MUNICIPAL EDUCATIONAL CENTER 'SAN RAMÓN'

TECHNICAL PEDAGOGICAL UNIT

Building Technician Career

CLASS NOTES

INTRODUCTION

By tool and instrument, we will understand a set In general, instruments can be divided into two.
of pieces properly combined, which serve with groups:
determined objective the exercise of arts and crafts.
• Mechanics
Tools and instruments help shape the • Electronics
wood, from the cutting down of the tree to the final product,
be it a piece of furniture or the structural element of a work. Regarding the acquisition and use of the tools
These pieces have an influence on obtaining a and instruments, certain aspects should be kept in mind
optimal and efficient result. to achieve work under optimal and safe conditions:

It is important to highlight that, while the tools are • They must be of a known and certified brand.
important in the work to be done, the task and development • They must be used for what they were designed for.
the skills of those who handle them are essential, • They must comply with the instructions of the manual
especially in hand tools. use and maintenance.

In addition to the above, the correct and optimal use of the TOOLS
tools require knowledge in the arrangement of
the physical and constitutive elements of the structure of
These notes will describe the tools
wood. Frequently, the knots, fibers, and others
most relevant used in the construction of
natural characteristics of wood, can be a
problem for the tools.
houses structured in wood, which will help in
the union, fixing, cutting, drilling, roughing, polishing and
dismantling of elements and structures.
As an example, working in the direction of the grain
in the wood will make the work easier, on the other hand,
making cuts against the grain may induce Hand tools
tool to lose direction and penetrate into the wood,
They are lightweight and portable tools, which allows
accentuating this difficulty if tools are used
streamline many actions, especialy those that
mechanics.
rrequirements carried out outside of a workshop, such as the
assembly and installation of structures. They allow access to
In carpentry, we can divide the tools into two
places in positions that would not be possible, if not
general groups: It is due to the manual adaptation they have and how manageable they are.
que resultanser. Pueden clasificarse en herramientas:
• Manuals
• From the bank
• Mechanics
Invest in good tools, to the extent that the
• Electrical
As the budget allows, it is very important, since they are • Pneumatics
safer, easier to use and maintain, obtained
Mechanical tools
optimal results.
They are those tools that require the application of
strength of the human being to carry out their work.
The instruments a to use in
carpentry son a complement
indispensable for the tools, since
allow to obtain shapes and dimensions, thus
how to control the form and
geometry of the finished elements,
according to the project that is desired to be materialized .
 Municipal Educational Center 'SAN RAMÓN'
PEDAGOGICAL TECHNICAL UNIT

Building Technician Career

They can be classified into cutting tools, profiling. y • Band saw: consists of a flexible steel frame in
polishing, drilling, percussion and extraction. U-shaped, with clamps at each end to hold it in place
the saw blade, plus a handle. It is a good
tool for meticulous work and presents the
Cutting tools mismalimitación than the common mountain range.

serrated edge
These tools come with a steel sheet. o
tempered with triangular teeth inclined towards
in front. The cut is made through a movement
with a back and forth motion, when the blade advances, the cut is made and to

rrecede, regains its position.

Figure: Saw arch.

• Common saw: it consists of a blade wider than

those used in the saws with converging edges,
where a handle is inserted at the widest part
fixed to the sheet by means of riveted screws.
It presents the advantage of having no limitations regarding
to the extent of straight cuts.

Figure: Teeth of a saw.

In this subgroup, we find the following tools:

• Common sierra: made up of a wooden frame and

a steel sheet approximately 80 cm long,
that narrows at its ends to be inserted
in their corresponding sockets using pins.
Several turns of string connect the upper ends. Figure: Common saw.
from the headboards. The small bird twists the rope and,
leaning on the crossbar, tightens the steel sheet. The • Rib saw: it is made up of a blade of
rectangular shape, thinner and with smaller teeth
the limiting factor of this tool is that it does not allow cutting
tables lengthwise, being the maximum measurement to cut, the than the common saw. V reinforced
a on the upper edge
distance between the steel sheet and the crossbar for a metal profile in the shape of a channel for
central. providing rigidity to the entire sheet, allowing
make a straighter cut. It is used for cuts of
precision without going too deep into the wood.

Figure: Rib saw.

Figure: Common saw with wooden structure.
MUNICIPAL EDUCATIONAL CENTER "SAN RAMÓN"
TECHNICAL PEDAGOGICAL UNIT

Building Technician Career

 MUNICIPAL EDUCATIONAL CENTER 'SAN RAMÓN'
TECHNICAL PEDAGOGICAL UNIT

Building Technician Career

• Cortachapa: it is made of a sheet of iron o rectangular edge with two of its corners slightly
curved and serrated, extremely fine, that
• Pointed saw: consists of a narrow blade inserted fixed with screws to a handle support of
in an open mango, allows for round cuts wood. It is used to cut thin plywoods,
or shoes that do not have very tight curves. allowing splinter-free cuts.

Figure: Pointed saw. Figure: Shear cutter.

• Interchangeable handle saw: it's a set of b) Cutting with a hollowing edge

saws and a handle that can be used with the Its function is to brush, reduce, and shape the pieces.
three detachable blades: a common saw, of once the cut has been made by the saws or saws. It
rib or point. Each of the removable blades two groups are distinguished: guided cutting and cutting
it has a slot where the handle is inserted, using free.
to fix the sheet a lever that operates a screw
of pressure. • Guided cut: tempered steel sheet with edge is used
with a slightly concave bevel. Its design considers a
cover or endpaper, and with it prevents them from lifting up
splinters in the wood when refining or polishing. These tools
they can be grouped, in turn, into two subgroups: brushes
and roughers.

• Brushes: they can be made of wood or metal, inside

of which the planer is for planing boards
long. The plane, used for roughing. The planer,
to rough out, polish, and refine. The curved brush of
convex base, used for brushing interiors
curved. The toothbrush, meanwhile, is used to
generate roughness on the surfaces that are to be
to become glued (facilitates the grip).

Figure: Teeth of a saw.

Figure: Plane.
Figure: Garlopín.
Figure: Rebozo.

Figure: Curved brush.

• Debarkers: their difference compared to others

brushes are to have a box whose base leaves everything free
the width of the sheet, which is narrow at the top y
it does not have a back cover, so the cut can Figure: Channelizer.
to have the shape of the profiled molding on the edge of
the sheet.

Among the most important finishers are

find the guillame, used to lower the wood
in a stepped form. This reducer is of greater
size similar to the previous one and with adjustable roughness.
There is also the fillet, which is used to make
half-round deburrers, the groover and the
machihembrador, used to make channels,
grooves and guides in the wood. These tools
They are used after brushing the wood.

Figure: Guillame. Figure: Machihembradora .

• Free cut: it has a tempered steel blade with an edge • Gouge: It is characterized by having a curved blade and
at one end, which tapers longitudinally hollow, allowing for cuts in a ring or circle.
until it ends in a point, where a handle is inserted
made of wood. Among them are:

• Chisel: steel blade of 3 to 4 mm thick

with beveled edges, which allows for greater
penetration in corners. It is used to cut the
wood in any direction, making cuts, adjustments,
fit hinges and locks, among other actions.

Figure: Different types of gouges.

Herramientas de perfilar y pulir

The wood requires preliminary roughing and final polishing.
to varnish or paint. For this task, it is necessary requires of
the tools that are detailed below:

• Rasp: it is characterized by having a flat blade by

Figure: Different types of chisels.
una cara y curvada por la otra, con dientes gruesos y
triangular, completely spaced apart from each other
• Chisel: similar to the gouge, it differs in having
and thicker than those of the file. It is used for deburring.
a narrower and thicker [Link] is used for cuts
to, especially for profiling curves and lines, where not
depths, shrouds and splittings for assembly .
It can be accessed with the brush.
The chisel, like the gouge, is sharpened on a
angle of 35, which
° allows for strong edges
for hard work.

Figure: Chisel.
Figure: Lima.
• Lima: it can have a row of elongated teeth in • Lija: it is a strong piece of paper, which on one of its
the entire width of the sheet, parallel to each other, arranged surfaces have adhered glass dust, sand, or grinding dust.
at an angle of 75regarding the axis of the tool or fixed with glue. There are various degrees of roughness that
well two rows of teeth that cross at different they differ by numbers, with 00 being the one that has
angles. Its purpose is to finish profiling and remove the the coarsest grain, up to 120, which is the grain
roughness left by the rasp. finer. For its use, a wooden block is wrapped.
with comfortable measurements for the hand and its flat surfaces.

Figure: Lima.
Figure: Various types of sandpapers.
• Limatón: it is a type of cylindrical lime that goes
narrowing towards the tip. There are two types of Drilling tools
limaton, one with a file-like teeth and another with stripes
from Lima. There is a series of tools that allow drilling. y
drill into the wood, producing minimal damage to the ma-
• Blade: it consists of a tempered steel blade, semi- the woody material that surrounds the hole. If the method were to be used
hard, with approximate dimensions of 12 cm in length, to generate the drilling by means of nailing some
6 to 7 cm wide and 1 mm thick. With this hardware- sharp-tipped element, it could split or chip the piece, already
one can achieve a personal tuning of the that in the place where the drilling is done, the wood
final stages of finishing a piece. it expands instead of being eliminated.

• Punch: it consists of a steel bar

tapered at the tip and a handle that is generally
made of wood. It is used to make small drillings.
diameter and depth. In comparison with the
drill holes that a drill can make, the use of
punch is considered rough and poorly finished.

• Burr: it is a type of screw tip ended.

which serves as a guide, followed by a cutting area
con un gavilán que marca el diámetro, para evitar las
splinters that can be produced by the cutting blade.
Then it has helical striations that facilitate the exit.
from the shavings it generates, ending in a square shape
where the handle is placed.

Figure: Knife.
 Punch

There is a great variety

drills with different
diameters, formore and
long
Barrenos

Figure: Punch and drill holes.

• Bit: it consists of a rod of iron in shape

from the U, which at the central part and at the end carries a
mango; at the other end it has a device to
place and secure the drill, in which they can be adapted
various types of drills quickly and easily.
Figure: Different types of drills.

• Drill: it is a device whose lower end has a

device to secure the drill and it has a center
operating mechanism based on a wheel
toothed, synchronized to two gears and fixed to the shaft,
equipped with a crank with a rotating handle. Otr o
fixed pommel at the center of the axis, allows to hold the device
while working. You can drill faster
that with the hand drill, but strength is lost in the
penetration, which limits the use of large drills
diámetro.

Figure: Auger.

• Broca: it is a steel rod or another o metallic material

rresistant, which has a tip at one of its ends
which acts as a guide, followed by helical striations or leaf
cut and the other end is conditioned to be
fixed to the drill. There are different types of drill bits, both
in length, diameter, as in the shape of the tip,
depending on how the fiber is being faced
wood. If it is going to be drilled in favor of the grain, it is used
the Swiss drill. When going to drill perpendicular to the
fiber, the drill bit used is either a mouth or helical drill bit or called Figure: Drill.
pork tail.
• Screwdriver: it is made up of a cylindrical rod
of iron inserted into a grooved handle. The free end e
the steel rod has a tip corresponding to the
type of screw head, which can be slotted or
simple and cross, among others.

Mace

Hammers

Figure: Examples of hammers and mallets that can be found .

Figure: Screwdrivers. • Stapler: it is generally made of metal housing

lightweight, the one that contains a mechanical system powered
for a trigger that shoots staples. It has a chamber
Percussion and extraction tools
interior, sometimes adaptable to more than one type of clip,
The percussion, action by which an element is introduced where they are placed and fired when activated the
in another through blows, is closely linked to the mechanism. It is mainly used for fastening of
extraction, as can be verified in the design of polyethylene and felt.
carpenter hammer. There are also more tools available.
specific ones that only perform a particular action .

• Hammer: it consists of a head made of metal material

(generally made of steel) and hardwood handle or
another lightweight and resistant material. The head has a
drilling in the central part, where it fits and is fixed
mango. Its shape responds to the action you perform.
to nail,, to hit and in some cases to extract nails.
Gramps
• Hammer: it has a head and a handle just like the
hammer, but it differs in use and material Stapler
está fabricado. El mazo tiene cabeza de madera, plástico
hard or relatively soft metal, like copper,
being ideal for assembly assembly, hits sobr e Figure: Pneumatic stapler.
tool handles, or other jobs where
should strike without leaving marks on the wood.
• Pliers: consists of two movable arms made of steel locked together. Pressure tools
by a riveted axis. There are different types of pliers
according to the use they want to give them. This is how the clamp In addition to the joints of pieces by means of splices,
round head is used in the extraction of nails, joints, couplings and assemblies, there is the option to
cut wire and hold small pieces in place use glues and adhesives, which will require tools
in which they are going to be manipulated. Universal is the clamp of able to keep them fixed and pressed while
rectangular head, whose holding surface is of they harden or set, except for impact adhesives.
irregular shape, having a part for cutting wires,
another to hold circular sections and a surface • The sergeant consists of a long guiding piece and two arms.
textured, at the edge of the inner faces for perpendiculars, generally made of steel, which are
facilitate extraction and function as a clamp. they slide over the guide. The arms are close to their
free end a screw inserted into the threaded hole
and parallel to the guide piece and equipped with
a mango. The tip of the spindle tightens the pieces in place
against the other arm and in that way they join them. When the
the spindle does not tighten because it is too short, they run
the arms over the guide to bring them closer. When tightening the
the arms remain fixed in their respective guides.
They are used to hold a piece to the bench or two pieces.
among themselves.

Figure: Different types of tongs.

• Crowbar or little devil: it is a steel iron bar

that on one end has the shape of a lever and on the other o
the same way as the common claw hammer,
being useful for holding the tips' head in the
moment of extraction.

Figure: Different sizes of sergeants. On the right, uniónde

two pieces with the help of the sergeant.
Figure: Little Devil.

• A botador is a steel rod sharpened at the end. Power tools

without becoming sharp. It is used for stuffing the
heads of the nails and spikes in the woody mass. They perform the same function as manual tools,
but better quality results are obtained, simplifying
the work and making it more efficient.

Electric tools have in common to be

relatively lightweight and portable, made of materials
light like hard plastic or aluminum, having a motor
single-phase with rotational speed of its axes that goes
between 3,500 and 20,000 rpm, directly coupled
to the cutting blades, protective casings, guides and handles,
for its handling and great maneuverability.

There are different models for each of the tools.

Figure: Tip Shooter. and versatility of uses according to the user's requirements.
This is how, with a drill, we can also drill. ,
screwing and unscrewing with just the flick of a switch.
 Figure: Electric polisher.

Figure: Electric circular saw.

Figure: Cordless electric angular drill.

Figure: Electric scroll saw.

Figure: Electric screwdriver.

Figure: Electric toothbrush.

 Pneumatic tools
They complement the functions performed by the
electric tools and work with compressed air,e
achieving great strength and speed in the execution of tasks.
It should be noted that they require a compressor for their
functioning and that its range is limited by the length
from the air compressed hose it has.

• Pneumatic hammer: tool for nails of different types

longs and thicknesses, those that come in special strips.
The force of the impact is generated by air pressure. It has
the advantage of doing a job quickly, safely and without
mark the wood, as usually happens with it
common hammer.

Figure: Screwdriver (with extension).

Figure: Pneumatic hammer.

• Pneumatic stapler: just like the tool

mechanics, is used to place larger staples
Figure: Electric drill.
size quickly and with better finishing.

Figure: Pneumatic stapler.

Figure: Electric Milling Machine.

 Bench power tools In industrialized systems, in which the manufacturing of
elements are made in series and on a large scale, the saw
Regarding these tools, it is necessary to consider circular complements with other machinery such
the great space they need due to their size and use safe o as:
for the worker. The area must be the necessary one for
machining work, transfer and storage of the • Band saw: it consists of a vertical arm,
wood and its order based on the manufacturing process. two handlebars, coupled electric motor, guide and base
They are considerably more expensive than hand tools. on which a table is set, all made of iron o
and allow for industrial-scale production. melted. The serrated and jagged blade that makes the cut
it is welded at its ends in such a way that it results
• Cutting saw: a tool that allows you to perform an endless tape.
cuts at angles precisely, both in width
from the piece as in the thickness.

Figure: Band saw.

Figure: Miter saw. Allows cuts at different angles.
width and in the thickness of the piece. • Singer: it consists of a base and two tables of
cast iron, a steel head where they are housed
• Table saw: it consists of a base r infringement the knives, engine, pulley system that through
cast iron table, toothed disc with perforation trapezoidal belts connect to the motor and a guide
in the center, axis mounted in a horizontal position e for brushing edges. Its purpose is to brush
bearings. At one of its ends, perpendicular to the axis, the wood using hollow-ground blade sheets.
it has two plates; one fixed and the other movable, which is fixed by
a toothed gear at the end of the shaft. The other end goes
equipped with pulleys for trapezoidal belts that connect them
to the coupled motor.

In justified cases, depending on the type of work and

quantiyofwoodtobedm
i enso
i ned,ticanbetakento
land.

Figure: Brush machine.

• Calibration planer: composed of a box of

melted hiero where the mechanism is housed that
allows, once the piece has been brushed on one side and
a song, to remain calibrated in all its length.

Figure: Circular saw for straight cuts.

 • Rail gauge: it consists of a graduated ruler,
about which another graduated ruler slides called
Thesetworuleshavesquarepiecesonboth.
songs, at one of its ends. Between the two you can
calibrate thicknesses with great precision. On the edge
opposite, two other pieces also at right angles, allow
calibrate interior measurements and at the bottom, a rod
end of the measurement in depth. All measurements
theyremaincollectedinthenonius.

Inner diameters

Figure: Brush with blade calibrator. Outer diameters

INSTRUMENTS
Figure: Meter Foot o.
Mechanical instruments
• Rule: used to measure small distances, its graduation-
tion is to the millimeter. It is made of different
• Metro: its function is to measure distances continuously, metallic alloys, provided that it is not
short elements or several meters long. There are two types deform at the moment of taking the measurement.
of meters: the rod or carpenter's and the strip
enrollable. • Escuadra:su finalidad es permitir el trazado de líneas
perpendiculars. Generally, it is metallic and
The carpenter's square is made of dry wood, plastic graduate.
the aluminum. If it is wood, care must be taken not to
expose it to the sun or rain due to the deformations that
can suffer . Wooden square

The retractable strap meter is made of both metal

of rigid tape like in flexible plastic tape. In
both cases are graduated to the millimeter.

Carpenter
o Meter

Metal square

Metro retractable

Figure: Types of meter o to measure distances. Figure: Types of squares.

• Miter box: its purpose is to guide the saw in the
cuts of 45° and 90°. It is generally made of wood.
and has a cut that has the required angle, in the
where the saw blade is placed that rests on
the element to cut .

Figure: Scale.

• Compás:su función es ayudar en el trazado de curvas,

circumferences or arcs. At one of the ends, it has
a system has been enabled that allows for the incorporation of pencil for

Figure: Miter box.

rmake the required marks. There are several
sizes, made of wood and metal, possibly having
• Pencils: they serve the purpose of making clear marks y the option to be graduates.
precise about the wood, being able to determine the
cutting or assembly places. There is a special one for
carpentry tool called a carpenter's pencil, with an oval cross-section,
thicker than those used in drawing and of a hardness
intermediate. In some cases, the punch is used as
brand element replacing the pencil.

Figure: Compass.

• Level: used to control horizontality or

verticality of a linear element, such as, for example,
the verticality of a pilar or upright,
horizontality of a beam, lintel, etc.. If there is
requires controlling the horizontal level of a surface,
Figure: Different pencils. It supports over there e are two directions,
determining its position.
• Gramil: it is used when it is necessary to draw lines.
Rivets on the wood. It consists of a piece rec- It is equipped with a tubular level with an air bubble. e
approximately 20 cm long, 8 cm wide inside it that moves according to the position. There are
2 cm thick, plus strips of 25 cm of various lengths, with the most precise being the longest
long by 2 cm thick and a wedge of more or less long. The 1.20 m ones have greater sensitivity.
12 cm long, 3 cm at the widest part, and 1.5 cm in the the construction of wooden houses is great
narrow part. They are made of wood. utility, for the materialization and control of each
element and surface that make up the structure.
 Electronic instruments

• Hygrometer: a device for measuring moisture content of

wood. There are different types and in some cases
They are used to measure the moisture of other materials.

Figure: Different types of hand level.

• Mechanical plumb bob: works simply by gravity y

define a vertical line when it hangs still from
some point. It consists of a mass of lead or material
heavy, which ends in a point and hangs from a line
of long variable.

Figure: Hygrometers.

• Electronic distance meter: it is a device

electronic that uses waves to determine
distances.

Figure: Mechanical plumb bob.

• Cursor: allows you to draw a straight line between two

points, marking the route with chalk. It consists of a
rrecipient closed, which has colored chalk and in
the one that is wrapped with a line, which
soaks up the color of the chalk. It spreads between the
points of interest, it tenses and when extending it towards
gently lift it up and let it go, marking the surface with
a straight line.

Figure: Distance meters.

Figure: Tizer.