BARQUISIMETO, NOVEMBER 2021

THE STRAIGHT LINE

Analytical Geometry
Prof. Hernán José Freitez Rivas
 INTRODUCTION
A line has a single dimension and extends in the same direction.
It has an infinite number of points and therefore can be extended.
indefinitely in both directions.

Along with the point and the plane, the line is one of the fundamental entities of geometry.

The following monographic research is aimed at the presentation of the line

from the perspective of analytical geometry, its characteristics, types and
calculation elements such as equations, necessary for their use and application
in the resolution of real problems.
 The Line: definition Conditions that
1
geometric and analytical 2 define a line
General equation of the Relative positions of
straight3 4 two lines
Distance from a point to Distance between lines
a line 5 6 parallel

Concurrent lines 7
 The Line: definition
geometric and analytic 1
● An initial idea in an intuitive and analytical way is that the line is formed by
a sequence of points that are collinear.

● Another idea is that the straight line is the one that is formed when starting from two
points, the shortest distance between them is precisely the straight line.

● From the geometric definition in mathematics, it can be stated that it is a place

geometric, but this geometric place means that all the points that form
the line meets the same conditions. In this case, the condition is that
between any two points taken from this line, the slope that is
gets the same.

● From this last description arises another concept that is already familiar, which is
the slope that leads to considering the inclination of a line.
 Conditions that define
2 a line
Some of the conditions or characteristics that define a line are the
following:

● The line extends to infinity in both directions.

● The shortest distance between two points is in a straight line.

Euclidean geometry.

● The line is a set of points located along the intersection of

two plans.

● There are at least three non-collinear points.

● THEOREM: "If two different lines intersect, then their intersection

it is exactly a point.
The straight line can be expressed by an equation of the type y = m x + b,
where:

●x and y are variables in a plane.

● In this expression, the term "slope of the line" is used and it is related to
with the inclination that the line takes with respect to a pair of axes that define the plane.

● is called the "independent term" or "y-intercept" and is the value of the

point at which the line intersects the vertical axis in the plane.

y=mx+b
 When you want to determine the equation of a line L that passes through a point
( , What has a slope, if there exists a point P( , any of the
Line and is different from P1, using the slope formula we have: − 1
=
− 1
and moving the term x ± x1 that is dividing to the other side by multiplying,
resulta: − 1= − 1 and
− it1is= the same
− 1as:

and the following form of the equation of a line (Point-Slope) is obtained:

Equation of the line that passes

for a point and has a
given pending.
General equation of the
3
straight
The general equation of the line (or implicit equation) is obtained by eliminating the
denominators in the continuous equation, which comes from the vector equations
of the line: Ax + By + C = 0

In which A and B cannot both be null. The general equation must be presented.
in such a way that A is positive.

From the general equation of the line, the coordinates can be obtained.
any of its points. It is enough to start from an x-coordinate value, move it to the
equation and solve for the corresponding ordinate y.

You can also obtain the intersection points of the line with the axes of
coordinates. The intersection with the X-axis, point a, and the intersection with the Y-axis, point b:

Just like the slope of the line

EXAMPLE

A line is expressed by an equation in its general form: 3x - y - 3 = 0

Determine the intercepts with the coordinate axes and the slope of the
straight.

SOLUTION

To achieve the solution, the following is applied:

The intercepts with the axes are (1, 0) and (0, -3). The slope of the line is 3.

As seen in the image:

 Relative positions of
4 two lines
Two lines in the plane can occupy one of the three following positions:

● Secants: They intersect at one point.

● Parallel lines: They do not intersect.

● Coincident or concurrent: They have infinitely many points in common, they are the same line.

To see the relative position of two lines, the coefficients A, B, and C are compared.
two lines with equations: Ax + By + C = 0 and A'x + B'y + C' = 0
LINES IN GENERAL FORM

To see the relative position of two lines, the coefficients A, B, and C of the
two lines with equations: Ax + By + C = 0 and A'x + B'y + C' = 0

EXAMPLE

Check that the lines r: x + y - 2 = 0 and s: x - 2y + 4 = 0 are intersecting. Find the

point of intersection of the same.

SOLUTION

Relative position:

A B 1 1
≠ ⇒≠ ⇒ −2≠ 1, the lines are intersecting.
A′ B′ 1 ;2
The point of intersection is found by solving the system formed by the two equations:

3y -6 = 0 ⇒ y = 2x = 0; Cut-off point (0, 2)

LINES IN EXPLICIT FORM

To see the relative position, the slopes of the lines of equations are compared.

y = mx + n y = m'x + n'

Secants: ≠ ′ Parallels: = ′; ≠ ′ Coincidentes: = ′; = ′

′= ;1
Perpendicular Secants:
EXAMPLE

Study the relative position of the lines r: y = 3x + 5 and s: 3x–y–8 = 0

SOLUTION

Pending r = 3, s = 3

They have the same slope but are not intersecting lines.

The y-intercept is compared to see if they are parallel or coincident.

Ordered n of r = 5, ordered n of s = -8

n≠ the lines are parallel.

Distance from a point to
a line 5
The distance from a point to a line is the length of a segment that, starting from the point of
plane, be perpendicular to the line. In order for the length of that segment to be minimal, the
the segment and the line must be perpendicular.

Knowing the coordinates of point P ( , ) and the general equation of the line, the distance
is obtained by the formula:

The equation of the line must necessarily be in its general form and substitute in the
equation the values of the coordinates of the point. The result is expressed in absolute value.
EXAMPLE

12
Obtain the distance between this line and this point in the plane: =x + 4; P(2 , 1)
5

SOLUTION

Since the equation of the line is in explicit form, it must be transformed into standard form.
general:

5 = 12 + 20 ⇒12 −5 + 20 = 0

The coordinates of the point P(2, 1) are transferred to the equation:

+ + 12∙ 2− 5∙ 1+ 2024 -5+ 20 39 39

= = = = = =3
2+ 2 2
12 + 5 2 144 +25 169 13
The distance between the point and the line is three (3) units in length. It is shown in the
imagen:
 Distance between lines
6 parallels
The distance between two parallel lines can be found in two ways. Here it should be used
necessarily the general form of the equation of the line. The result is taken in value
absolute.

Method 1. Finding the coordinates of any point on one of the lines, by

example, by setting x = 0 in its equation, find the y-intercept. Then,
apply the formula for the distance between that point and the other line, according to the previous formula:
Method 2. Since the two lines are parallel, the coefficients of their general equations must
fulfill this condition: m = m'; b≠ b’

So the equations can be transformed so that the coefficients A and B are equal,
multiplying or dividing one of them by a constant. With that transformation it will appear
a new pair of free coefficients C and C':

This formula can only be applied, as it has been

said, when they have previously been equalized in the
two general equations of the two parallel lines
the coefficients A and B.
EXAMPLE

a. Check that the lines r and s are parallel. (r is expressed in explicit equation u)
ordinary, while it is in the general form : = − 41x + 6; s: x + 4y - 8 = 0

b. Find the distance between both lines, in the case that they are parallel.

SOLUTION

a. To check for possible parallelism, one must compare the equality of the slopes and that
the ordered ones at the origin are different. To do this, the second equation is transformed into the form

explicitx + 4y - 8 = 0 → y = -41 + 84= − 14 + 2

They are parallel, because they have the same slope and different y-intercepts.

− 41= − 41; 6 ≠2
Parallelism can also be checked with the formulas derived from the comparison.
starting from the two equations put in the general form:

r: x + 4y -24 = 0

s: x + 4y - 8 = 0

And the verification is made, seeing that the parallelism exists:

14 −24
= ≠
′
→ =≠
′ ′ 14 - 8
b. The distance between the parallels is obtained from the formula that uses the coefficients of
the equations placed in general form and reduced the coefficients of the variables. In this
In case it is not necessary to operate because the coefficients A = 1 and B = 4 are already equal in both:

− ′ −24 - (-8) −16

= = = 3.88
2+ 2 12+ 42 17
The distance is 3.88, as shown in the image:
Concurrent lines 7
Concurrent lines are two or more coplanar lines that intersect at the same point.
(called the point of concurrency). Therefore, a set of concurrent lines only
they have a common point.

If we are working on the plane (in 2 Two different lines can only be coincident.
parallel or secant. Then, all secant lines are also concurrent lines,
since they have a point of intersection.
EXAMPLE

Demostrar que las siguientes 3 rectas son concurrentes:

r: 3x - 5y + 7 = 0, s: 2x + 3y–8 = 0, t: 6x - 7y + 8 = 0.

SOLUTION

In geometry, 3 lines are concurrent if they intersect at the same point; in this case, they
they have the lines:

3
1. r:3x - 5y + 7 = 0 ⇒ y = + 75
5

2.2x + 3y - 8 = 0 ⇒ y = -32 + 83

6
3.6x - 7y + 8 = 0 ⇒ y = + 87
7
Buscamos los puntos de intersección entre cada par de rectas:

3
Between r and s: + 57= − 32 + 38⇒ 3 + 32 = −875⇒ − 9:10 = 40;21
⇒ 19x = 19 ⇒ x =1
5 5 3 15 15

3 710
= 1+ ==2 ( 1,2)
5 5 5
3
Between r and t: + 57=6 + 78⇒ 3 − 76 = −8 57⇒ 2130 = 40;49
⇒ -9x = 9 ⇒ x =1
5 7 5 7 35 35

3 710
= 1+ ==2 ( 1,2)
5 5 5

Between s and t:− 23 + 83=6 + 87⇒ − 32 − 67 = − 883⇒ ;1418 = 24;56⇒ -32x = -32⇒ =1
7 7 21 21

2 8 - +62418
= − 1+ = = = 2; ( 1,2)
3 3 9 9

The three points of comparison are the same, therefore the lines are concurrent.
 CONCLUSION
In colloquial language, the idea of a straight line is associated with the absence of twists or
detours. For example: "The young man entered the room and went straight to the bar," "The
the vehicle went straight toward the house and ended up crashing into the door.

The usefulness of the concept of a straight line is also somewhat of a mystery, but it can be
use for various tasks, ranging from the simple placement of multiple objects in a drawing
to the complex process of identifying three-dimensional objects that cannot be
seen by the camera in a video game or a movie.

The study of various equations of the line is important, as it indicates the

points to analyze, you only need to obtain two points in the plane to get it. Thus, when
it applied to management is essential for understanding the maximization of profits
and therefore provide the best possible service and subsistence.
 SOURCES CONSULTED
● Distance from a point to a line.
[Link]
straight
● Distance between parallel lines.
[Link]
parallels/
● Example of concurrent lines.[Link]
● The Straight Line.[Link]

● UNIT 2, The Line, Characteristics of the Line.

[Link]
 WORK TEAM

Edery Rodríguez Rubén Mendoza Stefani Barradas Carla Ladino Nathan Carmona
V-17859495 V-29957241 V-27290750 V-30128107 V-30173533

System Engineering
Lara Core
Section: 01S-2613-D1
THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR
ATTENTION!