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Fakulti Pendidikan Teknikal dan Vokasional
BBE 31103 Saifullizam Puteh
Ja b . K e j . Pe n d i d i k a n
DIAGNOUS DAN SENGGARAAN F PTV
UTHM
AUDIO VIDEO
CD AND DVD The Basics
PLAYERS and More
How CD and DVD Players Work
M. Mansuripur
Optical Sciences Center
The University of Arizona
Tucson, AZ 85721
<masud@[Link]>
January 22, 2003
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Abstract
Everyone is familiar these days with Compact Disk (CD) and Digital Versatile Disk (DVD)
systems. In case familiarity has bred contempt for these marvels of modern technology, we will try
to explain in simple terms the complex set of ideas and techniques that have made possible the
construction of these Optical Data Storage devices. Information, be it analog (such as voice, still
images, video) or digital (e.g., text, computer files, internet traffic) can be represented in binary
format as a string of 0's and 1's. These binary strings can be stored on optical disks and retrieved
(for reproduction) using lasers and other sophisticated opto-electronic instruments. In this
presentation we describe methods of conversion of the various forms of information into binary
sequences, discuss methods of storing these sequences on CD and DVD platters, and explain how
this information is recovered/reconstructed during playback.
A Little History
The history of the compact disk (CD) started in the 1970’s with the videodisk in the form of Video Long
Play (VLP) read-only systems. The videodisk did not become a commercial success, even after write-
once optical disks of different formats and sizes were introduced. These were analog systems. In 1982
the CD-DA (compact disk-digital audio) was introduced to the market jointly by Phillips and Sony. It
stored a high-quality stereo audio signal in a digital format. These systems became a huge success. In
1985, the technology was extended to computer storage, again in a collaboration between Phillips and
Sony. This was called a CD-ROM (compact disk-read only memory). Early in 1995, two major groups
were competing to develop the next generation of high-density compact disks. Under the partnership of
Philips and Sony, there began the development of one such format. Concurrently, a group led by
Toshiba and Time Warner was working on another format. In September of 1995 the two camps agreed
to develop a single standard for a high-density compact disk. The first DVD-video players were sold in
Tokyo in November’96, followed by their US introduction in August’97.
CD Under a Microscope
Spiral track
Track direction
Low-magnification (32) image of a CD showing
an edge of the data zone.
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How Small are the Pits on a CD?
Dust (40mm) Human hair (75mm) Cotton thread (150mm)
CD pit (0.5 2mm)
Fingerprint (15mm)
Track Density and Data Density
The CD is 12 cm in diameter, 1.2 mm thick, has a center hole 1.5 cm in
diameter, and spins at a constant linear velocity (CLV) or constant angular
velocity (CAV).
There is only one track on the optical disk and all data are stored in a spiral
of about 2 billion small pits on the surface. There are about 30,000 windings
on a CD - all part of the same track. This translates into about 16,000 tracks
per inch and an areal density of 1 Mb/mm2.
The total length of the track on a CD is almost 3 miles.
CD Versus DVD
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CD in Cross-section
A CD can store up to 74 minutes of music, so the total amount of digital data
that must be stored on a CD is:
2 channels 44,100 samples/channel/second 2 bytes/sample 74 minutes 60
seconds/minute = 783,216,000 bytes
To fit more than 783 megabytes onto a disk only 12 cm in diameter requires
that the individual bits be very small.
Different Types of DVD
Inside a CD Player
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Optics of
Readout
Intensity Distribution in the Focal Plane
-2
y (mm)
2
-2 x (mm) 2 -2 x (mm) 2 -2 x (mm) 2
Logarithmic plots of intensity distribution at the focal plane of a 0.615NA objective at l =
633 nm. The incident uniform beam is linearly polarized along the X-axis. From left to
right: X-, Y-, Z-components of polarization at best focus. The integrated intensities of these
three components are in the ratio of 1 : 0.002 : 0.113.
Focused Laser Beam Reading the Pits on a CD Surface
Pits are 120 nm deep and 600 nm wide. Laser
beam scatters when it scans a pit, which
translates into a drop in reflected beam
intensity.
The laser beam (wavelength ~ 780 nm) is focused onto the data side of the
disk (focused spot diameter ~ 1mm). The laser moves in the radial direction
over the fast spinning disk and scans the data track.
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Why Focus the Laser Light through the Substrate?
Substrate Tilt
Three-beam Tracking
On the top and bottom frames, the central spot B has drifted to one side of the track and the
modulation is greatest in one of the side beams A or C. In the center frame, the central spot B is
correctly located over the track and the modulation from the central spot is a maximum.
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Three-Beam Tracking
Three-beam Tracking
Effect of Defocus on Focal Plane Intensity Distribution
Perfect focus Defocus: 0.5mm 1.0mm 1.5mm 2.0mm
2
y ( mm)
-2
-2 x ( mm) 2 -2 x ( mm) 2
Logarithmic plots of total intensity distribution at and near the focus of a 0.615NA objective at
l = 633nm. From left to right: Dz = 0, 0.5mm, 1mm, 1.5mm, and 2mm. Because of symmetry
between the two sides of focus the distributions for ±Dz are the same. At best focus the spot’s
FWHM is 0.57mm along X and 0.51mm along Y.
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Focus Actuator
Inside the drive, the disk and the drive's optics are separated by a distance of about 1 mm,
making mechanical interaction and crashes, even with wavy disks and imperfect clamping
almost impossible.
Automatic Focusing
Automatic Focusing
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Automatic Focusing
How Many 8-letter Words Are There?
AAAAAAAA 00000000
28 =256
AAAAAAAB 00000001
AAAAAAAC 00000010
. .
BROADWAY 00100010
. .
CONSTANT 01001011
. .
. .
WILDCATS 11100010
. .
ZZZZZZZZ 268 =208,827,064,576 11111111
The ASCII Code
A 00101101
B 00101110
.
Z 11011001
0 11011100 1
01010101 Any English text can therefore be translated
2 10101111 into the language of 0’s and 1’s (the Binary
. Language) with the aid of the ASCII code.
9 11001100
? 10101001
00101001
( 11100010
.
.
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Audio Signal
Electrical Waveform
Sampling and Analog to Digital Conversion (ADC)
As the sampling rate and precision of analog to digital conversion
increase, the fidelity (i.e., the similarity between the original
wave and the “digitized” wave) improves. In the case of CD
sound, the sampling rate is 44,100 samples per second and the
number of gradations is 65,536 (corresponding to 16 bits per
sample). At this level, the playback signal so closely matches the
original waveform that the sound is essentially perfect to the
human ear.
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Error Correction Coding
Data Bits Check Bits
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 0 0 1 ? ? ?
5 1 7 0 1 0
4 1
2 3 0 0
6 1
Sector Format
A basic unit of information stored on a CD is called a frame. The frame equals to 24 17-bit
symbols combined with the synchronization pattern, a control and display symbol, and 8 error
correction symbols. Frames are grouped together to form blocks (also called sectors). Each block
has 2352 bytes of user data in the CD-DA standard or 2048 bytes in the CD-ROM standards (due
to tighter error correction technique and more error correction bytes). The figure below shows
structure of one CD-ROM block. The first CD drives played back 75 blocks per second, which
translated into the data transfer rate 1X equal to about 0.15 MB/s.
00 FF x 10 00 MIN SEC SECTOR MODE DATA LAYERED ECC
12 bytes (synch) 4 bytes (ID) 2048 bytes 288 bytes
<--------------------------------------- 2352 bytes ----------------------------------------------->
Translating Binary Digits to Pits
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Mastering and Pressing Disks
THE END
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