Scientific Method

🗣️Demo Script:
“The scientific method is a step-by-step process used by scientists to answer questions
and solve problems. It starts with observation—we notice something interesting. Then,
we ask a question, form a hypothesis (an educated guess), and perform an
experiment to test it. After collecting data, we analyze the results and form a
conclusion. Finally, we communicate the findings to others.”

✍️Write on board:
Observation → Question → Hypothesis → Experiment → Data → Conclusion →
Communicate

Unsaturated vs Saturated Solutions

🗣️Demo Script:
“In solutions, a solute is what gets dissolved and a solvent is what does the dissolving.
A saturated solution contains the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve at a
certain temperature. If you add more solute, it won’t dissolve. An unsaturated solution
can still dissolve more solute. You can test this with sugar in water—if it keeps
dissolving, it’s unsaturated. If it starts settling at the bottom, it's saturated.”

✍️Write on board:
Saturated = No more dissolves | Unsaturated = Can dissolve more

Mixtures vs Substances

🗣️Demo Script:
“A pure substance has only one type of particle—like distilled water or oxygen. A
mixture is made of two or more substances physically combined, like saltwater or air.
Mixtures can be homogeneous (uniform, like sugar water) or heterogeneous (not
uniform, like salad). Substances can be elements or compounds.”

✍️Write on board:
Substance = One type only | Mixture = Two or more physically combined

Elements and compounds are considered pure substances because they are
made up of only one type of matter. Elements are pure substances made up
of only one type of atom, while compounds are pure substances made up of
only one type of molecule, which is formed when two or more elements are
chemically bonded.
Elements vs Compounds

🗣️Demo Script:
“Elements are the simplest pure substances and are listed on the Periodic Table. Each has only
one kind of atom—like oxygen (O) or gold (Au). Compounds are formed when two or more
elements are chemically combined, like water (H₂O) or carbon dioxide (CO₂). You cannot
separate compounds by physical means—only through chemical reactions.”

✍️Write on board:
Element = 1 type atom | Compound = 2+ atoms chemically combined

Acids and Bases

🗣️Demo Script:
An acid is a substance that releases hydrogen ions (H⁺) when dissolved in water. It increases
the concentration of H⁺ ions in a solution. Acids have a pH less than 7.

Example: Hydrochloric acid (HCl) → H⁺ + Cl⁻

A base is a substance that releases hydroxide ions (OH⁻) when dissolved in water, or accepts
hydrogen ions (H⁺). It increases the concentration of OH⁻ ions in a solution. Bases have a pH
greater than 7.

Example: Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) → Na⁺ + OH⁻

✍️Write on board:
pH < 7 = Acid | pH > 7 = Base | pH = 7 → Neutral (e.g., water)

Metals vs Non-Metals

🗣️Demo Script:
“Metals are shiny, good conductors of heat and electricity, and are malleable and ductile—like
iron or copper. Non-metals are dull, brittle, and poor conductors—like sulfur or oxygen. On the
Periodic Table, metals are on the left, non-metals on the right.”

✍️Write on board:
Metals = Shiny, conductors | Non-metals = Dull, insulators

Parts of a Microscope

🗣️Demo Script:
“A compound microscope has several parts:

 Eyepiece: Where you look through

 Objective lenses: For different magnification levels
  Stage: Where the slide is placed
 Diaphragm: Controls light
 Coarse and fine focus knobs: Help focus the image”

✍️Write on board:
Eyepiece – Objectives – Stage – Diaphragm – Focus Knobs

Levels of Biological Organization

🗣️Demo Script:
“Life is organized from simple to complex:

ATOM, MOLECULE, MACRO, ORGANELLE, CELL

 Cell (smallest unit of life)

 Tissue (group of similar cells)
 Organ (group of tissues)
 Organ System (organs working together)
 Organism (a living individual)”

✍️Write on board:
Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism

Feature Plant Cell Animal Cell

✅ Present — made of
Cell Wall cellulose (rigid outer ❌ Absent
structure)
Usually rectangular or box-
Shape Usually round or irregular
like
✅ Present — site of
Chloroplasts ❌ Absent (no photosynthesis)
photosynthesis
One large central vacuole
Vacuole Many small vacuoles
(stores water & nutrients)
✅ Present — helps in cell
Centrioles ❌ Usually absent
division
Common — break down
Lysosomes Rare
waste
Uses both chloroplasts and
Energy Production Uses only mitochondria
mitochondria
Plasma Membrane Present inside the cell wall Present (only outer layer)
Present — controls cell Present — controls cell
Nucleus
activities activities
Fungi, Protists, and Bacteria

🗣️Demo Script:
“Living organisms can be classified into different kingdoms. Today, let’s talk about Fungi, Protists, and
Bacteria—three very different types of organisms.”

 Fungi: These are organisms like mushrooms, molds, and yeast. They do not make their own
food. Instead, they absorb nutrients from decaying matter. They can reproduce asexually (by
spores) or sexually.
 Protists: These are mostly single-celled organisms that don’t fit into the plant, animal, or fungi
kingdoms. Some are plant-like (e.g., algae), animal-like (e.g., amoeba), or fungi-like. They often
live in water.
 Bacteria: These are the simplest and smallest living organisms. Most bacteria are unicellular
and prokaryotic, meaning they do not have a nucleus. They reproduce asexually through binary
fission.

✍️Write on board:

 Fungi = Multicellular, absorb food

 Protists = Mostly unicellular, diverse
 Bacteria = Unicellular, no nucleus

Asexual Reproduction

🗣️Demo Script:
“Asexual reproduction is a type of reproduction that involves only one parent. The offspring are
genetically identical to the parent—this means they’re clones.”

There are several types:

 Binary fission – common in bacteria. A single parent cell divides into two equal parts, forming
two identical organisms.
📌 Common in: Bacteria, Amoeba
 Budding – seen in yeast and hydra. A small bud forms on the parent, grows, and then detaches
to become a new organism.
 Fragmentation – starfish regrowing parts. The parent body breaks into pieces, and each piece
can grow into a new individual.
📌 Common in: Starfish, Planaria
 Spore formation – fungi like molds
 Vegetative propagation – plants growing from parts like roots or stems. New plants grow from
roots, stems, or leaves of the parent plant.
📌 Common in: Potatoes (tubers), Onions (bulbs), Strawberries (runners)

🧠 Key point: No fusion of sex cells (gametes), and it’s usually fast and energy-efficient.
✍️Write on board:
Asexual = 1 parent, no gametes, identical offspring

Sexual Reproduction

🗣️Demo Script:
“Sexual reproduction involves two parents that each contribute genetic material through gametes—
sperm and egg. When these gametes fuse during fertilization, they form a new organism that is
genetically unique.”

 Found in most animals, plants, and some fungi and protists.

 It increases genetic variation, which helps a species adapt and survive in changing
environments.

🧠 Key point: Involves meiosis (to form gametes), and offspring are not clones.

✍️Write on board:
Sexual = 2 parents, gametes, genetic variation

SYMBIOSIS- A symbiotic relationship is a close and long-term interaction between two different species
living in the same environment.

Type Description Example

Mutualism Both benefit Bee and flower
One benefits, other
Commensalism Bird on a tree
unaffected
Parasitism One benefits, other harmed Tick on a dog
Predation is a biological
interaction where one organism
PREDATION (the predator) hunts, kills, and SNAKE AND FROG
eats another organism (the
prey) for food.
Both harmed competing for
Competition Trees competing for light
resources
Neutralism No impact on each other Snake and cactus coexisting

Distance vs Displacement

🗣️Distance

 The total length of the path an object travels.

 It’s a scalar quantity (only magnitude).
 📌 Example: Walking 5 meters forward and 5 meters back = 10 meters distance.

🗣️Displacement
  The straight-line change in position from start to finish.
 It’s a vector quantity (magnitude + direction).
 📌 Example: Walking 5 meters forward and 5 meters back = 0 meters displacement.

✍️Write on board:
Distance = “How much ground”
Displacement = “How far and in what direction”

Maria walks 6 meters west, then turns around and walks 4 meters east.
👉 What is her displacement?

Solution:

Displacement = Final position – Starting position (considering direction)

 Walking 6 meters west → –6 meters

 Walking 4 meters east → +4 meters

–6 + 4 = –2 meters

✅ So, Maria's displacement is 2 meters west.

Speed vs Velocity

John walks 10 meters east in 5 seconds.

 Displacement = 10 meters east

 Time = 5 seconds
Velocity = 10 meters east5 seconds=2 m/s east\frac{10 \text{ meters east}}{5 \text{ seconds}} =
2 \text{ m/s east}5 seconds10 meters east=2 m/s east

ACCELERATION

A car’s velocity changes from 0 m/s (rest) to 20 m/s in 5 seconds.

Calculate acceleration: 4m/s2

Types of Waves

1. Mechanical Waves

 Need a medium (solid, liquid, gas) to travel through.

 Created by vibrations.
 Two main types:
o Transverse Waves: Particles move perpendicular to the wave direction.
 Example: Water waves, light waves (note: light is electromagnetic, but this is
just the wave type)
o Longitudinal Waves: Particles move parallel to the wave direction.
 Example: Sound waves, seismic P-waves

2. Electromagnetic Waves

 Do not require a medium; can travel through a vacuum (space).

 Travel at the speed of light (~300,000 km/s).
 Examples include: radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma
rays.
 All are transverse waves.

3. Surface Waves

 Combination of transverse and longitudinal waves.

 Occur at the interface between two different media (e.g., air and water).
 Example: Ocean waves.

Characteristics of Waves

 Wavelength: Distance between two consecutive crests or troughs.

 Frequency: How many waves pass a point in one second (measured in Hertz, Hz).
 Amplitude: Height of the wave; related to energy or intensity.
 Speed: How fast the wave travels through the medium.
  Period: Time taken for one complete wave to pass a point.

Characteristics of Sounds

 Pitch: How high or low a sound is; depends on frequency.

 Loudness: How loud or soft a sound is; depends on amplitude.
 Quality (Timbre): Unique tone that distinguishes different sounds.
 Speed: Speed of sound depends on the medium (fastest in solids, slowest in gases).

. Characteristics of Light

 Reflection: Light bounces off surfaces. A mirror reflects light so you can see your face.

 Refraction: Light bends when it passes from one medium to another. A pencil looks bent when
placed in a glass of water.
 Diffraction: Light spreads out when passing through narrow openings. Light bends slightly
around corners or through a slit.
 Speed: Light travels fastest in vacuum (~300,000 km/s).
 Color: Light consists of different colors, each with different wavelengths.
 Dispersion. Light can be split into colors (ROYGBIV).

Heat Transfer: How Heat Moves

Heat transfer is the movement of thermal energy from a hotter object to a cooler one. There are three
main types:

1. Conduction

🔹 Definition: Transfer of heat through direct contact between particles.

🔹 How it works: Particles in a hot object vibrate and pass their energy to nearby particles.
✅ Example:

 A metal spoon getting hot after sitting in a pot of boiling water.

 Touching a hot pan and feeling the heat.

2. Convection

🔹 Definition: Transfer of heat by the movement of fluids (liquids or gases).

🔹 How it works: Warm fluid rises, cool fluid sinks — this creates a circular flow.

✅ Example:

 Boiling water: hot water rises, cool water sinks.

 Warm air rising and cool air replacing it (why ceiling fans help cool a room).

3. Radiation

🔹 Definition: Transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves — no medium needed.

🔹 How it works: Heat travels through space or air as infrared waves.

✅ Example:

 Feeling the sun’s heat on your skin.

 Heat from a campfire or an oven warming your face.

🌍 Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming

Time: ~5 minutes | Grade Level: Junior High & up

🟢 1. What is the Greenhouse Effect? (1 min)

The greenhouse effect is a natural process that keeps Earth warm enough to live on.

👉 How it works:

 The Sun gives off heat and light that reach Earth.
 Earth’s surface absorbs the heat and reflects some back as infrared radiation (heat).
  Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere (like carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor) trap
some of that heat — like a blanket keeping Earth warm.

✅ Example: A greenhouse for plants traps heat to help them grow — Earth’s atmosphere does
something similar!

🔥 2. What is Global Warming? (1 min)

Global warming is the unnatural increase in Earth’s average temperature over time, mainly caused by
human activities.

👉 What causes it?

 Burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas) for electricity, cars, factories.
 Cutting down trees (deforestation) — fewer trees means less CO₂ is absorbed.
 These activities release too much greenhouse gas, especially CO₂, trapping more heat than
necessary.

✅ This causes the Earth to heat up more than it should.

🌡️3. Effects of Global Warming (1.5 mins)

Global warming leads to serious changes in the environment:

  🌊 Melting ice caps and rising sea levels
 🔥 More heatwaves and wildfires
 ⛈️Stronger storms and typhoons
 🐧 Animals losing their homes due to changing habitats
 👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 Food and water shortages in some areas

Land Breeze and Sea Breeze

A breeze is a gentle wind caused by differences in air pressure and temperature, often happening
between land and sea.
1. What is a Monsoon? (~1 minute)

A monsoon is a seasonal wind system that changes direction and brings a shift in weather — usually
wet or dry seasons.

🔁 Types of Monsoons in the Philippines:

Type Direction Season Weather Type

Amihan Northeast to southwest (land to sea) Nov – Feb Cool & Dry 🌬️

Habagat Southwest to northeast (sea to land) June – Oct Warm & Rainy ☔

2. What is ITCZ? (~1 minute)

ITCZ stands for Intertropical Convergence Zone — a band near the equator where the northeast and
southeast trade winds meet.

 This meeting causes warm, moist air to rise.

 The result is thick clouds, thunderstorms, and rain.
 The ITCZ moves slightly north or south depending on the season.

Seasons in the Philippines

A season is a period of the year with a certain kind of weather and daylight pattern that repeats
every year.

 Seasons happen because the Earth tilts on its axis and moves around the sun.
 Different parts of the world experience different seasons at different times.

Why Only Two Seasons?

 The Philippines is close to the equator, so the temperature stays fairly warm year-round.
 Instead of cold and hot seasons, the country experiences wet and dry seasons caused by
monsoons and the ITCZ (Intertropical Convergence Zone).

3. Monsoons Affect the Seasons

 The Amihan (Northeast Monsoon) brings the dry season — cool and dry winds from November
to April.
 The Habagat (Southwest Monsoon) brings the wet season — warm, moist winds from May to
October, causing heavy rains.
Eclipses: What Are They?

An eclipse happens when one celestial body blocks the light from another.

There are two main types of eclipses that we often hear about:

Laws of Motion

\
Work and Power

 Work: You push a cart 3 meters using 10 Newtons of force.

→ Work = 10 N × 3 m = 30 J
 Power: If you did that in 2 seconds:
→ Power = 30 J ÷ 2 s = 15 W

Kinetic and Potential Energy

🔹 Kinetic Energy

Definition:
Kinetic energy is the energy an object has because it is moving.

Example:

 A bicycle going down a hill.

 A dog running across a field.
 A ball thrown into the air (while it’s moving).

A ball with a mass of 2 kg is rolling at a speed of 3 m/s.

What is its kinetic energy?

🔸 Potential Energy

Definition:
Potential energy is the energy an object has because of its position or condition, even if it’s not moving
yet.
Example:

 A rock at the edge of a cliff.

 A stretched rubber band ready to snap.
 Water stored in a tank on a rooftop.

A book with a mass of 1.5 kg is placed on a shelf 2 meters high.

What is its potential energy?
(Use gravity = 9.8 m/s²)

🔊 Propagation of Sound

🟢 What is Sound?

Sound is a form of energy that travels in waves. It is produced when an object vibrates.

📌 Example: When you pluck a guitar string, it vibrates and creates sound.

🔁 How Does Sound Travel (Propagate)?

Sound travels as a longitudinal wave — the particles of the medium vibrate back and forth in the same
direction as the wave.

Heat and Temperature

Ohm’s Law - Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly
proportional to the voltage across the two points.
 voltage is the potential difference that drives the flow of electric current,
current is the rate of that flow, and resistance is the opposition to that flow.

Here's a more detailed explanation:

 Voltage:
Voltage is the "push" that causes electrons to move. It's like the pressure of water in a
pipe. It's measured in volts (V). A voltage source, like a battery, provides this "push".
 Current:
Current is the actual flow of electrons. It's measured in amperes (A) or amps. Think of
it as the amount of water flowing through the pipe.
 Resistance:
Resistance is the opposition to the flow of current. It's measured in ohms (Ω). It's like
the size of the pipe, which limits the flow of water. Different materials have different
resistances, with things like wires and resistors having varying levels of resistance.
Earthquake Intensity and Magnitude

An earthquake is the sudden shaking or trembling of the ground caused by the movement of
rocks beneath the Earth’s surface.

This movement happens when stress builds up along faults (cracks in the Earth’s crust) and
suddenly releases energy, sending waves through the ground.

How Typhoons Develop

Typhoons form over warm ocean water when the sun heats the surface, causing water to
evaporate and rise as warm, moist air. This air cools and forms clouds, releasing heat that makes
the air rise faster. As air rushes in to replace it, the Earth’s rotation causes the wind to spin,
creating a powerful storm called a typhoon.
Comets, Meteors, and Asteroids
Atoms and Molecules

Protons, Electrons, and Neutrons

Development of the Periodic Table

Arrangement of Elements in the Periodic Table

🧪 Arrangement of Elements in the Periodic Table

1. Arranged by Atomic Number

 Elements are listed in order of increasing atomic number (number of protons).

 This determines the element’s identity and its position.

2. Rows = Periods

 There are 7 periods (horizontal rows).

 Each period shows elements with the same number of electron shells.
o Example: All elements in Period 2 have 2 shells.

3. Columns = Groups or Families

  There are 18 groups (vertical columns).
 Elements in the same group have similar chemical properties because they have the same
number of valence electrons (outermost electrons).
o Example: Group 1 (alkali metals) are all reactive metals.

4. Blocks of Elements

 Elements are also grouped into blocks based on their electron configurations:
o s-block: Groups 1–2
o p-block: Groups 13–18
o d-block: Transition metals (Groups 3–12)
o f-block: Rare earth elements (lanthanides and actinides)

Digestive System
Stages of Mitosis

Stages of Meiosis\
Preservation and Conservation of Species
Cycles of Materials in the Ecosystem

Respiratory and Circulatory System

Mendelian Genetics
Non-Mendelian Inheritance

Causes of Species
Extinction
Photosynthesis

Respiration

Electronic Structure of Matter

Ionic and Covalent Bonding
Carbon Atoms and Organic Compounds
Molar Mass

Number of Moles

Percentage Composition of Compounds

Volcanoes
Factors that Affect Climate
Constellations
Projectile
Motion
Impulse and Momentum
Conservation of Energy
Transmission of Electricity
Plate Tectonics
Reflection of Light in Mirrors- Reflection is when light bounces off a surface instead of passing
through it.

Refraction of Light in Lenses

Reproductive, Endocrine, and Nervous Systems
DNA
Natural Selection
Kinetic Molecular Theory

Gas Laws
Ideal Gas Law

1. Inflating Balloons and Tires

 Helps predict how much air to add and how pressure changes with temperature.

2. Breathing and Respiration

 Explains how lungs expand and contract with changes in air pressure and volume.
Biomolecules

Chemical Reactions
ATOMIC MODEL