CHAPTER 4
COMBINED STRESSES
Combined stresses occur when a material is subjected to more than
one type of stress at the same time. These stresses can be axial, bending,
torsional, or shear stresses. The combination of these stresses can lead to
complex and unpredictable behavior in the material. It is important to
understand how combined stresses affect a material's strength and
deformation in order to design safe and efficient structures.
One common approach for analyzing combined stresses is using
Mohr's circle, which allows for graphical representation of the principal
stresses and maximum shear stress. Another approach is using strain energy
methods, which involve calculating the total strain energy stored in a material The subscripts on the normal stresses indicate the direction of the
under different types of stress. Both approaches have their advantages and normal stress. The subscripts of the shear stresses have two components. The
limitations, and it is important to choose the appropriate method based on the first indicates the direction of the surface normal, and the second indicates the
specific problem being analyzed. direction of the shear stress itself.
In addition to analyzing combined stresses, it is also important to Commonly, the stresses along one direction are zero so that the full
consider factors such as material properties, loading conditions, and geometry state of stress occurs on a single plane, as shown in the figure below. This is
when designing structures that will be subjected to multiple types of stress. called plane stress. Plane stress occurs in thin plates, but it also occurs on the
By understanding the behavior of materials under combined stresses and surface of any loaded structure. Surface stresses are commonly the most
taking these factors into account during design, engineers can ensure that critical stresses since bending stress and torsional stress are maximized at the
structures are safe, reliable, and efficient. surface.
1. PLANE STRESS
At any point in a loaded material, a general state of stress can be
described by three normal stresses (one in each direction) and six shear
stresses (two in each direction).
The angles above can be substituted back into the transformation
equations to find the values of the principal stresses and the extreme shear
stresses.
The proper sign conventions are as shown in the figure. For normal
stress, tensile stress is positive and compressive stress is negative. For shear
stress, clockwise is positive and counterclockwise is negative.
If the stresses from the figure above are known, it is possible to find
the normal and shear stress on a plane rotated at some angle, θ, with respect
to the horizontal, as shown in the figure below. The transformation equations
below give the values of the normal stress and shear stress on this rotated
plane. The angles at which the principal stresses occur 90° apart. Principal
stresses are always accompanied by zero shear stress. The angles at which the
extreme shear stresses occur are 45° from the angles of the principal stresses.
Extreme shear stresses are accompanied by two equal normal stresses of
σ x+ σ y
.
2
A couple useful relationships are:
At any point in the material, it is possible to find the angles of the
plane at which the normal stresses and the shear stresses are maximized and
minimized. The maximum and minimum normal stresses are called principal
stresses. The maximum and minimum shear stresses are called the extreme
shear stresses. The angles of the principal stresses and the extreme shear
stresses are found by taking the derivative of each transformation equation
with respect to θ and finding the value where the derivative is zero.
2. MOHR’S CIRCLE will have the coordinates (σ 1 , 0), and the minimum principal stress will have
the coordinates (σ 2 , 0). Place points on the circle for the extreme shear
Mohr’s circle is a way of visualizing the state of stress at a point on a stresses. The maximum extreme shear stress will have coordinates (σ c , τ 1 )
loaded material. It gives an intuitive feel to the stress transformation ,and the minimum extreme shear stress will have coordinates (σ c , τ 2 ).
equations, and shows how the stresses on an element change as a function of
the rotation angle, θ. From Mohr’s circle, it also becomes clear what are the All of the points will lie on the perimeter of the circle. The circle has
principal stresses, the extreme shear stresses, and the angles at which thoses a radius equal to the magnitude of the extreme shear stresses:
√(
stresses occur. An example of Mohr’s circle is shown in the figure below.
R=
2 )
σx−σy 2 2
+τ
The state of stress on the x and y faces of the stress element is
represented by the black line in Mohr’s circle connecting the points (σ x ,− τ )
and (σ y , τ). This line in Mohr’s circle corresponds to the unrotated element in
the figure below. If this line is rotated by some angle, then the values of the
points at the end of the rotated line will give the values of stress on the x and
y faces of the rotated element. It is important to note that the 360 degrees of
Mohr’s circle are equivalent to 180 degrees on the stress element. For
instance, the points for x face and the y face are 180 degrees apart on Mohr’s
circle, but they are only 90 degrees apart on the stress element.
To construct Mohr’s circle, first locate the center of the circle by
taking the average of the normal stresses:
σ x+ σ y
σ C=
2
Place points on the circle representing the stresses on the x and y faces
of the stress element. The stresses on the x face will have the coordinates ¿, -
τ ¿, and the stresses on the y face will have the coordinates (σ y , τ). Place
points on the circle for the principal stresses. The maximum principal stress
3. THERMAL STRESS 1. Determine the normal and shear stress on the inclined plane shown in the
Thermal stress is the stress produced by any changed in the figure
temperature of the material. Thermal stress is induced in a body when the
temperature of the body is raised or lowered and the body is not allowed to
expand or contract freely. Thermal stress includes both heat and cold stress.
Temperature changes cause body to expand or contract. The amount
of deformation due to temperature is given by
δ T =α L ∆ T
Where α is the coefficient of thermal expansion in m/m°C, L is the length in
meter, and ∆ T is the change in temperature. For steel, α =11.25× 10−6 /℃
Deformation due to equivalent axial stress; .
PL σL Solution:
δ P= =
AE E
δ T =δ P
σL
α L∆T=
E
σ =αE ∆ T
INSTRUCTIVE PROBLEM
2. Determine and show on a sketch the (a) principal stresses, (b) the 3. A steel rod with a cross-sectional area of 0.25 in² is stretched between two
maximum shear stress and (c) the normal stress and shearing stress on plane fixed points. The tensile load at 70°F is 1200lb. What will be the stress at
a-a. 0°F? At what temperature will be the stress be zero? Assume α = 6.5 x 10− 6
in/in°F and E = 29 x 10⁶ psi.
Solution:
Solution:
4. Calculate the increase in stress for each segment of the compound bar 5. At a temperature of 80°C, a steel tire 12mm thick and 90mm wide that is to
shown, if the temperature increases by 100 °F. Assume that the supports are be shrunk onto a locomotive driving wheel 2 m in diameter just fits over the
unyielding and that the bar is suitably braced against buckling. wheel, which is at a temperature of 25°C. Determine the contact pressure
between the tire and wheel after the assembly cools to 25 °C. Neglect the
deformation of the wheel caused by the pressure of the tire. Assume
α =11.7 μ m/m ℃ and E = 200 GPa.
Solution:
Solution:
6. The rigid abr ABC in the figure is pinned at B and attached to the two 7. A rigid bar of negligible weight is supported as shown. If W = 80 kN,
vertical rods. Initially, the bar is horizontal and the vertical rods are stress- compute the temperature change that will cause the stress in the steel rod to
free. Determine the stress in the aluminum rod if the temperature of the steel be 55 MPa. Assume the coefficients of linear expansion are 11.7 μm/m°C for
rod is decreased by 40°C. Neglect the weight of the bar ABC. steel and 18.9 μm/m°C for bronze.
Solution:
Solution: