Comprehensive Guide to Orthographic Rules
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ScribdTranslationsComprehensive Guide to Orthographic Rules
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ScribdTranslationsORTHOGRAPHIC RULES
The spelling rules (or orthographic rules) allow us to determine
the letters that form a word or the use of signs
ofscorebased on general application standards or guidelines.
The spelling rules are the norms that govern the writing of the
words. The system formed by these rules, known as
spelling constitutes a convention on how it should be expressed
in writing a certain language.
Orthography, in short, is a code. In our language, it began
to develop in the 18th century, especially from the founding
from the Royal Spanish Academy (RAE). Thanks to the rules
orthographic, accepted by consensus by the entire community
linguistics, it facilitates the understanding of texts, since each
The person knows how to write each term.
The spelling rules allow determining the form of writing
correct of those words that include spellings with sounds very
similar: G/J, V/B, Z/S/C, etc. The spelling rules, on the other hand,
they indicate when words should be accented and how to use the
punctuation marks.
Whatever the concept of orthography may be, we can realize
that spelling always involves the correct writing of the
words; hence, for its purpose, it is aided by letters
uppercase, lowercase, accents, graphics, of the signs of
punctuation, such as the period, the comma, the semicolon, the two
puntos, el punto suspensivo, el punto final, signo de interrogación
exclamation mark, the hyphen, the dash, the parenthesis.
ORTHOGRAPHY OF DIVERSE LANGUAGES
SPANSIH SPELLING
The current Spanish spelling began to be codified from the18th centurywith the
establishment in1727of the first orthographic rules by theReal
Spanish Academy shortly after its founding. Until that moment, the
hesitations in thegraphicswere constant: some opt for solutionsphonemic,
attempting to adjust their writing to oral pronunciation, while others leaned towards
criteriaetymologizing,maintaining spellings that had no correspondence in the
pronunciation of Spanish of the time. The result was a lack of unity that
it hindered understanding.
Currently, the 22 Spanish academies maintain agreements that ensure the
orthographic unit. In this way, the edition of theSpelling of the language
Spanish(1999) was the first to be developed with the consensual collaboration of
all the academies ofAmericaand ofPhilippines.
SPELLING OF PORTUGUESE
The spelling of Portuguese is largely based on phonological criteria, just like
what happens in Spanish and unlike what happens in French or English, where
Historical factors condition the correspondence between phonemes and graphemes. Without
embargo, due to the extension of the language and the emergence of numerous variants
Regional and dialectal, the usual spelling used is not related.
strictly phonological with the pronunciation of all the variants.
SPELLING OF ENGLISH
Unlike what happens with the spelling generally used inSpanish
modernthe spelling of English is not regulated by an institution, comparable to
theRAE,but it is a consensus spelling. For that reason, sometimes there are
minor differences between British English and American English and other countries
(color ~ colour'color',center ~ centre'centro', etc).
An interesting principle of English spelling is that it does not use a purely
phonological for their words, which is why sometimes there is no correspondence
predictable between written and spoken form, this is manifested for example in the
variability of pronunciations that are not entirely predictable, which has, for example, the
diptongoea:
This variability of correspondence between the spelling and phonology of the language is
due to various historical accidents. First of all, the spelling of English was established
approximately towards the 15th century and since then the language has undergone
importantphonetic changesespecially in the vowels, which makes the
spelling is not a reliable guide for modern pronunciation (and partly the
spelling tends to reflect the pronunciation of theintermediate English more than that of English
modern).
SPELLING OF ESPERANTO
As long asartificial languagethe spelling of Esperanto proposed by its
creator tried to simplify the difficulties of correspondence between sound and
spelling in the words of this language. Thus, Esperanto has a spelling
guided by highly phonological criteria having eachphonemeone and
only one possible spelling.
Technical Spelling
According toMartínez de Sousa,technical spelling includes:
Thespecialized spelling: it deals with the rules of graphic writing
applied to everything that is not strictly letters, such as signs, the
symbols, alphabetical arrangement, etc.
Thetypographic spelling:Spelling is the set of uses and conventions
particularities that govern writing through typographic elements
in each language.
It deals with the combination of spelling and typography and, in particular, of the
way in which the first is applied in printed works. Martínez de Sousa
define typography as 'the set of rules of aesthetics and writing
typographic rules applied to the presentation of graphic elements such as the
bibliographies, charts, poems, indices, footnotes, citations, quotes
bibliographic, theatrical works, application of different font styles
(round, italic, small caps, as well as combinations of these), etc.
These rules, however, are usually part of what is more properly called
editorial style, as well as editorial design, as they may vary from one
publication to another; the typography specifically applies from a point of
orthographic and typographic view.
Theadvertising spellingit is the application of spelling and typography
to advertising, where spelling is used in radio and press advertisements
writing and television.
Common questions
Powered by AITechnical spelling differs from standard orthography as it focuses on precise and specialized rules for non-letter elements like typographic and symbolic representations within texts. Components of technical spelling include specialized spelling for signs and symbols, typographic spelling dealing with aesthetic and typographic rules for presenting text, and advertising spelling, which applies orthographic and typographic principles to marketing materials. These components aim to ensure clarity and coherence in environments where visual presentation is as important as the textual content .
Portuguese spelling is fundamentally phonological like Spanish; however, the widespread nature of the language and the presence of numerous regional variants and dialects limit the strict alignment of orthography with phonology. While Portuguese aims to adhere to phonological rules, the diversity in pronunciation across its dialects adds complexity, preventing a perfect phoneme-grapheme correspondence across different regions .
The orthography of advertising differs from everyday language use by incorporating both spelling and typography uniquely suited to capturing attention and conveying messages effectively in marketing contexts. This application involves tailoring spelling and typography for specific media, such as radio, print, and television, to optimize readability, impact, and persuasion. Advertising orthography considers the aesthetic presentation and often bends conventional rules to serve marketing goals .
The absence of a central regulating body for English orthography results in a more fluid and consensus-based spelling system, leading to variations between countries and regions, such as differences between British and American English. Historical spelling conventions have not adapted to reflect phonetic changes over time, further complicating correspondence between spelling and pronunciation. This lack of central authority contrasts with languages like Spanish, where the Royal Spanish Academy standardizes orthographic rules across regions, maintaining consistency .
English faces challenges in maintaining a phonological spelling system primarily due to historical developments. Established around the 15th century, English spelling has largely remained unchanged despite significant phonetic evolutions, especially in vowel pronunciation. Additionally, English lacks a centralized regulating body like the Royal Spanish Academy for Spanish, resulting in a more consensus-based approach and variability, such as between British and American English. Thus, English orthography often fails to provide reliable guidance for modern pronunciation, contrasting with more phonologically consistent languages like Spanish .
Capital letters and punctuation play a significant role in orthography by aiding in the clear and correct conveyance of written language. They are integral to the spelling system, helping to determine correct word usage and sentence structure. These elements facilitate the comprehension of texts, ensuring that written communication follows a consistent and understandable format. Correct capitalization and punctuation are part of the broader orthographic rules that govern the standardized representation of written language .
The establishment of orthographic rules by the Royal Spanish Academy (RAE) in the 18th century played a crucial role in standardizing Spanish spelling, which had previously been inconsistent and hindered understanding. The RAE's codification efforts eliminated hesitations about graphic representations, unified phonemic and etymologizing criteria, and facilitated a consistent orthographic code. This standardization ensured linguistic unity among Spanish-speaking regions, as later demonstrated by the collaborative development of Spanish orthographic guidelines by 22 Spanish academies, including those in Latin America and the Philippines, ensuring a unified approach to spelling .
Esperanto's orthography is guided by strict phonological criteria, ensuring that each phoneme has one and only one possible spelling. This design was intended to simplify the challenges of correlating sound to spelling, thus providing predictability and simplicity in learning the language. In contrast, English orthography is not strictly phonological; historical changes and lack of a regulating body mean words often do not spell phonologically, leading to less predictable links between written and spoken forms .
Historical factors that influenced the non-phonological nature of English spelling include the establishment of its orthography around the 15th century and subsequent significant phonetic changes, particularly involving vowels, that were not reflected in the spelling. These changes created gaps between pronunciation and spelling, leaving modern English with a system that often does not reliably guide pronunciation. The impact of historical accidents and lack of centralized revisions further contributed to the complex orthography observed today .
The consensus approach to English spelling can result in difficulties in learning or teaching the language due to the lack of a consistent phoneme-grapheme correlation. Without a central authority to enforce uniform spelling rules, English orthography is susceptible to regional variations and historical anomalies that create unpredictable spelling patterns. This complexity poses challenges for learners, who must memorize spelling intricacies, and educators, who have to navigate these inconsistencies while providing instruction, unlike languages with more codified spelling rules .