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------ Using GIS --
Fundamentals of GIS
Fundamentals of GIS
------Using GIS--
Chapter One Functionality of GIS (Capabilities of GIS)
• Basic principles of GIS software: Integrate visual or graphic data in the
GIS Functions and Architecture form of maps, with descriptive or attribute information form an
organization's internal databases, or from commercially available data.
• Provides the tools for users to access, visualize, and query both graphic
and tabular data for better analysis and decision making.
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• A GIS is a computer-based system that provides four sets of capabilities
to handle geo referenced data.
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------ Using GIS --
Fundamentals of GIS
Fundamentals of GIS
Basic Architecture of GIS software
------Using GIS-- Three basic architecture of GIS software
• Project - Single database established for the project primarily
used by one user.
1. Data inputs: • Department - Centralized database used by multiple users.
The function of data input to convert data from their existing form • Enterprise - Distributed database shared by large number of
into one that can be used by GIS users on the network.
2. Data management (data storage and retrieval)
They are concerned with the way the data is structured, handled,
accessed and perceived by the user of the system.
[Link] and analysis
Data conversion is only part of the input phase of GIS. What is
next is the ability to interpret and to analyze qualitatively and
quantitatively the information that has been collected. 4
[Link]
Display and conversion operations produce graphic output and
reports such as maps and color display drawn on a graphic
terminal as well as formulated reports of tabular information. 3
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------Using GIS-- ------Using GIS--
Different types of Architectures 1. Enterprise Architecture (EA) Benefits
applies architecture principles related to the “orderly arrangement Ability to unify and integrate business process across the enterprise
of parts” to analyze the components, the structure and connectivity (and extended enterprise). Ability to unify and integrate data
of business architecture, data architecture, application architecture across the enterprise and link with external partners. Readily
and technology architecture and identify their relationships to each available documentation of the enterprise.
other and to the strategy of the organization. 2. Service-oriented architecture
EA provides a holistic set of descriptions about the enterprise (and is a method of building business applications that utilizes
extended enterprise) over time. An EA process that delivers common services to support business functions. SOA has a variety
business value to the enterprise produces several things: of definitions regarding what it consists of, sometimes driven by
vendor-specific solutions instead of a general architecture.
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------ Using GIS --
Fundamentals of GIS FundamentalstoofGIS
Introduction GIS
What is ArcGIS?
• ArcGIS is a family of software products from GIS
Introduction to the Architecture of Industry leader
ArcGIS
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Introduction GIS
FundamentalstoofGIS
Introduction GIS
What is ArcGIS?
• ArcGIS Desktop application suite:
What is ArcGIS?
• We will be using ArcGIS Desktop – ArcMap
– ArcCatalog
• Three licensing levels:
– ArcScene
• Basic/ArcView – basic desktop package, $
– ArcGlobe
• Standard/ArcEditor – adds comprehensive editing, $$
• Advanced/ArcInfo – adds advanced spatial analysis • Other components include
and high-end cartography, $$$ – ArcToolbox and ModelBuilder
• We are using ArcInfo – ArcGIS Administrator
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FundamentalstoofGIS
Introduction GIS FundamentalstoofGIS
Introduction GIS
What is ArcGIS? ArcCatalog
• How do you access • for organizing and managing spatial and tabular data
these? Main menu
Standard Toolbar
• From the start menu
>> All Programs
>> ArcGIS
Catalog tree
Catalog display
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Introduction GIS
Introduction to GISFundamentals of GIS
ArcCatalog
ArcCatalog • Once a network share
• This button allows you to connect to a local is mapped as a drive
folder or a network place (make a folder connection) letter, you can create a
• In this course, all data and work will be stored on connection to it or one
your Zoo account for safe-keeping, but during lab it is of its subfolders
best to work with a copy of the data on the local drive
(C:)
• In lab we’ll learn to “map a network” drive to
your Zoo account, so it looks no different from saving to
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Introduction GIS FundamentalstoofGIS
Introduction GIS
ArcCatalog ArcCatalog
• For instance,
here are the •There are five types of data shown here
contents of the
nr143 folder Geodatabase
on my Zoo
account, which Coverage
I made a folder
connection to: Arc Map
Project file
Shapefile
Tabular data
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Introduction GIS
FundamentalstoofGIS
Introduction GIS
Data types Data types
• Shapefile: native file format for ArcView 3.x • Coverage: native file format for old ArcInfo 7.x (not a file,
but a complex directory structure) Windows Explorer (file system) views:
Windows Explorer (file system) view:
One spatial data layer, several files
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Explorer and you corrupt the whole workspace! (Use
ArcCatalog to manage spatial data layers)
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Introduction to GISFundamentals of GIS
Data types ArcCatalog: Data management
• Create and modify
• Tabular data: data table (often non-spatial) that can be used in
a GIS geodatabases.
•You can create new
• Spreadsheet
feature classes,
• Dbase database file -- .dbf tables or
• Map document: a project file—it stores your map layout and relationship classes
preferences in ArcGIS….but not the data! within a
geodatabase
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Introduction to GISFundamentals of GIS
ArcCatalog: Data management
Through right
ArcCatalog: Data management clicking, you can
access the properties
You can also import
of a feature class and
existing shapefiles
or coverages into a make changes …
geodatabase or e.g., alter fields for
export a feature class the feature class’
to a shapefile attribute table
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Introduction GIS
ArcCatalog: Online data ArcCatalog: Online data
• ArcCatalog also allows you to access data directly
ArcGIS Online
from the Internet
([Link] )
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Introduction GIS
ArcCatalog: Functionality ArcCatalog: Functionality
•ArcCatalog allows you to preview geographic data, •You can also preview online data sets
including geodatabase feature classes
Use these
buttons to
zoom and pan
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Introduction GIS
ArcCatalog: Functionality ArcCatalog: Functionality
…and you can preview and browse tabular attribute • Preview, create and modify the “metadata,” or data
data about the data
ArcCatalog
standardizes this
information and
allows you to import
and export metadata
between layers
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Introduction GIS FundamentalstoofGIS
Introduction GIS
ArcMap ArcMap: overlaying data
• Using the add data button, you can overlay any number of
• ArcMap is where you’ll do most of your mapping layers for which geographic reference information exists.
and visualization of spatial data
• This is the default upper tool and menu bar Change map’s
display scale
(zoom factor )
TOC
Display
Window
Add new
layer
Zoom & Measure Find
pan tools Zoom to
Select feature
full extent
feature
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Introduction GIS
ArcMap: Table of Contents ArcMap: properties
• The window on the left side of ArcMap is the Table • You can access many functions by right clicking on
of Contents, where project data layers are listed the layer in the TOC.
• There are several TOC views, including display and
source You can
access, edit
and query
attribute
tables from
a special
Draw order Selection interface
Source
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ArcMap: Layer properties ArcMap: Data frame
•You can access layer properties by double clicking on that
layer: much functionality is found there • You can access
properties for the
whole data frame by
double clicking on
“Layers” at the top of
the TOC or by right
clicking on the data
frame
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ArcMap: Content Pane ArcMap: Layouts
•ArcMap can view in two modes:
Data view: for viewing, analyzing and Layout view: for laying out data for
manipulating data presentation Maps are created in
the layout view,
where titles, legends,
north arrows, scale
bars, and other
elements can be
added and arranged.
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ArcMap: Data frame—Units
•Two of the most important properties are Map and
Display units. Where the Map units are already set
(because reference info exists) they will be “grayed
out” but display units are still changeable.
When the units are unknown to the system (reference
info not embedded in the file) you’ll see:
This turns into guesswork
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Introduction to GISFundamentals of GIS
ArcMap: Units
• Once you’ve set display units, future geographic measurement
functions should be in those units, even if they’re different
from the Map units; however, this does not apply to non-
spatial attribute values
• If you use the ruler tool for instance, measurements will likely
be in the selected Display units at the bottom of the page
unless you’ve selected different units in the ruler tool interface
FundamentalstoofGIS
Introduction GIS
Introduction to GISFundamentals of GIS
ArcMap: Scale Large vs. Small Scale
• Translation factor between one unit on the map • Large scale
and same unit in the real world
• Lots of detail
• map units: ground units (ratio)
• Shows small features
• 1:10,000 means that 1 inch equals 10,000 inches in
real world • Small scale
• No much detail
1 foot is 1.98 million feet in real
world • Shows large features
• Scale is a dimensionless number
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ArcGIS: Extensions ArcGIS: Extensions
• Activate by going to Customize>>extensions
• Specialized applications
- 3D Analyst
- Spatial Analyst
- Geostatistical Analyst
- Tracking Analyst, X Tools…
- Others…
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Introduction GIS
ArcMap: Toolbars ArcToolbox
• Embedded within both ArcMap & ArcCatalog
•When you load ArcMap it
defaults to a state with a
minimum of toolbars. You can
add more toolbars and extensions
from the Customize menu
(Customize >>> Toolbars).
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ArcToolbox ModelBuilder
• Advanced Analyses • An application for building models– workflows
that string together sequences of tools
• Extract
• Overlay
• Proximity
• Statistics
• Data Management
• Conversion Tools
• Etc.
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Introduction GIS
ArcScene
Primarily for viewing 3D data
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