:4ha
-****
Chapter- 1 lu Enviro nment
.
SNVIRON MENT
veuthing uhieh Aurround
can Cotkectivik
be r med CLs envircmert Cotkechviky
St may includ44h
biotle Oand abiotte componerts
The agregali au the
pyaicoas ancl
beth biote nd biotogrca werlo
abiote and 4neir inguences
ecmthe and dvelopmenl" an erganisns
naural habital, i known QUs envY6nmen
CoSY S1EM
detined a sperifte uni ou thee
brganisnm oc ng a [Link]éa whiPeh kracl
ut physscal environmmt precluein4 ctis HinE
1àop cHure andhemic o yle
TYES OF EcDSYS1SN
Narurat al ecosysRm elt regu aH ecosysttm
unthe átureto
baewithoDLuLoinymgi humaH
[Link]. -fores, aksarivex.,ponds etc
****
tH ia_eces.ysk hese are mainkalne d. cund
mantpulatd mar. In hese man d'akuuhs
the makua 6alance by Hhe aclolitHan Cesy
E- Gaclens, aquanum, rehfds, nursenies ett..
COMPONENTS OF AN ScoSySTAM..
BfotPo
Abfotfe
909LLSus tu8pUC Pase
a8eed ihaim
R Amid
AblQHc 1hese th mon-iving_ Lomponenh q|
LonaHiHun
bauic orgonicand ancd
h e ecosysHm along with
Ex- temp, with, ray nfal,soid ett.
inorgani'c Substanc
tonstHHute liufng...Componnb
e oecosse
oticheseMese
.andMyare 9Youped on fououss
autohophic rnisma. whteh mu
mak uhfeh
are
a roducus hey
heir food hemieveo yths RroAL-ephotoynthaYs.
&x All plants
green blu-green algae.
,
hth
Th aue h nctaotropure. osganisms.
Conauwnes
rocucers eftmon [Link]
far
depend n
umoclassilOd_into telloin
t n r uvivel.. these aue
imauy irst Ode tonsuney Heoivores
ThEse0uethe animal wheh. eak planl- r
plant PACouctz er- Deer, ot, Co, r«bbi
ete
y SLConday ( eand rcder coumen Cauniyore.
ne a haunimalo. luch hud m henbivoYe.
Exr-o CA eto
TeAHa Tnlrd ogdaongumsa
These u e the l g e Lanoreo hieh e d on
econdAouny. Onsun. 2x énak, waser biyols t t
atenasy auuto-ader Anumeg
nese. a . he laugest Caanlvesea which bud on 4ein
torsumess dtase th top Canfvores Ign, Shaike
CDeuomposersrecucern)these are genenaly
miuos. (bautto Cue un) hhen al o tu.
dLtad foocly PAccucers ou Coumes
bpe ak n e LonpleN gunfeuunituncu t b
smple one
LAsEntiaonAnens 0suukm
CLLtLephltaEIO
ino esicAs chosnca And
9L addod. -te ot1909
99
Nom- POrlogoOcahto Uno7
TmpprEQUCE DeLompOsers
anc
.hedecmp0i. the dtad bodiesbinaLs
plang anelhu.. .úu ascle
plan cleanaina aeme envircnmet
Tyhep_ neHung he matanbiosphure
meymantain she-ferHlut o th AoiX
TROPHICEVELS
foce [Link] whene. hane 7
In a
leve
akeaplcce aealed a tacpuue
enEAgU-
._eneAgy
* ram o acpe _leue
3/:lay.
/Tes
Cretmu
CSeconela,
2ama m 0nsduméa
Aocu cer T
uadaróo1tactMÉ2sk
the keoc!
chan
chaf &Aeutlt
ut
C q r e e n . p l a n t s . m . whlch
fiue
[Link]
P)..and hey korm
- i s t o p u e . Leue Ct) -
*******
coupom.
PacctEM le
ate
herbivor¬s. en ed form
the
*
[Link]).(G)
Conume
the irst
opuc level ( + .
he Secord
lonswmers Second aden
secandarder
aue
ealen by leuetlt3)
uetlta).
Hexbivores Me thid topkic le
)and fotm
tonstitut
cler (3)
onsumer s one huc
Ththe
e
sousth fAoplurc leve. (tu)
E 9n_an ecoeystm jora
consHtuli the ics o p e leue l+),
la plan
clea arlt) +tger L43)
+RCD CHALN.
levlatha thom
equ ence o. topuye
cnener no [Link] ends
wih a speciesncuk: 2 ats
by [Link]: Ap2eies
wth a species ie., tattn
- -
*
**** * ******** ***
Cha rac1ersHos [Link]
blw h uufng
) h fnvolves a nuafve 'nteraction
an ecointtrm 0-9.Y
erganiss
i he ranaer toad cneray ctnin. amou
nea losr
-
.
u a t t h e c ue 3 H
sualy TAophlc levcs , a foed
choin.. -
f The tHou q enegH n a ioe d thain alwcs
unidirecHena iet, .t. auua.-pAotetcls.
pacgressiveSAought Lfne me d etion peom suur
to pAecud ancd subs eguenty46 series o digb
LoNLuNLA} -- ..
Exanple osaodthafa
.Tu ttp.60cl chan Plant. Áephan
t tensn)k
PA9ecer
toumen)
Three SHp. Plant DeR
tPAOeluten) palmay seeoncdauy
Lonsun)
LorsuNN
i u s Cia
(
.
pAL S oodle hain
Cras Rabbit
Cpaoduute t ger
C3 5eeOVNclay Cytento
LOuno). COnumen) Congun)
[Link] chal
Aquaric plant Mollusts Csocod
4 Paeueea) paima seeonclay (4tetHay
ovs ume) consumes) LCvsume
- -- --- --- -- -
Phytoplankkon [Link] h2tish
pro cuCer) Herbivere)
* ****:******
(Carnor1 Carnivore I)
Shar --- --- --
coumiuo *** *"****
AFive skp foorl chan, - --~~-~~ ---- -- -- - - - ~ - - - - - -- - - - - -
..nsect ** ~** Anake Haw
prcoucer paimaa Gteconday yttrHay. Auakn
Lonsum)
***
cu
-
***** **
**" ****** ** ** *~**
***
a neHwmlc socochain [Link]. inter
LonnechkdatvavousAbpluiefeelsso as tefom.
Lanumben. obecling- tonnecHenu among citheient
Aanm.. P
OHC. Lommuunity
haractes tic
Foob Webs cre /EEes
neeriAaugni/
Ihy omec by inttrlinking
are fooc chan
Afocd c b Plouictu ctl4naHvE Pathucy fooc
vaia
2) T hetps h icoayltrndeveiDpmeah
I makar the etosyskm [Link] ttable
l Eneigy L10. AN
Each ene_gaamm eedeneg caALAy
ualacHuHa t Oct-The lnegy-ftou
in an epc43tmstnoLs. aloiolapchrcuakrafca
TmeuLimal. eoLe e neigu _unee y un
80-heotal soi c Racialdms u m eanth-
only abouk 1),..--- taptued 8renpplanh,
[Link].. stred.n_planta as_chwnafaal
[Link]
naAgy fendhAauphpuotoiynheai (112
Plon Uh2C +his. nnpA. hlr
[Link] fes ad #ne re iao7.) s
released t h enuiannment
Duniag ha tranfesz a enaa4 mproluciA-
aimay consumers
aafngo7) nigt
Les n . t h e r anc
the Cneng i madeaualable_sh He
LO7.
STAte
imilaaly m an avesage l o d t h e earies.
2neAK he eanlie euelopaaseol dD me
h i e l , f e u n or maANmLm
Cue n e m o l l -
Sinte theamount
auaiJable en
o n.
deientngaleaeh leue oocl hain uUal.
DLfr llhee o fou pleps andYaYe
me aanafea 5Aps-4-
ene aluway4
**
uniclirecH=
-gnal
n_an eL0systtm denluall the pRoauCEAS R -
mamium in_number As [Link].
thu _chalh. theno. doctiufalualeotea
Doptk deusl oleaseaej.-
nana***
wiu _haenen
*****
e
--
ku_o ****
the
w e se_ku_Cuh ganijmy a_ne.. pu
eul Hhe tranAfen afod eneg_to nentLeu
AL CtopInis wlU Cawee a breae ec
chain a r u i esulrin eosysm tabalante
Lonseqeny the Tganisma
..-
igh raplue.
Leuak"u aloo [Link] h e louuetpus
leu wlll exhioitandYmlLA tewta ShHnele
opulatenSoboth_CondiNor uu_Cauo e
DuoogicLAD upse.
aopite Leukel b dAeAen fort cilhee
hoptleLewelsLen he. [Link]. an
faopic. ee. be-remoued . ** iHnout caenp
ec sttm?
janira
Yeshe. tmpaat O e n o n C A N th
atoptuic leue ? wu beob: frr tlith.
o p s [Link] al pro duces cu kille
no feed QUalable dor.
nnthene wilL be
20, dhe i ldie migrale a
Neubivores
nal time. B u u i Hatmein intne abtenu
Carniuare
he biuores he Vauiouo Cakgorles o
Lu aso be oecndSin all catègpries d-
Cganisms creInterAinkad remnia
wlu WHMake
anytYOpluceve)
qcunism
c eLosusHRm-
BIOAOGCAL MAG MA ICA1do0_
huelvesProge
J i [Link] tha
as. noreenhration harm non- bied ego a
i n c pe
Ctt_dih erenttroplefe lewls.
hemi cale wi
chain thample DDTpresenl n the Sei 2.
tontenhaH CM PPM, ohen_LRrgutmed
eauthwasm . e b a a leuel_d 86
RM.
klhen_abou aSuch eautLLOOTma aieeaten b
obbinbirdshe cencsLeue 9 DDIreachee...to
Asp PPM 0 t h i s way-theamoua. -DA T.
AIAS1E ENVIRONMeNTAL PROBLE N
nee majrenuirnmental pcoolena maunly
- -
reaktd oyhuumanhengene
()Soldwask ciapos c
O2onedeptegHion dpletiO_
dowu
..
Other pollulfen retated pDhlen
OLID NASTEDIsPO3AL
Sources
ckomestic watE k h e n _was
Lommuni waAH rm_o14tse, shops, hospekeula
Commecia. placr
LAwauk
COTnduiarwa
LCommescle
gouHon,Cmdhe uer.
oAgrulkuos na awk sha
CAasricauc
Ddegmdabie_ualk-Iheneae mere0aAts
Le
eg .
e [Link] [Link] oe .ep heCoHan
imple and harmiesd suubeaniite
by
miusbus,
iRMPUL LPECIL oan
1a)
douloua ases incaye
SReleaot
[Link] Cane Okeaag
Abund
eiciece-n aquaiicttm
oluto taa
HdenCJnsumption_ 0eg (ange no d
- - - -
B NON- B1OD GRADAB L WATE
TheeeaAe waa whit cannothe
degr aded *************
Oun into implen O
haamer -ubstunars m CLebio0 aution r
esticicL, chumital
Aicultet *IAL, rem Inclushe,
nd
lon-Biooegradobie
|&.:
bu) aumPul LHeets NBD lae
Cnemícab e po1, BH
indute et tumguu m mamm ae poisnou
SuntheHc subsianca han lounyeilo,ksmoke
tnair
ExLes uedfoattuizeas makas l l aurbue
n Con atoo _caue shin and blopo pe our
nass plsPosAL gonlpaa
londRUS
Recytufag wasti. . ----
Preartton o tomost
9ncineration ev burnin ,at [Link]
. Procucien. blogas ad manure
-***
DzoNE DEPLETON
Ozone toTm o
m genexist n triatom
orm ( he sataspHere kh Atmosphere
teproHon o20nc
*****
Sunught
2Photo elasiation +o]
Oa ---. -
O2one
*
* ******
I..
Ozone laye called as one bianhet. she it
shields 0 pvokets the earth rom he harmu
wtcavoilat rac iathonssfhce ttabsorb he V, aol1a
hehinning
Ozone. clapyeptom
ozon. [Link] Commmly calleo
**
CAUSES OP DzoNE DEPLE TON
Ozone hyer obePng. depieatd by air pellutan
ke CFcs Methànaand Oxloles n i r o gen
CECS0ne unthetic. harmu chemic ala.- nhich are
end ci ir
cel usedù ne Yerigerakers
CocdiHoners a Coolent inreexH nguishers
-t sprayers ek Once releas ed n carr
tnqerosola
heLe. produte .chlorlne rgdicls which deshrCy
the. ozone by Lonverting. nto ougen
Ozone tole peclinen thicknes ORone.
[Link] axeahricHd.. crea. tkcaled oEne
hel 9+ wa rs olicLoered over
E£fECTS OE OzONE D£PLE D'oN
[Link] [Link] moreUy -
***
odiaHons t enter tme earth hichcan
tuseg he kolONin rarm etheh.
Cle Skin Can ten.
Caue elpma 7D tes and an also ca
2
CataYact
.
3 Cauesdamage D_{mune. Cugem
4 More. mutatns. OccuOccu
5 in photosyrthesss U
Deceing OCur
nureae glcbat warming-
Damage arHee
Page No.
Date
muienment
ouw Eneau n dhe dhaun u unide
ctioral
There ia dpatiem emegya t eveuy
dp fts thanker anlormatiev
ohat he enexg Cant_lur boek
ineveue olivecin. It lnus am Aun
to plamta; plantato omils,aimas
OAimals, oamic umas o decempo
Se etc.
J n akosd chain ,Lomprisiny hes , nsek
biLds omd qaAwhich e t e oani
AAA iJkly to haue aumum lovcen-
hahem hanmhl nen- biadegiadable
hasmf chemicals h he body
aBid as they fomthe top mlórk epic
leuvel nthis ood hain uihee nem-blode
Hable hemliaks l l hove maximum bio
magniication.
Kwhut_uwould_hopPen to thi envitnment y
bhs gamic emalns willprle up and all the
bioeneh mutuemta uill Get Hed. p
Jndanic_maktentth nokuten AÓiped
mnuleciive omDë-0gricmatei
Page No.
Date
How Can ue help in reduing he peoblom
unte diosal ? t anwo
- 0Spration d biodeadablë and no-
klodeguadnble waste
epoktion CDmpo8t ok_vemi- lenpo
em blodeqladable umate_ Omd hamdin ove
The [Link] nen-badegadable_uALte to
Hagpickt_
Slate walsto RseUent accunnlulaton d,
hasumul Chomicall_in0UEbod
sUAe Csgauc hosd
ROate or boled dunking ude
MiniUm ue ch peahiuides at hene
Areas shodld be n cleanlhes
a Deinea)biomas
)Anocbi degradahien
B'omas tlsthe amevnto uving matr,
measurrd e s h en doy wght
Anasuotie deg- This is slsuing dsum sut
ddecemposthon 0amlmatrtn b
O/enbive odours may n due tnetn
Rutufcaben opNeteins wh1le houmemtaton
. Cavcbahydocadei ishich sie duse alkehe
0.ganic_add.thatmay kiN miocibe. Ttis
ekul n Productiam D biogas
- - ~--- - -
Page No.
| Date
why have the talway Vemde berng
Suthi OUe hemueMLable abesto
plastie ups,then clay Cups Wn
pafer ups _while we oeM 4ake Hole
on emtuabJe anhcles
T h e e is no denlend he act hat euOble.
0hicles Ae eto-hpuendly Howeyt,thty a
Jnble doget ontaminatrd especial uwhes
aiwau_venalensdon't have timemd
esaUto Atelige them. Theupa, al-
uoay buitched ovedApoiable plastte qHicle
HouDeweaplateayps ane nen- biodegrable
bo thein dapoialiA a big poblemThty
teuldn't be burmt aA biesr buwnming rtdate
fwnieaes So, His uwas HEplacR y alay
lups orKullods . Heweven, makinslakk
RNads daily suemete top i l e sAsil
kham AeRxalhndnd acesd Lanol. e
dlay ps alse neauirnd dumpfng place
ulfimakly elispasable Paye usps haue, Come
skey with up as +heaE Heecoble
os we as lonbe burntwtho
Causry pruoblenn d, dumping
Hos plalwasle net alloued tiv mi uith
mwnidpa thash ard
abagoAithe
Ltls dumped BeperatlHoto tia
iapedadOmd h?
Page No
Date
ospilal waste ds highy Contminad amd
Cam be a sourc SeKal diseaba whene
Cwer it s dumped or dipofe o. alo
(ontains CamcenDMA Inhected an othe
wys tiss ve thot Can be soUre o vbal
disekaeaThesrthare hoptl waté Ore
Clleced im Sepexake bags Omd laken
toncineratns hor olsposals uhtre they
ae bwt a t hgh ttmp.o 3em6ue he
wmwamted Aubi¥nces hen it u
dispassed inamd lb.
Melt auahallom dAnelop akin Lsbltms
OA the ge old. why?
d Hushalia Ua ne aminhta in the zone
whee O2emeShole apears wesy yta
|More high emegy UlhaViolet ay seach
theasLeA d hole-UvV
he earth n 0zene
ad'an&n Caue skin Came , MLrattons
amd Cataracts betdes immunh. Thexe
Thenel
more
uushaliams Corne to hae Skin
Roblen A they Hewolod.
that a kood chan
What ia the AeasOm
Comasst d 3-S Atps
s enesg
iAe to to taus the lo/. eanether
passed-om ne lewel to a
eoel chaln. So the 0sania ms ot huhest
evel oU get minimbm n e
Abo due to blo-ma4iilftaton ¥he chzed
i chemicals ohsh entt..ii. he foed chasn
Page No.
| Date
mase Cencentated ad eath leuel..
Doung heaiyoin. n a village,a n
OtenCUueaexCeve Ktegon Conpo
Und to a pond How will it+ ehfect the-
uth hah tn he pond in wng run
ra Exce nihegen. Cempund in apeno
PABduceA XdA dalgae T t e a d s -
o g m depletion. Ii watev Jesutng
indtath ahes
How do kood chalns 9tshotemest{
Houo dloeA he Ahorteniv atect b'osphen
n ood choins 9et shestemed by hiuns humam
actiuities ike Cuth ohees anelhunt
eoslor-
ng utld animals. This dishrbs
gfcal balance Theue u a lage incxease
n mod, bome peuie Lwh le heue isa
lage decnease inna: individuals o)
Omoth tn Apeua
AAL he ktesh dla [Link]
3raunijores cleuve. the osd hem the {lert
hebvosHexbl voes odeuve thelrfapd
honplamts. so indirecty olL H lers
Carnivoe LA a 9 M
8hon is only #e. lonsume iJustik
..
Page No.
Dote
M a m ia 8mnivorw le has eneah pewer
md meams to puotect hîmael o he
ottack ) [Link] he lsnot bnumed
by o theCanmuvoLey am Ao Can be
naideed as the Only lmaumek
The teum poduuARA oh plantA iA msno-
me Explain h4?
rs plamta mnot he ene o min
[Link] takR Fhe a s moteruals hem
blospheieOme the enesqu Aum amd
Depovre the edd by photoayntheaia . planta
SolaA._emeau- dhemical
ony Convent
mdgand don't in teal semse AynthesiAE
with the knewledn enesq Hanaein
kodd Chaln Clo/. lalv) m a n Cam place himsel
i n Om [Link] positHon in he focdcba Hoct
h e n mn akea vegeteuom hobel, he get
mae emery hev he ts awa twn
puoer 1el. essen tnes9y isuailabe
Ao man Can choo e to opt ov vegetcuan
O non-veseteudm 88d habsta4.
Extba ves. --
Vaseoubn heod habits am susteun lasge
h8 people Jush}[Link]