Modulation

Amplitude Modulation
Frequency & Phase Modulation
Conclusion

Analog Modulation
Module 03

Dr. Sher Ali

Air University
Islamabad Pakistan

Duplication & distribution of this work for non-academic or commercial use without prior permission is prohibited.

Analog Modulation 1 / 51
 Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Frequency & Phase Modulation
Conclusion

Module Overview

Topic Analog Modulation

Modulation, Analog Modulation, Digital Modulation
Amplitude Modulation (AM), Frequency spectrum &
Power of AM, Forms of Amplitude Modulation
Concepts
Frequency Modulation (FM), FM Bandwidth, Phase
Modulation, Comparative Analysis of Analog Modulation
Techniques.
Recommended Chapter 01 of [1]
Reading(s) Chapters 03 & 05 of [2]
Keywords Modulation, AM, FM, PM

Analog Modulation 2 / 51
 Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Frequency & Phase Modulation
Conclusion

Learning Outcomes
After completion of this module, students should be able to

Explain basics concepts of analog modulation including AM, FM and

PM
Choose and design analog modulators depending upon the given re-
quirements and constraints

Analog Modulation 3 / 51
 Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Frequency & Phase Modulation
Conclusion

Table of Contents

1 Modulation

2 Amplitude Modulation

3 Frequency & Phase Modulation

4 Conclusion

Analog Modulation 4 / 51
 Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Basics of Modulation
Frequency & Phase Modulation
Conclusion

Modulation

Analog Modulation 5 / 51
 Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Basics of Modulation
Frequency & Phase Modulation
Conclusion

Modulation

All the message sources usu- Anyone of these parameters is var-

ally generate the baseband signals ied according to the original base-
which are not appropriate for di- band signal to generate a signal
rect transmission. suitable for transmission.

In order to make these baseband Depending upon the parameter

signals suitable for transmission, varied, three broad categories of
some form of modification is car- modulation schemes are known as
ried out on these signals. This pro-
cess of modification is usually re-
ferred to as ‘Modulation’. Amplitude Modulation(AM)
Frequency Modulation(FM)
This process usually involves a Phase Modulation(PM)
high frequency periodic sinusoid-
usually referred to as carrier signal- Demodulation: Reverse process of
having three parameters including modulation.
amplitude, frequency and phase.
Analog Modulation 6 / 51
 Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Basics of Modulation
Frequency & Phase Modulation
Conclusion

Need & Advantages of Modulation

Modulation has certain advantages which enable an efficient communica-
tion. These include

Ease of radiation
Simultaneous transmission of several signals
Effecting the exchange of SNR with bandwidth

Analog Modulation 7 / 51
 Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Basics of Modulation
Frequency & Phase Modulation
Conclusion

Analog & Digital Modulation

Analog Modulation Digital Modulation

An analog input modulates the A digital input modulates the

carrier signal carrier signal

Analog modulation can take a Can only take two values ‘0’ and
range of different values ‘1’

Cheaper to implement Expensive to implement

Poor Noise immunity Better noise immunity

Analog Modulation 8 / 51
 Analog Modulation
Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Frequency Spectrum of AM
Frequency & Phase Modulation
Power Relations in AM
Conclusion
Forms of Amplitude Modulation

Amplitude Modulation

Analog Modulation 9 / 51
 Analog Modulation
Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Frequency Spectrum of AM
Frequency & Phase Modulation
Power Relations in AM
Conclusion
Forms of Amplitude Modulation

Analog Modulation

In analog modulation, an analog Amplitude Modulation: Ampli-

input (usually referred as modu- tude of the carrier signal varied us-
lating signal) modulates the carrier ing the modulating signal
signal.
Frequency Modulation: Frequency
Usually the carrier signal is a peri- of the carrier signal varied using
odic sinusoidal signal whose funda- the modulating signal
mental parameters are Amplitude,
Frequency and Phase. Phase Modulation: Phase of the
carrier signal varied using the mod-
Depending upon the parameter al- ulating signal
tered to contain information, ana-
logue modulation is sub-divided
into three major categories.

Analog Modulation 10 / 51
 Analog Modulation
Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Frequency Spectrum of AM
Frequency & Phase Modulation
Power Relations in AM
Conclusion
Forms of Amplitude Modulation

Amplitude Modulation

Amplitude of the carrier is varied

according to the amplitude of the
modulating signal (also called as
Audio Frequency(AF)/Information
Signal)

Amplitude of the carrier wave is

varied in proportion to the Instan-
taneous Amplitude of the AF sig-
nal. This also changes the inten-
sity of the carrier signal.

Greater the amplitude of the AF

signal, greater are the fluctuations
in the amplitude of carrier wave. Figure: (a) Modulating signal (b) Amplitude modulated
signal [2]

Analog Modulation 11 / 51
 Analog Modulation
Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Frequency Spectrum of AM
Frequency & Phase Modulation
Power Relations in AM
Conclusion
Forms of Amplitude Modulation

Mathematical Expression for AM

v1 = Vc + vm = Vc + Vm sin2πfm t (1)
v2 = V1 sin2πfc t (2)
v2 = (Vc + Vm sin2πfm t)sin2πfc t (3)
vAM = Vc sin2πfc t + Vm (sin2πfm t)(sin2πfc t) (4)
cos(A − B) cos(A + B)
sinAsinB = − (5)
2 2
Vm Vm
vAM = Vc sin2πfc t + cos2πt(fc − fm ) − cos2πt(fc + fm ) (6)
2 2

12 / 51
 Analog Modulation
Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Frequency Spectrum of AM
Frequency & Phase Modulation
Power Relations in AM
Conclusion
Forms of Amplitude Modulation

Graphical Representation of AM instantaneous Amplitude

Figure: (a) Modulating signal (b) Lower sideband (c) Carrier (d) Upper sideband [2]

13 / 51
 Analog Modulation
Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Frequency Spectrum of AM
Frequency & Phase Modulation
Power Relations in AM
Conclusion
Forms of Amplitude Modulation

Envelope of AM Signal

The envelope of the modulated

carrier wave is an exact replica of
the modulating signal.

Fluctuation in the carrier wave am-

plitude is dependent upon the am-
plitude of modulating signal.

Rate of these fluctuations depend

upon the frequency of the modu-
lating signal.

Figure: Envelope of AM signal [2]

Analog Modulation 14 / 51
 Analog Modulation
Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Frequency Spectrum of AM
Frequency & Phase Modulation
Power Relations in AM
Conclusion
Forms of Amplitude Modulation

Modulation Index(M.I)

Measure of the degree to which the

modulating signal modulates the
carrier signal.
Vm
m= (7)
Vc

Vmax − Vmin
Vm = (8)
2
Vmax + Vmin
Vc = (9)
2
M.I defined in terms of maxi and
min amplitudes of modulated car-
rier wave
Figure: AM Modulation index [2]
Vmax − Vmin
m= (10)
Vmax + Vmin
Solve example 3-1 of [2]
Analog Modulation 15 / 51
 Analog Modulation
Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Frequency Spectrum of AM
Frequency & Phase Modulation
Power Relations in AM
Conclusion
Forms of Amplitude Modulation

Upper & Lower Side Frequencies

The unmodulated carrier wave has The amplitudes of the side fre-
single frequency component only. quencies depend upon the value of
modulation index. The amplitude
When it is modulated using the of each side band is calculated as
AF signal, the resulting modulated
carrier has 3 frequency compo- Vc
m (11)
nents 2
Original carrier frequency fc
Sum component fc + fm )
Difference component fc − fm
fc + fm = Upper Side Fre-
quency(USF)
fc − fm = Lower Side Fre-
quency(LSF)

Figure: Upper and lower side frequencies [2]

Analog Modulation 16 / 51
 Analog Modulation
Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Frequency Spectrum of AM
Frequency & Phase Modulation
Power Relations in AM
Conclusion
Forms of Amplitude Modulation

Upper & Lower Side Bands

USF and LSF are single tone fre- For a modulated signal with USB
quencies but in practical systems and LSB, the Bandwidth is defined
the USF and LSF are not single as the difference between the max-
tone frequencies. imum frequency of USB and min-
imum frequency of LSB.
Usually the modulating data con-
sists of a band of frequencies. Bandwidth = 2xfm(max) (12)

This band of frequencies results in

upper and lower side bands of fre-
quencies after modulation which
are known as upper and lower Side
bands.

These side bands are denoted as

USB and LSB respectively.

Figure: Upper and lower side sidebands [2]

Analog Modulation 17 / 51
 Analog Modulation
Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Frequency Spectrum of AM
Frequency & Phase Modulation
Power Relations in AM
Conclusion
Forms of Amplitude Modulation

Design Problem
Problem Statement:
An audio signal given by 15sin2π2000t amplitude modulates a sinusoidal carrier
wave 60sin2π100,000t. Determine Modulation Index, Percent Modulation, Fre-
quencies of signal and carrier, frequency spectrum of the modulated wave.
Solution

Analog Modulation 18 / 51
 Analog Modulation
Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Frequency Spectrum of AM
Frequency & Phase Modulation
Power Relations in AM
Conclusion
Forms of Amplitude Modulation

Design Problem
Problem Statement:
A bandwidth of 15 MHz is available for AM transmission. If the maximum audio
signal frequency used for modulating the carrier is not to exceed 15kHz, how
many stations can broadcast within this band simultaneously without interfering
with each other?
Solution

Analog Modulation 19 / 51
 Analog Modulation
Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Frequency Spectrum of AM
Frequency & Phase Modulation
Power Relations in AM
Conclusion
Forms of Amplitude Modulation

Design Problem
Problem Statement:
In a broadcasting studio, a 1000kHz carrier is modulated by an audio signal of
frequency range 100-5000Hz. Find (i) width or frequency range of side bands
(ii) maximum and minimum frequencies of USB (iii) maximum and minimum
frequencies of LSB and (iv) width of the channel
Solution

Analog Modulation 20 / 51
 Analog Modulation
Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Frequency Spectrum of AM
Frequency & Phase Modulation
Power Relations in AM
Conclusion
Forms of Amplitude Modulation

Time & Frequency Relationships in AM

Figure: Time Frequency Relationships in AM [2]

21 / 51
 Analog Modulation
Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Frequency Spectrum of AM
Frequency & Phase Modulation
Power Relations in AM
Conclusion
Forms of Amplitude Modulation

Power Relations in AM

PT = Pc + PUSB + PLSB (13)

Vm Vm
vAM = Vc sin2πfc t + cos2πt(fc − fm ) − cos2πt(fc + fm ) (14)
2 2
Vc Vm Vm
vAM = √ sin2πfc t + √ cos2πt(fc − fm ) − √ cos2πt(fc + fm ) (15)
2 2 2 2 2

m2
PT = Pc (1 + ) (16)
2

Analog Modulation 22 / 51
 Analog Modulation
Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Frequency Spectrum of AM
Frequency & Phase Modulation
Power Relations in AM
Conclusion
Forms of Amplitude Modulation

Design Problem
Problem Statement:
The total power content of an AM wave is 1500W. For 100% modulation, de-
termine (i) Power transmitted by carrier and (ii) Power transmitted by each
sideband.
Solution

Analog Modulation 23 / 51
 Analog Modulation
Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Frequency Spectrum of AM
Frequency & Phase Modulation
Power Relations in AM
Conclusion
Forms of Amplitude Modulation

Design Problem
Problem Statement:
The total power content of an AM wave is 2.64kW at the percent modulation
of 80%. Determine the power content of (i) Carrier and ()ii) Each Sideband.
Solution

Analog Modulation 24 / 51
 Analog Modulation
Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Frequency Spectrum of AM
Frequency & Phase Modulation
Power Relations in AM
Conclusion
Forms of Amplitude Modulation

Design Problem
Problem Statement:
A transmitter used for radio telephone has an unmodulated carrier power of 10
kW and can be modulated to a maximum of 80% by a single frequency signal
before overloading. Find the value to which carrier power can be increased if the
50% modulation limit is imposed.
Solution

Analog Modulation 25 / 51
 Analog Modulation
Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Frequency Spectrum of AM
Frequency & Phase Modulation
Power Relations in AM
Conclusion
Forms of Amplitude Modulation

Design Problem
Problem Statement:
A certain transmitter radiated 10kW of power with the carrier unmodulated and
11.8 kW with the carrier modulated by sinusoid. Find (ii) Percent modulation
and (ii) If another wave modulated to 40% is also transmitted , calculate the
radiated power.
Solution

Analog Modulation 26 / 51
 Analog Modulation
Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Frequency Spectrum of AM
Frequency & Phase Modulation
Power Relations in AM
Conclusion
Forms of Amplitude Modulation

Amplitude Modulation

Standard AM wave contains a car- Depending upon the component

rier and two side bands and is gen- suppresses or removed, there are
erally referred to as Double Side different forms of Amplitude mod-
Band- Full Carrier (DSB-FC) or ulation(AM)
standard AM.
Double Sideband-
In DSB-FC, carrier conveys no in- Suppressed Carrier (DSSC
formation while the two side bands or DSB-SC)
are exact replicas of each other and Single Sideband- Suppressed
hence carry the same information. Carrier (SSSC or SSB-SC)

Compare forms of AM in terms

On the basis of above mentioned of performance, power and band-
reasons, it is possible to suppress width
the carrier or one side band or both
the carrier and a sideband without
any loss of information.
Analog Modulation 27 / 51
 Analog Modulation
Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Frequency Spectrum of AM
Frequency & Phase Modulation
Power Relations in AM
Conclusion
Forms of Amplitude Modulation

Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier

In this system, the carrier is suppressed and sidebands are transmitted
only. For 100% modulation (m=1), carrier signal contains 2/3 of the total
transmitted power.
With m=1, suppression of the carrier saves 2/3 of the total transmitted
power(Approximately 66.67% of PT ).

Figure: (a)Time & (b) Frequency domain representations of DSSC [2]

28 / 51
 Analog Modulation
Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Frequency Spectrum of AM
Frequency & Phase Modulation
Power Relations in AM
Conclusion
Forms of Amplitude Modulation

Single Sideband Suppressed Carrier

In this case, carrier along with one side band is suppressed and only one
sideband is transmitted. For 100% modulation(m=1), the total power
content of carrier and one sideband is equal to 5/6 of the total transmitted
power.
With m=1, suppression of carrier and one sideband saves 5/6 of the total
transmitted power (Approximately 83.34% of PT).

Figure: (a)Time & (b) Frequency domain representations of SSC [2]

29 / 51
 Modulation Frequency Modulation
Amplitude Modulation FM Parameters
Frequency & Phase Modulation Phase Modulation
Conclusion FM Bandwidth

Frequency & Phase Modulation

Analog Modulation 30 / 51
 Modulation Frequency Modulation
Amplitude Modulation FM Parameters
Frequency & Phase Modulation Phase Modulation
Conclusion FM Bandwidth

Frequency Modulation

Frequency of the carrier wave’ is Minimum frequency @ Min -ve am-

changed according to the modu- plitude of modulating Signal
lating signal .
Highest frequency (H): Maximum
The information is carried in the Frequency of the modulated Signal
changing frequency of the modu- Lowest frequency (L): Minimum
lated signal. frequency of the modulated Signal
Frequency of the modulated signal Resting frequency (fo ): Normal
increases as the amplitude of the frequency of the modulated Signal
modulating signal increases and which is equal to the carrier fre-
vice versa. quency.

Maximum frequency @ Max. +ve What is the amplitude of the

amplitude of modulating Signal. modulating signal at resting fre-
quency?

Analog Modulation 31 / 51
 Modulation Frequency Modulation
Amplitude Modulation FM Parameters
Frequency & Phase Modulation Phase Modulation
Conclusion FM Bandwidth

Frequency Modulation- Graphical Representation

Figure: Frequency modulation (a)Carrier signal (b)Modulating signal (c)Frequency modulated signal [2]

32 / 51
 Modulation Frequency Modulation
Amplitude Modulation FM Parameters
Frequency & Phase Modulation Phase Modulation
Conclusion FM Bandwidth

Frequency Modulation

The amount of change in the fre- For FM broadcasts, the maxi-

quency of the modulated signal de- mum allowed frequency deviation
pends upon the amplitude of the on each side of center frequency is
modulating signal. standardized at 75 kHz for maxi-
mum loudness. For TV broadcast
A modulating signal with greater it is 25 kHz. The rate at which the
amplitude causes a greater change
in frequency and vice versa. frequency shift takes place is de-
pendent upon the frequency of the
Keeping the frequency of the mod- modulating signal. For a modulat-
ulating signal constant, a louder ing signal of frequency 1 kHz, the
signal causes a greater change in frequency of the modulated signal
the frequency. varies 1000 times between its max-
imum and minimum values.

33 / 51
 Modulation Frequency Modulation
Amplitude Modulation FM Parameters
Frequency & Phase Modulation Phase Modulation
Conclusion FM Bandwidth

FM Parameters

The change/shift in frequency Deviation Ratio: Worst case mod-

(caused by the modulating signal) ulation index with maximum al-
either above or below the resting lowed frequency deviation and
frequency is known as ‘Frequency maximum allowed modulating au-
Deviation’(Δf) or fd . dio frequency

The total variation in frequency fdmax

DeviationRatio = (18)
from highest to lowest frequency fmmax
is known as ‘Carrier Swing’ (CS). Percent Modulation (m) Ratio of
Carrier Swing= 2 x Δf actual frequency deviation to the
maximum allowed frequency devi-
Modulation Index
ation
Freq Deviation fd
mf = = m = fdactual /fdmax (19)
Modulating Freq fm
(17)
What m=0 and m=100 corre-
spond to?
Analog Modulation 34 / 51
 Modulation Frequency Modulation
Amplitude Modulation FM Parameters
Frequency & Phase Modulation Phase Modulation
Conclusion FM Bandwidth

Phase Modulation

Phase shift of constant frequency

carrier is varied in accordance with
a modulating signal.

Positive amplitude of modulating

signal causes phase lag (equivalent
to lowering the frequency).

Negative amplitude of modulating

signal causes phase lead (equiva-
lent to increasing the frequency).

PM is dynamic in nature. Output

frequency changes only when the
modulating signal is increasing or
Figure: Frequency Modulation (a)Carrier signal
decreasing. (b)Modulating signal (c)Phase modulated signal [2]

Analog Modulation 35 / 51
 Modulation Frequency Modulation
Amplitude Modulation FM Parameters
Frequency & Phase Modulation Phase Modulation
Conclusion FM Bandwidth

Modulating Signal & Carrier Deviation

Figure: Frequency deviation as function of (a)Modulating signal amplitude (b)Modulating signal frequency[2]

Analog Modulation 36 / 51
 Modulation Frequency Modulation
Amplitude Modulation FM Parameters
Frequency & Phase Modulation Phase Modulation
Conclusion FM Bandwidth

Conversion of PM to FM (Indirect FM)

To convert PM to FM, the deviations caused by frequency variations of
modulating signal are compensated for by using a low pass RC filter

Analog Modulation 37 / 51
 Modulation Frequency Modulation
Amplitude Modulation FM Parameters
Frequency & Phase Modulation Phase Modulation
Conclusion FM Bandwidth

FM Sidebands

Figure: Frequency spectrum of FM signal[2]

Analog Modulation 38 / 51
 Modulation Frequency Modulation
Amplitude Modulation FM Parameters
Frequency & Phase Modulation Phase Modulation
Conclusion FM Bandwidth

Bessel Function Representation of FM

Analog Modulation 39 / 51
 Modulation Frequency Modulation
Amplitude Modulation FM Parameters
Frequency & Phase Modulation Phase Modulation
Conclusion FM Bandwidth

Bessel Function Plot as Function of Modulation Index

Figure: Bessel Function Plot as Function of Modulation Index [2]

40 / 51
 Modulation Frequency Modulation
Amplitude Modulation FM Parameters
Frequency & Phase Modulation Phase Modulation
Conclusion FM Bandwidth

Bessel Function Table as Function of Modulation Index

Figure: Bessel Function Table as Function of Modulation Index[2]

41 / 51
 Modulation Frequency Modulation
Amplitude Modulation FM Parameters
Frequency & Phase Modulation Phase Modulation
Conclusion FM Bandwidth

FM Bandwidth

Frequency bands of commercial FM Bandwidth

FM broadcast
Max. allowed deviation= 75kHz BW = 2Nfm (20)
Carrier swing=2x75= 150kHz
where N = Number of significant
Guard band on each Side= 25kHz
sidebands
Total guard band= 2x25=50kHz
Total channel width= 200kHz Carson’s Rule

For TV sound broadcast, max. al- BW = 2[fdmax + fmmax ] (21)

lowed deviation= 25kHz

Calculate the maximum and mini-

mum frequencies for a radio broad-
cast with the resting frequency
equal to 100MHz. Calculate de-
viation ratio for Radio and audio
TV broadcasts?
Analog Modulation 42 / 51
 Modulation Frequency Modulation
Amplitude Modulation FM Parameters
Frequency & Phase Modulation Phase Modulation
Conclusion FM Bandwidth

Design Problem
Problem Statement:
What is the modulation index of an FM carrier having a carrier swing of 100 kHz
and a modulating signal of 5 kHz?
Solution

Analog Modulation 43 / 51
 Modulation Frequency Modulation
Amplitude Modulation FM Parameters
Frequency & Phase Modulation Phase Modulation
Conclusion FM Bandwidth

Design Problem
Problem Statement:
An FM transmitter has a frequency deviation of 18.75 kHz. Calculate the percent
modulation if it is broadcast (a) in 88-108 MHz band(b)as a portion of a TV
broadcast
Solution

Analog Modulation 44 / 51
 Modulation Frequency Modulation
Amplitude Modulation FM Parameters
Frequency & Phase Modulation Phase Modulation
Conclusion FM Bandwidth

Design Problem
Problem Statement:
An FM signal has a resting frequency of 105 MHz and a highest frequency
of 105.03 MHz when modulated by a signal of frequency 5 kHz. Determine
(a) Frequency deviation (b) Carrier swing (c) Modulation index (d) Percent
modulation (e) Lowest frequency reached by the FM wave.
Solution

Analog Modulation 45 / 51
 Modulation Frequency Modulation
Amplitude Modulation FM Parameters
Frequency & Phase Modulation Phase Modulation
Conclusion FM Bandwidth

Noise Immunity of FM Signals

Figure: Noise immunity of FM signals [2]

Analog Modulation 46 / 51
 Modulation Frequency Modulation
Amplitude Modulation FM Parameters
Frequency & Phase Modulation Phase Modulation
Conclusion FM Bandwidth

Noise and Phase Shift in FM Signals

Figure: Noise & phase shift in FM signals [2]

Analog Modulation 47 / 51
 Modulation Frequency Modulation
Amplitude Modulation FM Parameters
Frequency & Phase Modulation Phase Modulation
Conclusion FM Bandwidth

Comparative Analysis of AM & FM

AM FM
Poor sound quality Better sound quality because of
lesser interference in frequency

Long transmission distances Short transmission distances

Cheaper & easier to implement Expensive & complex to imple-

ment
Smaller bandwidth Larger bandwidth

More simultaneous transmissions Lesser simultaneous transmissions

due to smaller bandwidth possible

Commercial AM radio boadcast Commercial FM radio broadcast

frequency range: 535-1705 kHz frequency range: 88-108 MHz

Analog Modulation 48 / 51
 Modulation
Amplitude Modulation Conclusion
Frequency & Phase Modulation References
Conclusion

Conclusion

Analog Modulation 49 / 51
 Modulation
Amplitude Modulation Conclusion
Frequency & Phase Modulation References
Conclusion

Conclusion
Covered within this module, topics of analog modulation

Amplitude Modulation (AM)

Frequency Modulation (FM)
Phase Modulation (PM)
Comparative analysis of modulation techniques

Analog Modulation 50 / 51
 Modulation
Amplitude Modulation Conclusion
Frequency & Phase Modulation References
Conclusion

References
[1] B. Lathi, Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems.
USA: Oxford University Press, 1998.
[2] L. Frenzel, Principles of Electronic Communication Systems.
USA: Mc-Graw Hill/Glencoe,New York, 2003.

Analog Modulation 51 / 51