SC and SSB-SC signals using
amplitude modulation (AM).
1. DSB-SC (Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier):
Equation:
s DSB−SC (t)= A c m(t )cos (ω c t )
Carrier is suppressed (not transmitted).
Both Upper Sideband (USB) and Lower Sideband (LSB) are transmitted.
Frequency Spectrum:
Fig...
Frequency Component
f c + f m Upper Sideband (USB)
f c −f m Lower Sideband (LSB)
Bandwidth:
BW DSB− SC =2 f m
Spectrum Diagram:
Two mirror images around the carrier frequency (one USB, one LSB) — both present but no
carrier spike at f c.
2. SSB-SC (Single Sideband Suppressed Carrier):
Equation:
^ (t)sin (ωc t)
s SSB (t )= Ac m(t)cos (ω c t)± A c m
^ (t)= Hilbert transform of m(t) )
(where m
Only one sideband (either USB or LSB) is transmitted.
Carrier is still suppressed.
Frequency Spectrum:
Type Frequencies Present Bandwidth
USB f c + f monly fm
LSB f c −f monly fm
Spectrum Diagram (verbal):
Only one band (either upper or lower), no carrier spike, bandwidth halved compared to DSB-SC.
Comparison Table:
Feature DSB-SC SSB-SC
Carrier Suppressed Suppressed
Sidebands Both (USB + LSB) Only one (USB or LSB)
Bandwidth (2fm) (fm)
Power Efficiency Moderate High
Demodulation Coherent detector required Coherent detector with phase synchronization
required
Spectrum Shape Symmetrical around (fc) Only one sideband present
Example Use Television transmission Voice communication, radio telephony
Q1 (c)
Distinguish between Energy and Power signals and support your answer with examples.
Definition:
Energy Signal: A signal that has finite energy but zero average power.
Mathematical condition:
∞
0< E= ∫ ∣ x (t)∣ dt <∞
2
−∞
and
T
1
P=lim
T→∞ 2 T
∫ 2
∣ x (t) ∣ dt=0
−T
Example:
Rectangular pulse
Exponential decay signal e−at u(t )
Any non-periodic signal that exists for finite time.
2. Power Signal: A signal that has finite average power but infinite energy.
Mathematical condition:
∞
E=∫ ∣ x(t)∣ dt=∞
2
−∞
and
T
1
0< P=lim
T →∞ 2T
∫ ∣ x (t)∣2 dt <∞
−T
Example:
Sinusoidal signal: x (t)= A cos ( ωt)
Any periodic signal with constant amplitude (e.g., square wave, AM carrier).
Comparison Table:
Property Energy Signal Power Signal
Duration Finite Infinite (repetitive)
Energy (E) Finite Infinite
Average Power (P) Zero Finite
Examples Pulse, exponential decay Sine wave, square wave
Type Non-periodic Periodic
Applications Data pulses, digital Continuous wave communication
signals
Q2 (from image)
a) Find the exponential Fourier amplitude spectrum and the angles of the various exponential
components of the periodic signal. Given that g(t )=e−6 t / 2 with time period T 0=π .
Part (a) – Exponential Fourier Series of g(t)=e^{-6t/2}, T₀ = π
Step 1 – Write the general exponential Fourier-series form
∞ T0
1
g(t )= ∑ Cn e jn ω0t
,C n= ∫ g (t)e− jn ω t dt ,
0
n=−∞ T0 0
2π
where ω 0= .
T0
Given T 0=π :
2π
ω 0= =2 rad/s .
π
Step 2 – Substitute g(t )=e−6 t / 2=e−3 t
π π
1 1
C n= ∫
π 0
−3 t − jn (2)t
e e dt = ∫ e
π 0
−t (3+ j 2 n)
dt .
Step 3 – Integrate
−t (3+ j 2 n) π
1 e 1 −π (3+ j 2n )
C n= [ ] = (1−e ).
π −(3+ j2 n) 0 π (3+ j 2 n)
Simplify:
1 −3 π − j 2 nπ
C n= [1−e e ].
π (3+ j 2 n)
Step 4 – Simplify the exponential term
Since e− j2 nπ =1for all integer n,
−3 π
1−e
C n= .
π (3+ j 2 n)
That is the exact exponential Fourier-series coefficient.
Step 5 – Amplitude and Phase of C n
Compute magnitude and angle.
−3 π
1−e
∣C n ∣=
π √ 3 2+¿ ¿ ¿
Phase (angle):
1 −1 2 n
∠ C n=∠ ( )=−tan ( ).
3+ j 2n 3
So,
−3 π
1−e −1 2n
∣C n ∣= , ∠ Cn =−tan ( ).
π √ 9+4 n 2
3
Step 6 – Spectrum plots (describe for drawing)
1. Amplitude spectrum |Cₙ| vs n:
Symmetric about n = 0.
Maximum at n = 0:
−3 π
1−e
∣C 0 ∣= .
3π
2. Phase spectrum ∠Cₙ vs n:
Values fall off as n increases.
Odd function: negative for + n, positive for – n.
Starts at 0 when n = 0 and approaches ± 90° for large |n|.
(Draw stems at integer n with decreasing magnitude and symmetric phase.)
✅ Final Answer for Part (a):
−3 π −3 π
1−e 1−e −1 2 n
C n= ,∣ Cn ∣= , ∠ C n=−tan ( ).
π (3+ j 2 n) π √ 9+ 4 n 2
3
Q2 (b) Channel capacity using Shannon’s theorem
Given: Bandwidth B=3 MHz=3 × 106 Hz .
SNR ¿ 30 dB.
Step 1 — Convert SNR (dB) to linear
SNR dB
SNR linear =10 10 =1030 /10=103 =1000.
Step 2 — Shannon capacity formula
C=B log 2 (1+SNR )
Plug values:
6 6
C=3 ×10 ⋅ log 2 (1+1000)=3 ×10 ⋅log 2(1001).
Numerical evaluation:
6 7
log 2 (1001)≈ 9.967226 ⇒ C ≈3 × 10 × 9.967226 ≈ 2.9902 ×10 bits/s.
So
7
C ≈ 2.9902 ×10 bits/s ≈29.90 Mbps
(You may write C ≈ 29.9 Mbit/s.)
Q3 part a (Solve as soon as possible)
Q3 Part (b): Evaluate the composite signal using Fourier transform. Given
3 3 3
w (t)=6 cos (2 π ×10 ×10 t)+ 4 cos (2 π × 15× 10 t)+2 cos ( 2 π ×20 ×10 t).
Solution:
A
Each cosine A cos (2 π f 0 t)has Fourier transform [δ(f −f 0 )+ δ(f + f 0 )] .
2
First term: 6 cos (2 π ⋅10 × 10 t )⇒ frequencies ±10 kHz, amplitude spectral impulses
So, for w (t):
3
Second: 4 cos (2 π ⋅15 ×10 t) ⇒ ±15 kHz, amplitude 2.
6 /2=3.
3
Third: 2 cos (2 π ⋅20 ×10 t) ⇒ ±20 kHz, amplitude 1.
3
Therefore, the Fourier transform W (f )is:
W (f )=3 [δ(f −10 kHz)+ δ(f +10 kHz)] + 2[δ (f −15 kHz)+δ (f +15 kHz)] + 1[δ (f −20 kHz)+ δ(f +20 kHz)
Draw impulses at ±10 kHz (height 3), ±15 kHz (height 2), ±20 kHz (height 1).
Q4 (a):
Q4(b) – Illustrate Two Cases of AM Signal with Different 'A' Values
Given AM signal:
ϕ (t )=[ A+ m(t )]cos ( 2 π f c t)
where:
A = carrier amplitude
m(t) = message signal (with maximum amplitude m max )
Define modulation index (μ):
mmax
μ=
A
Case 1: Under-Modulation (μ < 1)
When A> mmax :
Envelope never crosses zero
The envelope perfectly follows the shape of m(t).
Example:
If A=5, m(t)=2 cos (2 π f m t)
ϕ (t )=[5+2 cos (2 π f m t)]cos (2 π f c t)
✅ Envelope shape is smooth and proportional to message signal.
Case 2: Over-Modulation (μ > 1)
When A< mmax :
Envelope crosses zero or gets distorted
This causes envelope distortion, making simple envelope detection impossible.
Example:
If A=2, m(t)=5 cos ( 2 π f m t)
ϕ (t )=[2+5 cos (2 π f m t)]cos (2 π f c t)
❌ Envelope inverts when m(t)> A , producing phase reversals.
Effect of ‘A’ on Time Domain Envelope
Case Condition Envelope Appearance Demodulation
Under-Modulation (μ < 1) A> mmax Smooth, follows m(t) Proper recovery
Over-Modulation (μ > 1) A< mmax Distorted, crosses zero Distorted recovery
Graphical Illustration (Conceptual)
1️⃣ Under-Modulated AM:
Carrier amplitude is large → envelope clearly follows m(t) .
2️⃣ Over-Modulated AM:
Carrier amplitude small → envelope gets clipped and inverted when m(t) exceeds A .
✅ Final Summary (Part b):
The envelope of an AM signal is determined by A+ m(t ).
When A is greater than the message amplitude → no distortion (μ < 1).
When A is smaller than the message amplitude → envelope distortion (μ > 1).
Hence, A directly affects the time-domain shape and demodulation quality.
😊😊THE END 😊😊
NOTE: “Make pictures of all the graphs by checking
them from the internet.”