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VECTOR CALCULATION FORM.

VECTORS:
Norm of a vector: Unit vector: Dot product or scalar product:
2 2 2
u
u u u 
1 2
 un n

u u v ui v i
u v u1 1v  u2 v2 n n
i 1

Let's say directors: Angle between two Component of v along u:

u1 u2 u3 vectors: u v
cos( ) cos( ) , cos( ) ; u v
u u u u v compuv cos( ) vcos( )
cos( ) u u
2
cos ( )  cos
2
( )  cos ( )
2
1 u v
Cross product or vector product: Area of the triangle Cross product or vector product:
u v in the shadow ) it is half of the
i j k
2 2 2
area of
2
u v u v  (u v) parallelogram u v u1u2 u3
Area of the parallelogram generated by u and generated by u and v v 1v2 v3

v: A u v i ( u 2v3 v2u3)  j(u1v3 v 1u3)  k(u1v2 v 1u2)

u1 u2 u3 Volume of the parallelepiped generated by u, v, w:

V u (v w)
Triple scalar product:u (v w) v 1 v2 v3
The volume of the inscribed pyramid is 1/6 of the volume.
w 1w2 w3
of the parallelepiped generated by u, v, and w.
LINES AND PLANES IN SPACE.
Vector equation of the line: r r0 tv where v is the x x0 tv1
direction vector, r0=(x0,y0,z0) y t is a scalar. Parametric equations of the line:y y0 tv 2

Symmetric equations of the line: z z0 tv3

x x 0 y y 0 z z 0
;con v 1 v 2v 3 0
v1 v2 v3

Vector equation of the plane: n ( r  r0) 0 where n is the Scalar equation of the plane that passes through P0(x0,y0,z0)
and has a normal vector to
normal vector to the plane, r0=(x0,y0,z0) y r =(x,y,z).
n =(a,b,c):
a(x x 0)  b ( y  y0)  c ( z  z0) 0 .
x x0 tv1 on1 Distance from a point Q to a plane:
Parametric equations of the plane: y y0 tv2 su 2 PQ n
ax by cz d
z z0 tv3 his 3 D comp(PQ) n
0 0 0

n a
2 2
bc 2

PQ u
The distance from a point Q to a line L is given by: , where P is any point on the line.
D
u

SURFACES.
A surface of revolution has the equation: Quadratic surfaces:
x2+ y2= [r(z)]2spinning around the z-axis Ax2+ By2Cz2+ Dxy + Exz + Fyz + Gx + Hy + Iz + K = 0
y2+ z2[r(x)]2rotating around the x-axis
x2+ z2[r(y)]2rotating around the y-axis They are classified into spheres, ellipsoids, hyperboloids of one
sheet, hyperboloids of two sheets, elliptical or circular cylinder
recto, cilindro hiperbólico recto, cono recto, paraboloide
elliptical, hyperbolic paraboloid.
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PARTIAL DERIVATIVES
Higher-order partial derivatives: Gradient of z=f(x,y) f(x,y) (fx,fy ) .
2 2
f f
f(x,y) fx fxx ; f(x,y) fy fyy Gradient of w=f(x,y,z) f(x,y,z) (fx,fy,fz)
x2 x x x y2 y y y
2
f 2
f If F(x,y,z) = z - f(x,y) = 0, then a vector
f(x,y) fy fyx ; f(x,y) fx f xy
x y x y x y x y x y the normal to the surface z is given by:
F(x,y,z) (Fx,Fy,Fz)

The directional derivative of a function z=f(x,y), in the direction If the function z=f(x,y) is differentiable at the point
of unit vector u=(u1,u2at the point (x0,y0) is given by: (x0,y0) then:
Duf(x0,y0) u f(x0,y0) z dz fx(x0,y0)dx f(x0,y0)dy y
( u 1,u2) (fx(x0,y0),f(x0,y0)) y

The equation of the tangent plane to the surface F(x,y,z)= 0 at the If the surface is z=f(x,y), the equation of the plane
point P=(x0,y0,z0) is given by: tangent at the point P=(x0,y0,z0) es:
F(x0,y0,z0) x  x 0 ,y y 0,z z 0  0 (fx(x0,y0)y(x0,y0),  1)  x x 0,y y0,z z0 0 
The equation of the normal line to the surface F(x,y,z)= 0 if the surface is z=f(x,y), the equation of the line
point P=(x0y0,z0) is given by: normal at the point P=(x0,y0,z0) is:
x x 0 F x(x0y0 ,z0)t;y y0 Fy(x0,y0,z0)t;z z0 Fz(x0,y0,z0)t x x 0 f x(x0y0 )t;y y0 fy(x0,y0)t;z z0 t

For the surface z=f(x,y), the total differential of z is: CHAIN RULE (1st Version)
z z If z=f(x,y) where x=x(t); y=y(t), then:
dz dx dy
x y dz z dx z dy

dt x dt and dt
CHAIN RULE (2nd Version) IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION. If F(x,y,z)= 0, where
If z = f(x, y) where x = g1(s,t); y=g2(s,t), then: z=f(x,y), then:
z z x z y z z x z y F F
 ; 
s x s y s t x t y t z Fx x z Fy y
  ;  
x Fz F y Fz F
z z
SECOND DERIVATIVE TEST CRITERION FOR CRITICAL POINTS OF FUNCTIONS z=f(x,y).
Sea D= fxx(x0,y0)fyy(x0,y0) - f2xy(x0,y0), where (x0,y0) is a critical point of z=f(x,y), then:

1. f(x0,y0It is a relative maximum value of z=f(x,y) if D>0 and fxx(x0,y0)<0

2. f(x0,y0It is a relative minimum value of z=f(x,y) if D>0 and fxx(x0,y0)>0
3. f(x0,y0It is a saddle point of z=f(x,y) if D<0
4. THE CRITERION DOES NOT DECIDE IF D=0
Lagrange multipliers.
Let z = f(x,y) and h(x,y) = c be a constraint function. To maximize (minimize) z subject to the constraint h, one must
SEA H (x,y, ) f(x,y) ( h ( x , y )  c)
solve the system:
H H H
0 ; 0 ; 0
x y
CYLINDRICAL AND SPHERICAL COORDINATES.
Cylindrical S ( r, ,z)

tan 1(y x) yes x 0 , y 0 SPHERICAL ( , , )

x rcos( ) ;y rsen( ) ;z z;x  y 2 2 2

r;  tan 1(y x) if x 0 x sen( ) cos( );y sen( )sen( ) cos( ); 0, 0 2 0

1 tan 1(y x) yes x 0,y 0

2  tan (y x) yes x 0,y 0
x2  y 2 z2; cos 1(z/ );  tan 1(y x) if x 0
r 0; 0 2
2  tan 1(y x) if x 0,y 0
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CHANGE OF VARIABLE
POLARS f(x, y)dxdy f(rcos(θ ), rsen( θ )) r drdθ
R Q

CYLINDRICAL S : f(x, y, z)dxdydz f(r cos(θ), r sin(θ), z) r dr dθ dz

R Q

2
SPHERICALS : f(x, y, z)dxdydz f(ρsin(φ)cos(θ), ρsin(φ)sin(θ), ρcos(φ))ρsin(φ)dρdφdθ
S Q

IF C IS A CURVE (IN THE PLANE OR IN SPACE) GIVEN BY:

r(t) ˆ CURVE ˆIN THE PLANE
x(t)i y(t)j

r(t) ˆ zk(t)
x(t)i y(t)j ˆ ˆ CURVE IN SPACE THEN :
VECTOR SPEED v(t) r'(t)

ds
SPEED v(t) r'(t)
dt
VECTOR ACCELERATION N a(t) ' '(t) a T T(t) aNN(t)

r'(t)
TANGENT VECTOR UNITARY T(t)
r'(t)

T'(t)
VECTOR NORMAL PRINCIPAL UNITARY N(t)
T'(t)

VECTOR BINORMAL B(t) T(t) N(t)

2
v(t) a(t) d s
COMPONENT FROM THE ACCELERATION N aT a(t) T(t)
2
v(t) dt
2
2 v(t) a(t) ds
COMPONENT OF THE ACCELERATION N aN a(t) N(t) a(t) a T2 K
v(t) dt

FORMULAS FOR THE CURVATURE ON THE PLANE

y' '
K 3
C DADA FOR y f(x)
1  y' 
2 2

x'y'  y'x'
K C DADA POR x x(t),y y(t)
2 3 2
 x' 
2
  y' 
FORMULAS FOR THE CURVATURE ON THE PLANE OR IN THE SPACE

T'(t) r'(t)
K
3
r'(t) r'(t)

a(t) N(t)
K
2
v(t)

REMEMBER LET THE FORMULAS WITH PRODUCTS VECTORIAL ONLY APPLY TO CURVES
IN SPACE .
SURFACE AREA LINE INTEGRAL OF A VECTOR FIELD (WORK COMPLETED)
b
2 2
dS 1 fx(x,y)  fy(x,y) dA F dr F Tds F( x( t), y( t ), z( t )) r' ( t) dt
C C a
R R
IF F IS A VECTOR FIELD FROM THE FORM F (x,y) M i Theˆ year comes
ˆ GIVEN BY
ARC LENGTH
b b r(t) ˆ
x(t)i y(t)j ˆ THEN F dr Mdx  Ndy
2 2 2
s r'(t)dt x'(t)  y'(t)  z'(t) dt C C

IF F IS A VECTOR FIELD FROM THE FORM F(x,y,z) M i N j Pˆk Y C IS ˆCOMINGˆ GIVEN BY

a a

r(t) ˆ z(t)k
x(t)i y(t)j ˆ ˆ THEN Ndy Pdz F Dr. Mdx
C C
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LINE INTEGRAL SEA F(x,y)=Mi + Nj A VECTOR FIELD, F IS CONSERVATIVE IF

YES C THIS GIVEN FOR r (t) x(t)i y(t)j ˆ ˆ M N
b

f(x,y)ds f(x(t), y(t)) x'(t)

2
 y'(t)
2
dtj y x
C a SEA F(x,y,z)= Mi + Nj + Pk A VECTOR FIELD, F IS CONSERVATIVE
ˆ
YES C THIS GIVEN FOR r (t) x(t)i y(t)j z(t)k ˆ ˆ YES
b
2 2 2
iˆ ˆj kˆ
f(x,y,z)ds f(x(t), y(t), z(t)) x'(t)  y'(t)  z'(t) dt
P N P M N M
C a rot(F) iˆ  j ˆ  k ˆ  0
x y z y z x z x y
M N P
SEA F(x,y,z)= Mi + Nj + Pk A VECTOR FIELD. THE SEA F(x,y)= Mi + Nj A VECTOR FIELD, IF F IS CONSERVATIVE,
THE FOLLOWING CONCLUSIONS ARE EQUIVALENT:
1. IS CONSERVATIVE
THEN F dr f dr f( x(b ), y(b))  f( x( a), y( a))
VO. THIS IS F for some f
C C
2. F dr IT IS INDEPENDENT END OF THE ROAD
C
WHERE f(x,y) IS A POTENTIAL FUNCTION OF F, THAT IS:
3. F dr 0 FOR EVERY CURVE C CLOSED F(x,y) f(x,y)
C
SEA F(x,y)= Mi + Nj IN A VECTOR FIELD, THE DIVERGENCE OF F IS
AREA OF A PARAMETRIC SURFACE.
M N
AREA DE LA SURFACE dS ru rvdA divF(x,y) 
S D x y
WHERE:u
x
iˆ
y
ˆj
z
ˆ
k,r
x
iˆ
y
ˆj
z
kˆ SEA F(x,y,z)= Mi + Nj + Pk A VECTOR FIELD, THE DIVERGENCE OF F
v
u u u v v v
M N P
ES divF(x,y,z)  
x y z
GREEN'S THEOREM SURFACE INTEGRALS
N M
Mdx  Ndy  dA
x y z g(x,y)
C R
2 2
N M ds 1 gx(x,y)  gy(x,y) dA
F dr  dA rot(F) what is ˆthis
x y 2 2
C R R
f(x,y,z)dS f(x,y,g(x,y)) 1 gx(x,y)  gy(x,y) The Form scale
F N ds div(F)dA S R

C R
F NdS ˆ k
F  gx(x,y)i gy(x,y)j ˆ ˆ dA Vector form (normal upwards) )
S R
DIVERGENCE THEOREM (OF GAUSS).
Parametric form a
Relate a triple integral over a region
solid Q, with a surface integral over the f(x,y,z)dS f(x(u,v),y(u,v),z(u,v))dS Scalar form
surface of Q S D

F NdS F ru rv the Vector form

S R
F N dS div(F)dV
S Q

STOKES' THEOREM.
Establish the relationship between the surface integral over an oriented surface S and the line integral over a closed space curve.
what constitutes the border of S.

F dr ( rot( F)) N dS
C S