INDEX

Page
Customer service……………………………………………………………………… 2
Laws................................. 3
Injections.............................................................. 6

Basic Anatomy.............................................................. 7

Gastroenteritis .............................................................. 10

Parasites......................................................................... 10

Physiological values.............................................................. 11
Reproduction and childbirth.................................................. 12

Basic surgical instruments and their care ......................... 14

Lingerie 18
Post-operative care and complications.............................................. 20

Role of the assistant............................................................ 20

Wounds and hemorrhages ................................................................. 21

Dermatology........................................................... 23

Common eye diseases................................................................. 26

Ear diseases …………………………………………………………………. 26

Infectious diseases of dogs and cats...................... 27
Poisoning and first aid.......................................... 40
Exotic animals and their care............................................. 43

Zoonotic diseases............................................................................... 48

1
 PATIENT CARE
General history
It is carried out with the purpose of obtaining objective and subjective information. The objective data consists of the review,
the environment, the diet, and the medical history. Data about the owner and the place of origin should be included.
pet.
Subjective data includes a description of the main complaint and a historical overview of health.
pet. It should be remembered that seemingly unimportant information may be related to the case that
treat.
Review
It consists of the patient's age and/or date of birth, species, breed, and sex. Whether it is intact or sterilized.
Environment
Knowing where the pet is kept is an important piece of information for a good diagnosis and as a preventive measure for future issues.
diseases.
Determine if it is free in the house, yard, or if it is confined. If the yard is protected or if it is chained up, or if there is
other animals that may have come into contact with this one or if it has recently escaped, as it may have had access
toxins or having suffered trauma.
Determinar el origen geográfico de la mascota y cualquier registro de viajes recientes ya que existen enfermedades
endemic or common in certain regions of the country.
Determine the source of water for the animal and access to any toxins or ingestible foreign bodies.
Clinical history of the diet
Information about the diet must always be included. The owner is asked about the appetite and weight gain or loss.
weight of the pet and if the owner observes when it eats. Determine the following:
• Typeofdiet.
• Commercial name of the food
• Types of prizes or snacks
• Feeding method
• Quantity
Preventive medicine care
Review the pet's medical record
Register the previously received vaccinations and their dates, as well as deworming dates and products.
used and doses.
Previous medical history
Previous medical problems treated by veterinarians are recorded.
The dates of the illnesses or surgeries, a brief description of the problem, how it was addressed, and to what degree.
I observe.
Queja principal
It should be taken into account that some people are very observant of their animals and others are not.
The customer should be encouraged to describe the problem in their own words from the moment it arose.
disease.
Don't ask questions that lead to an answer, for example, ask if there has been a change in frequency.
from defecation not if he has defecated more often than normal.
Determine the last period of normality.
Determine if the problem is acute or chronic.
Whether the appearance was sudden or gradual.

2
Determine the treatments given and the response to them. What medication was given, the dosage, and the response.
observed.
Determine the present signs.
Final considerations
One must be quick to listen: being a good listener always includes hearing everything that the tooth has to say.
and their opinions on the recommended treatments, once a person has said everything they need to
to say is more receptive to the questions and advice that will be given to him
Do not make conclusions before listening, this allows for better diagnosis and better accessible treatment.
for the person.
Evitar dar opiniones personales al cliente sobre los tratamientos que recomienda el médico veterinario sino se
it is well founded and neither in front of the medical professional, to remember their role as an assistant not as
attendingphysician.

LAWS

OFFICIAL GAZETTE
BOLIVARIAN REPUBLIC OF VENEZUELA LAW OF EXERCISE OF THE
VETERINARY MEDICINE

OFFICIAL GAZETTE NO. 28,737 TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 24, 1968 THE CONGRESS OF THE
REPUBLIC OF VENEZUELA

Decree:

Thefollowing,

LAW ON THE PRACTICE OF VETERINARY MEDICINE

Chapter I General Provisions

Article 1.- The practice of veterinary medicine shall be governed by this Law and its
Regulations, internal regulations, and the codes of professional ethics that will be established by the
College, sectional or the Federation of Colleges of Veterinary Doctors. The people who
they have obtained a diploma in "Animal Health Practitioners" or "Veterinary Experts"
Animal husbandry" in accordance with previous laws, will also be subject to them.
provisions as applicable to them.

Artículo 2°.- El ejercicio de la profesión de médico veterinario impone dedicación al estudio de

the disciplines that involve its scientific development. The offices and clinics of doctors
veterinarians will not be able to use commercial names, and will only be distinguished by the use
of the proper name of the professional or professionals that operate in it, of those who cause it or the
mention of the specialty to which they are dedicated. An impersonal designation can be used.
in line with professional dignity.

Article 3.- No veterinarian may establish activities in their office or clinic that
due to their commercial or industrial nature, they may create confusion regarding the exercise
professional.

Chapter II Of Professional Practice

3
Article 4.- Constitutes the practice of veterinary medicine, with responsibilities
inherent, the provision of services and the development of any of the activities that
require the scientific training provided by higher education and be characteristic of
that profession as it will be determined by regulations.

Article 5.- Those who may practice veterinary medicine: 1) Those who have obtained the title of doctor
in Veterinary Medicine or Veterinary Physician, in accordance with the laws and the
"Practitioners in Animal Health" and "Experts in Veterinary and Animal Science" refers to the article.
1 of this Law, 2°) Veterinarians and foreign doctors in Veterinary Medicine,
originating from countries where the practice of that profession or another equivalent is permitted
Venezuelans, without prejudice to what is established by international treaties of which they are a part.
partVenezuela; 3°) Doctors in Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Doctors
foreigners brought to the country contracted by the Government of the Republic for the performance of
specific functions, provided that after the contract is finished they meet the requirements
required by this Law and its regulations. Venezuelan professionals graduated from
foreign universities with more than six (6) years of graduates as of the date of promulgation of
under this Law, they may exercise without the need for validation as long as they meet the other requirements
legal.

Article 6.- Veterinarians who perform comprehensive public functions shall not be
practice veterinary medicine, unless they hold honorary or temporary positions; and those who
academic, assistive, electoral, teaching, or council jobs shall be provided unless such
functions by their nature or by the laws or regulations that govern them require dedication to
full time.
Chapter III Of the Duties and Rights of Veterinary Doctors

Article 7°.- The veterinarian has the duty to offer the client the assistance of culture and
of the technique it possesses; to apply them with integrity of conscience and diligence in the treatment of the
cases that are entrusted to him, always striving to elevate the scientific dignity of the profession.
Article 8.- Veterinarians are required to collaborate free of charge with the
authorities and with the individuals who request it, in cases of disasters, epizootics or other calamities
that seriously and imminently threaten the livestock wealth of the region.
Article 9.- The exercise of the veterinary profession allows the veterinarian to receive fees for services.
provided, unless otherwise agreed.
When there is dissatisfaction between the professional and their client regarding the amount of fees for services
provided, the controversy will be resolved by means of a summary trial and before the competent Civil Court according to the amount.
Article 10.- The Veterinarian and the Doctor of Veterinary Medicine may advertise for the practice of their
profession in general. To advertise as specialists in a specific field, you need the consent of the
respective school or union center, as well as obtaining a diploma through a course of no less than one year under the
address of a national or foreign institute recognized by the Ministry of Agriculture and Breeding or by the
Ministry of Health and Social Assistance and have it registered in the respective College.

Chapter IV Of the Illegal Practice of the Profession

Article11.-Theyillegallypracticeveterinarymedicine:
Those who, without possessing the respective title, announce themselves as veterinarians, attribute that character to themselves or
they hold the insignia, plaques, or emblems of such, or carry out the activities reserved by this Law and its
Regulations for Veterinarians;

4
Those who engage in the performance of a public function reserved for professionals in veterinary sciences
or to the professional practice, without having renewed or registered the title in a College of Veterinary Doctors, except for the
exceptionsestablishedbythisLaw;
3°) Those who, having been sanctioned with the suspension of professional practice, exercise during the time of the
suspension
4°) Professionals who act contrary to the provisions of this Law and its Regulations and the
internalregulationsoftradeorganizations;
5°) The licensed professionals who provide their professional services or endorse individuals using their name
that illegally exercise or cover up activities of companies that are offered or act illegally in matters
professionals.
Article 12.- The qualification of acts of illegal exercise, the applicable sanctions and the procedure to follow, is
will be established in the Regulations of this Law. The usurpation of titles and exercising without the requirement of revalidation,
they will be punished in accordance with the provisions of the Penal Code.

FEDERATION OF MEDICAL COLLEGES

VETERINARIANS OF VENEZUELA
DEONTOLOGY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE

PRELIMINARY PROVISIONS

CHAPTERIIOFPROFESSIONALPRACTICE

Article 3.- It is prohibited for the Veterinarian to provide biased information and issue certifications of
any nature without prior examination of the animal, products or by-products of animal origin.
Article 4.- When a Veterinarian is faced with a case treated or assisted by a colleague, he is
it is strictly forbidden to make comments about the illness or its treatment, also refraining from
judgment or institutions capable of affecting his credit and the trust placed in him.
Article 5.- Every Veterinarian must be concerned about the different problems affecting national life.
the one of its democratic institutions.
Artículo 6°.-Todo MédicoVeterinario afiliado al Colegio está en el deber de cumplir con todas las leyes, estatutos y
its regulations. Likewise, it must collaborate in all possible ways for the maintenance and strengthening of
same, as the maximum representative and the body responsible for defending the interests of the profession
as a core formed from a seed of professional consciousness and, as the moral overseer of all its
members.
Article 7°- It is mandatory for every Veterinarian, except in proven impossibility, to provide
professional attention in the following cases:
n) When it comes to an accident, an emergency, a disaster, an epizootic or other calamities.
b) When there is no other professional in Veterinary Medicine in the locality and even if there is one, it is...
impossible to act,
c) When the call comes from the owner of an animal, from a farm or livestock industry or other
person or entity to whom you are providing your professional services.
d) When it concerns a disease subject to mandatory reporting as outlined in the Regulation of the Law of
Plant or Animal Health Defense.
Article 8°.- The Veterinarian may stop providing his professional services voluntarily if he fails
to ethics in the following cases:
When for a certain reason I consider that there is a possibility of not receiving the remuneration and
corresponding benefits

5
 WhentheclausesofthecontractunderwhichIprovidedservicesarenotfulfilled.
When,duetonotbeingprovidedwiththerequiredresourcesandmeans,theyareunabletoperform.
satisfactorily.
When you consider that your physical or mental conditions prevent you from performing.
satisfactorily.
Iseethatthereisanydangerthatcouldaffectyourlifeorhealth.
Whentheopportunityarisestotakeonanotherpositionwherehisconditionsimprove
economic,professional,serviceorconsiderthatmaybemoreuseful.
Article 9°.- The Veterinarian may not provide professional services.
a) When their activities are intended to be used in acts or causes that affect their dignity
personal,professional,socialorthatcontravenesspecialprovisionsorethics
b) When expressly prohibited by the Trade Unions, either formally
permanentortemporary.
c) When offered to perform a specific activity for which he/she has no
sufficientknowledgethatallowshimtoactproperly.
d) When due to time, distance, or other specific commitments, you are unable to fulfill the
activities inherent to the position.
Article 10.- The Veterinarian who for any reason ceases to provide their services
professionals in a specific position, if replaced by another colleague,
provide all data and information that allow you to start your activities with guidance
due
Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela

Illegal practice of the profession

Animal Health Law
Article 17.- When property owners do not observe the provisions of Public Health in their properties, or
there are housing conditions of unsanitary nature, contaminated water sources, or any other circumstances
that, in the judgment of the health authorities, may pose a threat to public health, or is necessary
to prevent or extinguish a disease or combat an epidemic, the Ministry of People's Power for Health may
to arrange all measures that it deems necessary for the indicated purposes, including the temporary occupation of the property and
until its destruction. If the measures taken and executed result in compensation, it will be determined in the
form that the respective law establishes Veterinary Deontology Code:

INJECTIONS
Intra medullary: in the spaces between the vertebrae of the spine
Subcutaneous: they are applied on the dorsal part of the body in the back or thoracic area in dogs and cats.
Intramuscular: in the lumbar region, two fingers from the spine and pelvis; in the middle part of the thigh and in
the neck and hip in large animals. In the chest (breast) in the case of birds and in the thigh.
Intradermal: in the fold of the groin.
Intravenous: on the front part of the forearm, in the jugular, and in the hind legs near the hock.
rabbits is applied even on the ears and in rodents and reptiles on the tail.
Intracranial: For the application of the rabies virus in suckling mice in the middle part of the frontal area, in order to do so
to develop the rabies vaccine.
Intra peritoneal: At the level of the abdomen in the inguinal region.
Umbilical: in newborns in the umbilical cord.
Intra articular. In the joints between the intervertebral spaces, for the application of anesthetics.

6
mainly and chemotherapy.

RECOMMENDED SITES FOR INJECTIONS.

7
 ANATOMY
BASIC

Anatomy of the dog

Orbit Phalanges
Infraorbital foramen Plantarsesamoids
Jaw Metatarsal
(4) Hioides Tarso
(5)Esophagus Calcaneus
Scapula Tibia
Humerus Fibula
Olecranon Patella
Cubitus Fables
Radio Femur
Carpo Testicle
Accessory bone (pisiform) Penis
Metacarpus Ischium
Palmar sesamoid bones Pubis
Phalanges Sacro-tuberous ligament
Heart (37)ilion
Liver Greater omentum (superficial leaf)
Stomach Left kidney
Bazo Descending aorta
Urinary bladder Nuchal funiculus
Bone of the penis Axis
Falange Atlas
Zygomatic arch

8
9
 16 39

DORSAL

REGIONS SACRED LUMBAR TORAXICA CERVICAL

CROSS
BACK
LOMO
STOP

TRUFFLE
GROUP

ARM

CODO

Forearm

LEG KNEE HANDS

10
 R
O
S
T
R
A
L

11
 C
A
U
D C
A R
L SHOULDER A
N
E
THIGH BRAZO
A
CORVEJON L

AL B
A
IB

METACARPUS
FLOW

For our dog to have good movement, it is necessary to establish a good harmony between the skeleton and
the muscles. The skeleton will provide a support structure while the muscles will give the driving force
KNEE necessary for the movement to take place.
The dog's skeleton, composed of different bones, can be divided into three parts: the head, the body, and the ...
extremities.
The most important bones of the head are the occipital, with a crest called by the same name.
depending on the breed it is more pronounced or less; the frontal, where the nasal cavities are located; the parietal and the
zygomatic, where we can highlight the zygomatic arches, which is the widest part of the skull and where they are inserted
the muscles of the same name, these muscles are very well developed in prey breeds.
After the head and connected to it is the spine, which is made up of seven vertebrae.
cervicals, thirteen thoracic, seven lumbar, three sacral, and twenty or twenty-two coccygeal. The sacral vertebrae along with the
the pelvis forms the hip. This region is very important as it, along with the muscles in the area, forms the buttock and
This is where the force is produced that will give rise to movement.
Regarding the limbs, two subgroups are differentiated, the anterior and the posterior. These are the ones that
They allow for flexions and extensions along with the muscles and tendons.
As we see, a good harmony between the different parts of the body, bones, muscles, tendons, and joints goes
to provide good movement and good morphological conformation in our dogs.

Skeleton, muscles, and movement of the cat

12
The cat's skeleton consists of 233 bones (more than the human, which has 206), and it does not have clavicles that allow it to...
remove agility, the scapulohumeral joint allows it to move its forelimb in almost any direction
and the presence of more than 500 muscles gives a great variety of movement to the bones, also with a
a highly developed nervous and equilibrium sense makes the domestic feline have almost perfect movements that
Seeingthemcaptivatesandfascinates.

The muscles attach to the

bones through tendons,
acting as levers,
joining and separating the
bones, to produce the
movement that allows the
cat locomotion

13
 Jaw
(Maxilar inferior)
Scapula
Ribs

Tibia
leg
Radius (forearm)
Ulna
Phalanx
Tarso (fingers)
Metatarsal Metacarpus
(Rear members) (Front Members)

14
 GASTROENTERITIS

Generalities
Gastroenteritis is an inflammatory process of the gastrointestinal system; in general, it is referred to this way.
cases where the stomach and intestine are affected, when only one part is affected, it can be differentiated between:
gastritis (inflammation of the stomach), enteritis (inflammation of the intestine), colitis (inflammation of the colon), and proctitis
inflammation of the rectum.
Gastroenteritis is characterized by causing diarrhea of various types (more or less liquid, with blood, with
mucus,...) and vomiting: however, exceptions can be found as the clinical symptoms that we can encounter
they are very varied, ranging from an almost normal animal, slightly apathetic, to very severe cases with diarrhea,
vomiting, blood and1mucusinthestool,fever,dehydration,anemia,intenseabdominalpain,weakness,andeven
[Link]:
Dietary: ingestion of plants, soil, herbs, foreign bodies.
Parasitic (see internal parasites: coccidia, ancylostomiasis, giardiasis, ascariasis, taenia)
Poisonings: by organophosphates.
Bacterial
Viral (parvovirus, panleukopenia, distemper).
Inflammations: allergy to one of the components of food autoimmune (allergy to
a specific protein, to a component of the feed, unknown cause.
Tumors (in oncology).
Systemic (pathology of other organs kidney, pancreas, liver, ..).
Congenital defects
Treatment
The treatment will depend on the cause of the gastroenteritis; if the vomiting and diarrhea are severe, it can lead to
a significant dehydration that will need to be treated through hospitalization and the administration of serum and
medications by intravenous route. Once the clinical picture is controlled, the animal can continue treatment at home.
Forecast
According to the cause that is acting, the severity of the case will be.
Prevention
Good and proper feeding, keeping the health plan up to date, periodic deworming, and responsible ownership.

Difference between vomiting and regurgitation

The importance of knowing the difference between one term and another is that they are signs of different diseases. The vomit.
it is the violent ejection of stomach content to the outside of the body through the esophagus and the mouth.
Vomiting is related to diseases of the stomach, intestines, kidneys, liver, and pancreas.
Regurgitation is the reflux of undigested food (that has never reached the stomach) through the esophagus and mouth.
Regurgitation is a symptom of megaesophagus or another esophageal disease. It is also a process considered
normal in wolves and other wild animals that regurgitate food to feed their young.

PARASITES
Cat worms
These parasites consist of a head (scolex) and numerous segments that are ribbon-shaped, the segments
they contain the reproductive organs of both sexes, as well as eggs. The posterior segments detach and
theyareexpelledfromtheparasitizedanimalalongwiththefeces
The segments that have been expelled can be found near the front of the animal, and their appearance is similar to that of
grains of rice
In the life cycle of all tapeworms, there is an intermediate host. Direct transmission cannot occur from a

15
Host in which the adult parasite exists, to another host of the same species. A certain part of the formation of the tapeworm
immature usually occurs in a different species than the one the parasite infects when adult. The species in which the parasite
The immature must go through a certain part of its life cycle before infecting the final host, which is called the 'intermediate host.'
The prevention of teniasis is implemented with flea control, avoiding predation, and not feeding raw meat.
of no animal and deworm every 4 months.
Dipylidium Caninum
It is the common tapeworm of dogs and is also found in cats and sometimes in humans. In animals, this parasite is
it is found in the small intestine, when the infestation is severe or the animal is in poor condition
Health, Dipylidium caninum can cause abdominal discomfort, weight loss, or both.
The intermediate hosts of Dipylidium caninum are the dog flea, Ctenocephalides canis, and the cat flea,
Ctenocephalides felis, and the human flea, Pulex irritans.
The larvae of these fleas become infected by ingesting the eggs of the tapeworm. Dogs, cats, and sometimes humans are
infected fleas when swallowing. To properly control Dipylidium caninum, it is also necessary to
properly control fleas in dogs and cats.
Trichinosis
Trichinosis or trichinellosis is a parasitic disease caused by a "worm" called Trichinella spiralis.
which encysts in the muscles of those domestic and wild animals that are fed with infested raw meat,
with the pig being the most affected when it is fed with raw food waste or from trash dumps (the larva is
it can remain alive for up to four months in putrefying meat), as well as the presence of rats in the farms where pigs are raised
they are transmitters of the disease, meat from another pig intended for seizure due to Trichinellosis - this can occur in
a pig processing plant with poor control over the disposal of seizures.
Dogs and cats can also become infected by ingesting meat infested with larvae of Trichinella spiralis.

16
Ascariasis
It is a cosmopolitan disease (distributed all over the world). It particularly manifests in puppies and in the
young dogs, is due to two nematodes (parasites): Toxocara canis and Toxoascaris leonina, which can
adding the cat roundworm, Toxocara cati. These live in the adult stage in the small intestine of the dog, and have a
length embarked between 4 and 18 cm for the first ones, and from 2 to 10 cm for the second ones.
Giardas
[Link].
the potential of giardia to cause diarrhea in animals and humans.
The infection can be acquired through direct contact with feces containing parasites, as well as water and
food contaminated with parasites.
Symptoms can be intermittent or continuous and include foul-smelling stools that may contain mucus.
loss of appetite and weight loss.
Young dogs and cats are more prone to having this type of infestation. It has been reported that about 8% of
dogs and 4% of cats can contract giardia.
When the population density is higher, these numbers can also increase.
Routine examination methods generally do not reveal the presence of Giardia. Its
Veterinary Doctor must perform fecal exams through procedures to reveal this type of
parasites.
Once the diagnosis is established, a specific treatment is available.
Environmental management includes the rapid disposal of feces, keeping the kennel units as dry as possible.
as possible and follow strict processes at all times.

Gestation
Constantesfisiológicasysignosvitales

Temperatura Frecuencia HeartRate

Species
Rectal Respiratory

°C Resp/min beats per minute days

Dog 38 - 39.5 20-22 100-130 56-68

Cat 38.5-39.3 20-30 110-140 59-68

Cow 37.5 – 39.5 20 - 30 60-80 270-290

mare 37.5 – 38.5 9-10 34-40 330-340

Blood values

Red Blood Cells Hemoglobin Hematocrit Glóbulos blancos Plaquetas

Dog 6-9 12-18 37-54 6-15 200-400

Cat 5-10 8-15 24-45 15-19 150-300

It is only a guideline table, individual variations will need to be considered.

REPRODUCTION AND CHILDBIRTH

Sealing and coupling

17
The puppy reaches sexual maturity (begins to produce viable eggs) between seven and ten months.
periods are called "heat"; each of those intervals lasts between ten and twelve days, and the first signs that indicate
[Link].
women's menstruation, although it is a bloody loss, the process is completely opposite to what happens
in the female cycle and female chimpanzee, which are the only species that [Link] sign is that the vulva
it inflames and increases in size until it becomes twice the normal size. In each animal, they are produced in
different moments, meaning that there is no time of year when all the female dogs are in heat. But
undoubtedly the clearest signal will be given by the appearance of one or several male "suitors" of
different size, appearance, color and fur whose instinct makes them arrive almost mysteriously.
After nine to eleven days of loss, the actual heat period (estrus) begins, which is characterized by
because ovulations occur in it (release of eggs from the ovaries to the fallopian tubes). It is
when the female accepts the male and lasts between seven and nine days.
Itisimportanttonotethatthefemaledogdoesnotalwaysacceptthemaledogweassignforhertomatewith,choosinginstead...
veces, al que nosotros menos nos gusta por no reunir las características adecuadas para la perrita que queremos.
It is suggested to try to mate animals of the same breed and if that is not possible, they should be of the same [Link] the
The female is ready for mating, remains calm with her tail raised and alert.
meet with your beloved who is waiting along with others for the encounter.
Thecouplingshouldnotbeinterruptedbyanytypeofpunishmentasitisanaturalphenomenonand
Acting this way can cause serious injuries to both animals.
Gestation and childbirth
Gestation in female dogs lasts two months (from 58 to 63 days); it should be noted that the birth
of the puppies, just like that of human beings, and that of all animals, is the most natural phenomenon of
world, and help is only needed on rare occasions.
The normal labor period ranges from twelve to twenty-four hours, and in some cases, mainly if they are first-time mothers,
the time can be extended up to thirty-six hours. The dog, like in the cat, one week before giving birth the
body temperature (measured in the rectum) drops 1° to settle at 37-38°C, starts to have milk, the vulva usually
to become edematous and have a slight vaginal discharge, and it may have a change in behavior: searching for sites
dark and secluded, unease and nest building.
The mechanism of parturition in the female dog is divided into three phases:
The first one corresponds to the opening of the cervix, which is ready for the exit of the puppies. This process
it can last up to twenty-four hours. During this time, the female behaves abnormally, walking in circles
with slow and relentless steps, he lies down on the ground, refusing to eat or drink (although some females show
avoraciousappetite).
During this period, nothing should disturb her around. The first phase corresponds to the opening and relaxation of the neck.
from the uterus for the exit of the puppies. The female trembles, pants, and may vomit. The vulvar lips thicken and
a viscous white-yellowish liquid escapes from the lower corner. Uterine contractions can be observed, but
always of weak intensity. The dog chooses a quiet and dark place, and prepares its whelping box by tearing up rags and
materials; it is advisable to provide elements so that he can carry out that work, the most usual is paper of
diary cut into strips.
The second phase is the expulsion of the puppies. The female lies on her side, with her face...
directed towards her abdomen and the contractions start every 2 or 3 minutes, she begins to push with
force towards the rear end of her body. When this phase begins, the female must be left completely alone. The
most of the owners, with all their good intentions, especially with the first-time mother dog, disturb the female when
remaining contemplative of their work or talking nearby, and this serves only to delay the process
natural.
She should be left alone for eight hours. If no puppy appears after that time, at that moment she
he will call the Veterinarian. Rest intervals of more than 4 hours should be considered abnormal.
when no puppy is born after having many contractions.
The third phase is the effort mechanism that carries the expulsion of the placenta, and they typically come out.
more or less immediately after the puppy.

18
The dog must give birth in her own environment; if she is tried to be housed in a strange environment, the female will not calm down.
births will be delayed and the entire bait may be lost.
An ideal place is the base of a wardrobe in the kitchen and here a comfortable 'bed' should be placed. One of the
The main causes of the loss of newborn puppies is the loss of heat after birth.
prepare a box or a drawer with blankets and cover it overnight.
Regarding the diet during lactation, the female should eat a protein-rich diet and this means
one has to consume meat; as substitutes of value, eggs, cheese, and chicken meat can be used, in addition to the
foods that are normally given, or also a premium balanced food for puppies or pregnant females.
The idea of feeding the female after childbirth with a liquid diet based on milk, so that she herself
producing more milk is a mistaken concept. Proteins form the vital basis for milk production and the ideal
for a carnivorous animal, it is meat.
In summary: it is advised to inexperienced individuals -in particular- to allow the female to have the puppies in her environment.
properly, on a bed of constant heat, with a lot of patience and without interfering or standing beside to watch during
his labor efforts.
Eclampsia
Eclampsia is a purely metabolic disease that occurs in females during pregnancy or shortly after.
of childbirth. It is also known by the common name "milk fever". In bitches, it usually manifests in
small breeds between one and two weeks postpartum and in the cat at term of gestation or between one and five
días de terminada ésta.
It is a disease that begins almost spontaneously with its clinical symptoms, the female starts to
sentirse inquieta, se agita, tiembla, tambalea, se tumba sobre un lado como si tuviese un espasmo, su agitación va en
increased and the saliva moistens part of its snout. The limbs become stiff at times, the little animal does not lose the
consciousness and look with an expression of help.
At this point in the events, they claim that they have never seen a dog in this situation and are unaware of the
they think the disease has been poisoned and in a desperate state they arrive at the veterinarian's office. Others
they start to apply "home remedies" (oil with milk) that totally worsen the condition, causing in
some cases of pneumonia due to 'false route' (milk with oil reaches the lung) with fatal consequences.
The spasms pass, but they repeat over and over again, with brief intervals between each attack and if no treatment is applied
correct treatment, the puppy will die from exhaustion or heart failure after ten or twelve hours of starting the
symptoms.
Once the female dog is treated, it is necessary to ration the supply of milk to the puppies, and if they are more than fifteen
Days, proceed with weaning. Puppies should not, under any circumstances, nurse from the affected dog for twenty-four or
forty-eight hours after the eclampsia attack.
As if through a natural process, the little animal will want to be with its puppies even if it risks its life; it will try by all means.
the means that do not feed her, she will be very attentive to any oversight of her masters to meet with her
children.
During the time that the calf remains without its mother, they must be fed with a milk substitute, then they ...
will let them nurse for short periods of time. If the puppies are large enough to
Eating foods by themselves, weaning is advisable.
To prevent this disease, it is important to consider the mother's diet during pregnancy. They are prone
to contract those bitches that are fed only with meat. The diet must consist of several
foods: meat, milk, cheese, vegetables, etc. or a high-quality super premium balanced food for
puppiesthatareindicatedforpregnantfemalesduetothesupplementationofvitaminsandmineralstheycontain.
It should be taken into account that if the attack is repeated, the risks of death increase.
For this reason, it is advisable that they do not have more offspring after an attack, and this can be prevented with sterilization or
take care of her during heat.

GESTATION DURATION AND HEAT CYCLES IN SOME DOMESTIC ANIMALS

ANIMAL DURATION OF GESTATION DURATION OF HEAT DURATIONOFTHESTRALCYCLE

19
 Cow 270-290 days 12-1 8 hours Every 21 days
Mare 330-340 days 6-8 days Every 21 days

Sheep 150 days 1-2 days Every 16 days

Bitch 60-63 days 9 days Every 150-180 days
Cat 56-60 days 4 days Every 120 – 150 days
Bunny 28-30 days Induced
Sow 114 days 1-2days Every 21 days

SURGICAL INSTRUMENT
Surgicaltoolthatthesurgeonusesintheoperation,[Link],condition,andtypeof
Instrumentalcanaffecttheoutcomeofthesurgery.
PARTS OFTHE INSTRUMENTATION

Jaws

Lock Box

Mango

20
 Zippers

Rings

Jaws
[Link],[Link]
needles
WORK BOX
Articulationunitoftheinstrumentthatallowsforopeningandclosingmobilityduringmanipulation
Mango
Areaofasurgicalinstrumentbetweenthelockboxandtherings
RACKS
[Link].
RINGS
Elementusedtoholdtheclamp,insuchawaythatallowsthesurgeontoperformaseriesofsurgicalmaneuvers.
TIPS
[Link],theymustbecloselyapproximated.
Her absence implies a change of the instrument.

TYPES OFINSTRUMENTATION
Cut and dissection

21
Havingacuttingsurface,whetherabladeoratip,canbeconsideredacuttingordissectiontool.
Scissors,scalpels,osteotomes,curettes,curettages,saws,drills,chisels,biopsypunch,needles,etc.

Clamping and gripping

22
Son instrumentals that
they grasp tissues between their jaws. Due to their design, they can interact with everything from ocular tissue to vascular tissue.
resistant bone. Mosquito clamps, pean, kocher, ochsner, mixter, babcock, intestinal clamp, clamps
cardiovascular: Cooley clamp for coarctation, DeBakey multi-use clamp, peripheral vascular clamp, clamp
Kay aortic clamp, bulldog clamp, among others

Separation

Theyaretheinstrumentsthatkeepthetissuesororgansawayfromtheareawherethesurgeonisworking.
Duetotheircharacteristics,theycanbe:
Superficial: skin, subcutaneous cellular tissue, muscular.
Deep:toseparatetheabdominalcontents
Richardsonretractors,Parkerseparators,malleableCrile,Deaver,Harringtonseparator,

Dilation and probing

23
 [Link]:commonbileduct.
Ochsnerbiliaryductcatheter,trocars,uterinecatheter,Otisurethralcatheter,VanBurenurethralcatheter
On the other hand, dilators are used to increase the diameter of the lumen of an organ. For example: urethral lumen, neck.
uterine, etc.
Bakesbileductdilators,Hegaruterinedilators,etc.
USES OF BASIC INSTRUMENTS SCALPEL OR SCALPEL
Instrument of diuresis, basic in any surgical instrument set. Made in one piece or in two (handle
andsheet).
• ScalpelHandleNo.3and7.Correspondtoblades10,11,12,13,14,and15
• ScalpelHandleNo.4.Forblades20to24.

SCISSORS
[Link]:
• Straightscissors:materials
• Curved Scissors: For performing dissections
• FineCurvedScissors:Fordissectionsofverydelicateandfinetissues

Dissection Forceps
•
• They have two branches joined at one end and held between the thumb and fingers, used to lift or ...
presenttissuesamples.
• Example:Simpletweezers,eachandstockunit,[Link]-stockunit,Adsoneach-stockunit,Martín,Russian

HEMOSTATIC FORCEPS
It serves to inhibit bleeding through pressure on the vessels, occluding them.
temporarilyuntiltyingorfasteningimmediatelybelowthetipoftheclamp

24
NEEDLE HOLDER
Theyareusedtoholdaneedleatitstip.
Suture needles: cutting, lance, round tip, blunt tip, diamond tip, straight;
1/4, 3/8, 1/2 and 5/8 of circle.

25
INSTRUMENT CARE
During the operation
• Handletheinstrumentsgently
• Do not throw them inside the jars
• Keepthecuttingsurfacesoftheinstrumentsawayfromothersurfaces
metallicthatcandeteriorate
• DonotrinsetheinstrumentswithCINa9°/oobecauseitcausescorrosion.
Only use distilled water
• [Link].

• Use the correct tool for each job.

After the operation
• Soakwithanenzymaticdetergent
• Carryoutthewashingofinstrumentsobservingthebiosecurityregulations.
• Dryingofinstruments
• Preparetheinstruments,makingsuretoseparateheavyinstrumentsfromthedelicateones.
• Processalltheinstrumentsusedfortheirrespectivecompatiblesterilization
• Instrumentstorage

SURGICAL LINGERIE

Generalities
For the execution of aseptic operative techniques, it is necessary to avoid contamination of the wound, so the
the surgeon isolates the surgical area, the furniture immediately adjacent to the intervention and together with the
team members isolate themselves using appropriate clothing. In general, greater occurs.
contamination of the wound when a poor isolation technique is applied, specifically the use of some
particular type of material.
The material to be used in the making must act as a bacterial barrier; fabrics lose such property when
Getting wet, waterproof paper and plastics do not have this disadvantage.
The best material is made from light-colored cotton fabric such as: green, green.
jade, blue or gray.
The plastic materials treated chemically to prevent the formation of static electric charges.
Paper materials are commercially offered sterile or non-sterile; in the case of non-sterile ones, they are subjected to the same process.
that the fabric ones to the sterilization in autoclave.
Classification
They will be grouped according to their use:
Isolate the furniture immediately adjacent to the intervention on which the materials and instruments are placed.
sterile.
• Screen fields: they are quite large screen or paper fields that completely cover the
kidney-shaped table, its dimensions are 1.80 meters long by 75 cm wide.
• May table covers: allows you to isolate the May table by covering the tray and the pedestal.
50 cm long by 34 cm wide, others in surgery are 92 x 47 cm.
Isolate the members of the surgical operator team, assistant(s):
• Shirt - pants: it is made of not very thick fabric so that it is lightweight, without buttons or ribbons.
closed without a collar and with a triangular opening <a folded to introduce the head, short sleeves of 10 cm or
without them and of a length that covers up to the upper third of the thighs. The pants should be lightweight, comfortable
and that covers up to the ankles. There are surgeons who prefer to wear a one-piece outfit or jumpsuit.
• Boots: Made of thick fabric or wool, large size open at the back and fitted by tying two strips, should
cover up to the mid-thigh of the leg. There are also disposable paper slippers.
• Hat: There are three models of hat that are used according to the amount and length of hair present.
to cover. The classic is oval in shape, open at the back and at the lower ends of the opening.
It presents two bands to fit on the head. The rectangular one for long hair with two long strips to gather it.
loose hair. The helmet type covers the hair and a large part of the face, has an opening for the eyes and nose and
it is placed above the head.
Mask: rectangular shape made with 3 or 4 pieces of fabric and at its ends two strips to adjust it.
Dude, some are disposable.

Shoes: made of thick fabric and cover up to the mid-third of the leg, the sleeves end in elastic cuffs which
they have a handle to insert the thumb and its function is to prevent the sleeves from slipping during the procedure:
the front part is closed and features a canvas of the same fabric called a bib, which is sewn between the neck and the
waist leaving the side edges free to insert the hands.

Asilar el cuerpo del paciente o un área especifica de este

• Surgical fields are used for isolating the area.
operation already prepared, avoiding contamination coming from
areas far from the site of the wound. There are two basic types: Open with an opening
generally central whose size varies depending on the use; and Closed if they do not have
Opening to isolate the edges of wounds or if lacking an open field or if one desires a
the larger opening is isolated in that case with 4 closed fields.
Wrapping of other materials or instruments that will be sterilized in an autoclave:
• Glove case: they allow packing reusable surgical gloves and
made of thick paper.
• Enclosure fields: They are closed fields with thick fabric, cut in shape
rectangular and square to prepare the bundles of clothes or equipment that are
they will undergo sterilization.
POSTOPERATIVE CAREAND COMPLICATIONS
At the end of the surgical intervention, it must be ensured that the stitches are okay and that none are missing; they should be cleaned.
Well, the area to remove dry blood that may attract flies, vital signs of the patient such as pulse should be monitored.
and breathing, if the patient is coming out of anesthesia, the endotracheal tube should be removed if it has been placed.
Anintravenouslineforadministeringfluidsshouldbecheckedtoensurethatitisnotobstructed.
The patient should be placed in a clean and quiet area where it is easy to monitor them.
In the following days, it should be disinfected and wound healing agents applied.
Once the healing is completed, the stitches are removed.
The most common complications:
Thepatienttakesalongtimetowakeupfromanesthesia.
Respiratory and/or cardiac arrest
Bleeding from the wound.
Lower the patient's temperature.
In the following days, a secondary infection occurs.
The stitches come out or the patient takes them out.

ROLE OF THE ASSISTANT

For a surgical intervention:
You must sterilize the instruments after the procedure, ensuring that the surgical material and linens are.
complete, prepare the patient for surgery, assist in placing the linen for the doctor, assist him during the
operation, seek the way for fluid administration. Monitor vital signs during and after the
surgery
In the consultation:
He/She should only be concerned with assisting or helping the doctor, and should not express opinions about the patient's condition or
treatments given by other colleagues, in front of the pet owners. Do not medicate the pets without the
authorization and supervision by a veterinarian.

WOUNDS
Wounds are injuries that result in the loss of continuity in the integrity of soft tissues.
soft tissues we understand skin, muscle, subcutaneous tissue, soft organs, tendons, nerves, among others.
They can be caused by external agents (knives, glass, cans, etc.) or internal agents (fractured bone).
At the same time, we find types of open and closed wounds, simple and complicated.
Wounds carry two risks that must be avoided to prevent them from worsening: bleeding (leads to
shock state) and the infection
Types of wounds
According to the degree of continuity of the skin and its depth
. Open
Separation of soft tissues
Higher possibility of infection
 . Closed
No separation of soft tissues is observed.
They generate hematomas (bleeding under the skin) or hemorrhages in viscera or cavities.
• Typically produced by blows
They require quick attention because they can compromise the function of an organ or circulation.
blood.
. Simple
They only affect the skin, not reaching to compromise organs.
Scratches, scrapes, cuts, etc.
. Complicated
Extensive and deep with abundant bleeding.
Injuries to muscles, nerves, tendons, internal organs, blood vessels, and may or may not exist
visceral perforation.
Classification of the different types of wounds
According to the cause that produced them:
. Puncturing
Caused by sharp objects (nails, needles, hooks, etc.).
Pain, slight bleeding, entry wound not very noticeable, depth, may show perforation
of viscera and internal bleeding, imminent danger of infection. It is considered the most dangerous of
all.
. Cutters
By sharp objects (glass, knives, cans, etc.). Presents a wound with clean and linear edges, of
scant, moderate, or abundant bleeding.
It can affect muscles, tendons, and nerves.
. Cutting punches
For sharp and pointed objects (daggers, scissors, knives, broken bone, etc.). Combine the two.
types of previous wounds.
. Abrasions
Rashes caused by friction or rubbing of the skin against hard surfaces. The most superficial layer
the skin (epidermis) is the one that is affected. They frequently become infected, but heal quickly.
. Lacerations
Injuries caused by objects with serrated edges create tears in the tissue and the edges of the
wounds appear irregular.
. Avulsive
Tear injury, separates and destroys the tissue, usually presents with abundant bleeding.
. Amputation
Loss of a fragment or an extremity.
. Contusions
They are produced by the resistance that the bone exerts against a blow (from a fist, stones, sticks, etc.),
soft tissue injury occurs. Hematoma and pain are the most common causes of these
types of wounds.
. Bruises
Closed wounds caused by blows. They appear as a purple stain.
. Crushing
They can cause fractures, abundant external and internal hemorrhages, and organ injury.
. Tears: (For example, when sawing). At the moment of overexpansion and distension of the tissue, the
elasticity leaves irregular, jagged edges in the wound, its healing slows down
 There is a tendency for scarring. Larger tears require
surgical cleaning, trimming the edges of the wound and closing it with sutures.
. Bites: (For example, a dog bite). They are potentially infected. They can cause
place to serious infections caused by various microorganisms and require medical attention in all
the cases.
. First-degree burns: First-degree burns (superficial) only affect the
epidermis. The burned area is red, slightly swollen, painful, dry, and lacks
blisters. One example is mild sunburn. Long-term tissue damage is rare and usually
results in a change in skin color.
. Second-degree burns: Second-degree burns affect the epidermis and part of
the cutaneous dermis. The cause often lies in burns or contact with fire.
burn appears red, with blisters, swollen and painful.
. Third-degree burns: Third-degree burns (full thickness) destroy the
epidermis and the dermis and can also damage the underlying subcutaneous tissue, to the bones, to the
muscles and tendons. The burned area has a white or charred appearance. There is no
sensitivity in the area, given that the nerve endings are destroyed.
. By firearms. The entrance is irregularly shaped, tattooed, and does not always bleed; the exit in the
if it exists, it has irregular edges occasionally with bleeding and generally the opening is
larger than the entrance

Hemorrhages
They are classified into three types for their identification and attention:
. Arterial: it is identified by its bright red color and the blood flows out according to the pulses of the
heart
. Venosa: it is identified by its dark red color and the blood flows continuously as if dripping.
. Capillary: it is identified by its minimal blood output (in a pinpoint manner), skin redness is common in
abrasive wounds
Containment methods:
. Direct pressure on the wound: with a clean dressing or gauze placed over the wound and applying pressure.
with the palm of the hand
. Elevation of the limb: The limb is raised above the heart of the victim only if there is no
fracture.
. Indirect pressure: The arterial points closest between the heart and the wound are compressed.
. Cryotherapy: Application of cold on the wound, to achieve vasoconstriction without placing ice
directly on the wound
. Tourniquet: As a last resort, when the bleeding cannot be stopped by any other means.
we must apply it. The tourniquet will be applied a little higher than the wound, between it and the heart,
the placement of a tourniquet includes the following steps:
* 1/ A wide bandage is placed over the wound (the bandage can be improvised with a scarf).
This sale is tied with a simple knot (half hitch)
* 2/ Luego se colocará una vara encima del nudo y encima de esta se completará, con otro nudo
(completing the curl, but with a stick in the middle)
* 3/ The rod is rotated several times, like closing a pipe, until it stops.
bleed in a stream. It should be taken into account that due to the venous return circulation the blood
will continue to flow from the wound until the limb is drained. This will be evident in that the blood
stop being red and coming out strongly to be dark red and coming out without strength.
* 4/ It should be secured to the stick with another bandage, looser, so that the tourniquet does not loosen.
Most common accidents
In the event of any mishap, one should pay attention to the consciousness state of the animal. If it is conscious, it is
It's important to be careful with the possible reactions produced by shock such as bites resulting from the
anxiety or movements that may aggravate the dog's condition.
In the event of a run-over, or in falls from a certain height, it must be taken into account that the nature of the injuries may be
internal and external, so the animal will have to be immobilized and the veterinarian will need to be called. In case of dislocations or fractures in
the legs should be prevented from the dog walking. If you do not know how to immobilize a fracture or dislocation, it is better to make the
stay lying down until the necessary help is obtained.
Wounds should be treated according to their extent. If they are superficial, they can be treated by the owner with water.
hydrogen peroxide, mercurochrome, and gauzes, but if stitches are needed, the dog must be taken to emergency care.
trying not to scratch or bite the affected area. In case the wounds have been caused in the
During a fight with another animal, it is necessary to consult with the veterinarian due to the danger of having contracted
somedisease.
When the animal shows general prostration, rapid but weak pulse, gaze with an expression of distress,
clumsy movements and poor coordination and elevated temperature, it is possible that he/she has suffered from sunstroke. In these
cases, and although a simple precaution is the best measure, the dog must be refreshed with water and taken to
Immediately to the veterinarian. In case of blows to the face, the main thing is to prevent the dog from touching the area.
fractured and see the specialist. If a tooth has broken, a filling will need to be done to prevent deterioration.
Inaddition,ifthebreakreachesthenerve,itneedsarootcanal,otherwiseitwillhurteverytimeyoubitesomething.

DERMATOLOGY
The skin is an organ exposed to suffering from diseases constantly. The causes of its problems are very varied:
hormonalchanges,foods,medications,[Link].
on the skin.
Fungosis-fungalproblems.
It is a skin infection caused by fungi that invade and live within the hair, nails, or [Link] humidity caused
continuous bathing, or having your dog housed in a humid and poorly ventilated place, would cause him to have an infestation.
Fungal. Clinical signs that you will notice
Verycharacteristicareas,hairless,round;itdependsonthetypeoffungusthatisaffectingyourdog.
Treatmenttofollow:Takeittotheveterinariantoprescribethecorrecttherapy.
Lacerationsandaccidentalwounds.
While playing, your dog may suffer scrapes or cuts that will hurt its skin. Fortunately, some can be
attendedtowithoutthehelpoftheveterinarian.
Clinicalsignsyouwillnotice
Reddenedareaswithorwithouthair.
Theremayormaynotbethepresenceofblood.
Yourdogwillscratchandlickitselfcontinuously.
Theaffectedareamaybeinflamed.
Your dog may feel pain if you touch the area affected by the fungus.
Treatmenttofollow
Check the affected area.
Cutthehairaround.
Wash the area with water and neutral soap; then rinse it thoroughly without scrubbing vigorously.
Dry the area very well, puffing -without scrubbing.
Apply non-aggressive disinfectants with drying power, such as gentian violet, topazone, vetzarol, aluspray, etc.
In case the problem persists or there is a bacterial or fungal complication, consult the veterinarian.
Sarnas
It is the lack of hair in various areas caused by parasites. It is a very unpleasant sight, so keep your
dog the contraction. There are three types of sama: one of them is demodectic sama, which is not contagious and only
presents in puppies when the immune response is lowered, as this parasite is part of the normal microflora of
the skin. Sarcoptic and psoroptic mange, on the other hand, are highly contagious, so it is necessary to take him to the
veterinarian to provide the diagnosis through a skin smear. Clinical signs you will notice
Itching,inflammation,[Link].
In demodectic mange, the lesions are located only on the head and the extremities. It is not contagious to humans.
humanoid like other types of sama, but it is very rebellious and if it is not detected quickly and manages to extend to the entire
body, the cure is difficult and the life of the animal may be at risk, because in some cases the extent of the injuries in
the skin is of such magnitude that it reaches an irreversible degree and resistant to all types of treatment, remaining in
in some cases the route of euthanasia to relieve the patient's suffering.
In lasarcóptica and sorópticala, the itching and lesions are more intense and sometimes bleeding, and they are localized in the
belly,theface,thelimbs,[Link],itcanaffectthecatandman.
Treatment to follow: The effective treatment is carried out by baths with liquid acaricides, to make contact with the
parasite with the active substance of the product, weekly baths should be performed for at least a month and it is very
important the disinfection of animal housing, with pyrethroids and carbamates, which have an effect
residualmayor.
Pyoderma. It is a bacterial infection caused by excess moisture, immunosuppression, self-mutilation, etc.
Clinical signs that you will notice
Areaswithoutinflamedandredhair.
Presenceoffoul-smellingsecretionswithorwithoutblood.
Pain.
Presenceofscales.
Prevention.
In the case of having many folds in the skin - like the Shar-Pei - proper daily cleaning is necessary to avoid
theexcesshumidityandtheaccumulationofbacteriabetweenthefolds.
Treatment to follow
Take the dog to the veterinarian for appropriate treatment.
Earmites
Dogs and cats can suffer from infestation by ear mites (Otodectes cynotes). These parasites cause irritation.
graveoftheauditorycanal,wheredebrisfromscales,crusts,andcerumenaccumulate.
Secondary bacterial infection often appears alongside mite infestation. The treatment should be
always guided by the Veterinarian, for the medication introduced into the ear to be effective, it must enter into
[Link],itisnecessarytofirstperformathoroughandgentlecleaningoftheearcanalwithsolutions.
antiseptics, for the care of the procedure and to avoid greater damage to the ear, it is recommended that it be done by a
professional.
NotoedricMange(CatMange)
It is specific to cats and is produced by Notoedres cati; the lesions produced are similar to those of canine scabies.
(sarcoptic) with the digging of galleries by the females to deposit their eggs, producing lesions in the
skin that translates with an intense itching.
Treatment in cats must be carried out with great caution because they are very sensitive to acaricidal products.
with serious poisoning risks, if used improperly mainly when the treatment is done in
wholebodyandinanimalsunderthreemonths.
The best tolerated preparations are based on pyrethrins and rotenones.
Allergicdermatitisfromfleas
Flea allergy dermatitis (FAD), affects cats and dogs, is a hypersensitivity reaction to one or more
components of flea saliva. Several types of sensitivity can occur, immediate or delayed reaction, which
They cause inflammation and itching, which lead to many of the scratch lesions.
It is observed in summer, in warm and humid areas. Itching or pruritus is the main clinical sign and can
to manifest as bites (as if they were eating corn on the cob), to rub themselves, to turn around or to scratch themselves. The
Cats groom excessively and pull out their hair. These manifestations cause secondary injuries from scratching that...
inflammation, dry hair, broken hair, skin peeling, etc.
Injuries generally occur at the base of the tail and the lumbodorsal region ('back'), but they also
they manifest in the thigh region, the groin and abdomen, although with less intensity.
The treatment is based on the elimination of skin exposure to flea saliva through a treatment.
Effective against the parasite, for complete control of the problem, it is necessary to treat the affected pet and the environment.
of the animal. In severely affected environments, effective control may take more than 8 weeks to achieve. It is required
good disposition, patience, and the correct application of insecticides.
Oncetheobjectiveisachieved,periodiccontrolsarerequiredtomaintaintheeradicationoftheparasite.
Miliarydermatitis
Itisaskindiseaseofanimmunologicaltypewheretheanimalreactstovarioustriggeringfactors.
pathology as environmental (dust, molds, various allergens), parasitic, nutritional deficiencies, atopic (origin
unknown).
The signs are variables, but itching predominates; scratching by the animal causes lesions such as
scratches, peeling, and hair loss, generally in the area of the head, neck, and back.
Thisconditionleadstotheonsetofotherassociateddiseasessuchasdermatitis,eczema,changesinthe
behavior, granulomas, etc.
This type of allergy, among all the named factors, is related to three main causes that are the
hypersensitivity to flea bites, food hypersensitivity, and atopy (unknown origin).
The treatment is based on the cause that originates the disease, but in many cases it is totally
unknown and it is decided to treat the symptoms to improve the quality of life of the little animal, the diet is changed with a
high-quality hypoallergenic food and as drugs, glucocorticoids such as prednisolone are used
progestational.
Other treatments are performed with immunotherapy, but the acting allergen must first be identified and it is still
results are not encouraging in cats.
Pseudopiodermas
They are characterized by diseases that have an underlying pathology and end up being a pyoderma. Among
the most common are pododermatitis, perianal fistulas, pyodermas of the calluses, and chin cellulitis
juvenile and furunculosis due to acral granuloma.

EYES

Conjunctivitis
Conjunctivitis is an inflammation of the conjunctiva, that is, the mucous membrane that covers the inner face.
of the upper and lower eyelid.
The symptoms are usually redness of the conjunctiva, discharge (green, white, or yellowish), tearing, when
The animal bites it and usually scratches that area. In any case, these symptoms may be a sign of other pathologies.
more serious like being, 'glaucoma', therefore although our pet has eye redness, it can be
conjunctivitis or another disease, which if left untreated can endanger the animal's vision.
Treatment
Consult and consult with our veterinarian. As a prevention, keep the eye clean with saline solution, and
take him to the ophthalmologist.

Glaucoma
We are referring to one of the most serious pathologies that can affect the eye since there is a risk of
that produces total blindness in the animal. It consists of an increase in intraocular pressure, which causes
alterations in ocular functionality.
There are two categories of glaucoma: primary and secondary. It is very common for primary glaucoma to occur.
unnoticed, since its most important symptom is the increase in intraocular pressure. Glaucoma
secondary occurs as a derivative of other injuries, for example, hemorrhages, inflammations, tumors and
waterfalls.
Treatment
Consult with our veterinarian. The treatment for glaucoma varies depending on whether it is preserved or not.
visual capacity, as well as its origin,
Waterfalls
Cataracts are an opacity that occurs inside the eye, in a structure called the lens.
This opacity will gradually lead to vision loss. It is generally believed that the
Cataracts are a problem for old animals; however, this is not entirely true as there are
congenital cataracts and juvenile cataracts. Their causes are very varied.
Treatment
The unique treatment is surgical intervention. Cataract surgery is a microsurgery. These techniques have
has had great development in our environment in recent years, and that is why it is feasible to achieve good results in
through trained surgeons.

HEARD

Otitis
Disease commonly presented in dogs and cats characterized by inflammation of the epithelial lining of the duct.
externalauditorycanalandtheauricularpavilion.
It is one of the most common diseases in veterinary clinics, potentially affecting up to 20% of the canine population.
and6%[Link],primaryfactorscausingotitisaredistinguished,
and secondary factors that are predisposing factors and perpetuating factors and, in many cases, it is the
the confluence and sum of some of these factors that determines the presentation of clinical signs.
Thiscanbeinternal,medium,orexternal.
Symptoms:
Head tilted and frequent shaking, pain in the area, moderate to severe itching, bad smell, inflammation, irritability,
including aggressiveness, exudation, and surface pyoderma in the nearby region.
Primary causes:
Strange bodies.
Ectoparasites (mange: otodectes cynotis and others).
Hypersensitivities (atopy, food allergy, and others).
Keratinization alterations (hypothyroidism, idiopathic seborrhea).
Autoimmune diseases (SLE, pemphigus).
Viral infections (distemper)
Idiopathic.
Secondary causes:
Predisposing factors:
Theycausetheanimaltobemoresusceptibletosufferingfromotitisbut,innocase,aretheyadirectcauseoftheinflammation.
humidity in the ear canal, elevated ambient temperature, iatrogenic irritation from solutions). Obstruction of
conductoauditivo(neoplasia,pólipos).Enfermedadessistémicas.
Perpetuatingfactors:
Secondary due to primary causes and capable of continuing the inflammatory response even though the cause
primary has disappeared. (Bacterial infections such as
StaphylococcusProteus,StreptococcusPseudomonas),fungalinfections(Malassezia,Candida).
Forecast and Treatment
The success of the treatment applied to ear conditions depends greatly on identifying the primary cause and
secondary (predisposing and perpetuating factors). The complexity of
thetotalcause(primaryandsecondary)canmakeitdifficulttoapplyaspecifictherapyforallanimalsthat
sufferfromotitisandthiswillbeprescribedaccordingtowhatwasmentionedearlierforeachparticularcase.
Auricular hematoma
The otohematoma, as its name indicates, is the hematoma that occurs on the auricular cartilage as
consequence of scratching or violent shaking due to ear itching, which is considered a self-process
inflicted.
It usually presents unilaterally, affecting all species, but with special predominance in those animals.
[Link],
they can be:
Primary factors:
Parasites: Otodectes cynotis (the most common mite), sarcoptic and demodectic mange, ticks.
Mainlyincats.
Allergies. In many cases of allergy (atopy), the most striking pathology is otitis, especially in dogs. ^
strangebodies.
Seborrheaproblems(thereisakeratinizationproblemduetoexcessivescalingandothercauses)
Secondaryfactors:(Bacterialandyeastinfections)
Streptococcus
Pseudomonas
Malassezia pachydermatis
Candida albicans
The treatment of the auricular hematoma, in addition to resolving the problem, is to address the underlying cause.
The treatment of choice is surgical, achieving drainage of the hemorrhagic content.

INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN DOGS

Parvoviral infection
It is one of the most well-known infectious diseases among dog breeders, but that doesn't mean it stops being
to be one of the main causes of death in breeding farms.
Highly contagious disease, which today mainly affects puppies between weaning and twelve.
weeks. It can affect young dogs and, less commonly, adults; it also affects wild canids. It is
produced by a specific parvovirus of the canine species. The virus is very stable and highly resistant to
physical and chemical factors, this allows for a high survival rate in the environment (up to 1 - 2 years).
The virus has an affinity for cells that multiply rapidly, such as intestinal cells, from the system
lymphoid, or from fetal tissues invading and replicating them. It can also affect the cells of the myocardium.
in animals between 3 and 8 weeks.
There are high-risk breeds that are therefore very susceptible to being infected with the Parvovirus.
Dogs such as: German shepherd, rottweiler, doberman, retriever, hound, springer spaniel, pitbull terrier
American and Yorkshire Terrier. Other breeds, however, are low risk such as: Cocker Spaniel, Water Dog and
dwarf breeds.
Transmission
The virus can enter through the oro-nasal route from food, drink, or fomites (any objects or utensils.
that they may have somehow come into contact with the virus eliminated by some sick animal: cages,
feeders, waterers, clothing, shoes, hands, mats, etc.) contaminated, has a first replication in
the lymphoid organs. Subsequently, viremia occurs (the virus enters the blood) and targets the cells
that multiply very quickly like those of the digestive system.
Symptoms
Currently, three forms of presentation of the disease are described, based on the type of presentation of
Canine Parvovirus, the symptoms are:
• Generalized form: hypothermia, coma, and sudden death without symptoms, generally affects everyone
puppies of the litter.
• Cardiac shape: Most of the litter tends to die suddenly or from acute cardiac failure.
cold extremities, pale or cyanotic mucous membranes (bluish), tachycardia (increased heart rate)
tachypnea (increased respiratory rate) and seizures, the rest of the litter will have heart failure
acute or chronic and will die days, weeks, months, or even years later.
Gastroenteric form: Fever for 1 or 2 days, depression, anorexia, intense thirst, vomiting, and continuous diarrhea
with or without blood (in more than half of the cases, the diarrhea is bloody), severe dehydration
rapid and death of the animal around the 5th day. With appropriate treatment and in adult animals the
recovery begins precisely on the 5th day.
Diagnosis
• Clinical: It is based on clinical symptoms, especially vomiting and bloody diarrhea, which will allow
make an approximation to the diagnosis that will be confirmed by specific analyses
Laboratory
Treatment
The treatment for Canine Parvovirus is always symptomatic, appropriate, and includes intensive care in order to
reduce the mortality caused by the virus.
Suppress nutritional and fluid intake orally. Affected dogs are given fluid therapy.
by intravenous route to prevent or correct dehydration including blood transfusions
PREVENTION
The best prevention is to vaccinate and revaccinate puppies appropriately following the guidelines provided by
the veterinarian. This is the main guarantee to protect our dogs from Canine Parvovirosis. One of the
protocols to follow is to start with vaccination at around 6 weeks and revaccinate every 2 or 3 weeks until
the puppy is 14 weeks old, in high-risk breeds it can be revaccinated every month until the dog is 5
months especially in Rottweiler, Doberman, and American Pitbull Terrier who are the most sensitive.
Subsequently, an annual reminder of the vaccine is made.
If we have or have had any cases of Canine Parvovirus, the environment of the affected animal must be considered.
contaminated by the virus, thus we must intensify hygiene and cleaning measures. A good disinfectant is
sodium hypochlorite (bleach) at a 6% dilution, which can be used to disinfect floors, dishes, trays of
deposits, cages, and other items used by the dog affected by Canine Parvovirus. This virus can
stay in the environment for a long time. A puppy should never enter a breeder or another house.
until you have received your complete vaccinations

MOQUILLO
The distemper, also known as canine distemper in English literature, or Carré's disease in French,
it is adiseaseinfectious contagious of originviralhighly contagious caused by a virus that affects the
respiratory, gastrointestinal, and often, the nervous system of the puppies anddogsadults. The
the virus also infects wild canids (for example, foxes, wolves, coyotes, raccoons, skunks, and ferrets).
It is a disease with a global distribution that affects animals of all ages, being particularly
vulnerable early and in old age, where it produces a condition that was known as 'encephalitis of the
old dogs
It is transmitted through the air and by contact with infected bodily fluids, including food and water.
contaminated by these fluids.[8] The incubation period is 14 to 18 days, although there may be fever for three.
six days after theinfection.
The distemper virus has atropismthrough the tissueslymphatic, epithelialynervous. Therefore, the
typical pathological characteristics include lymphatic depletion (causingimmunosuppressionand carrying to
secondary infectionspneumoniainterstitialencephalitiswithdemyelination, andhyperkeratosisof the
foot pads.
Symptoms
The symptoms depend on the direct action of the virus on the affected organs or tissues and on thebacteriawhat
They proliferate in them. According to the compromised system, we can classify them into:
Generals
Feverof a biphasic type, with an increase at the onset of the disease, then subsiding and returning
to appear before the presentation of secondary bacterial infections.
Loss ofappetite.
General decay.
Weight loss.
Dehydration.
Respiratory
Nasal discharge, ranging from serous to mucopurulent.
Tos.
Dyspnea(respiratory difficulty).
Eyepieces
Edema ofcornea(blue eye).
Conjunctivitiswith ocular discharge (eye mucus).
Keratitisdryness, resulting from the action of the virus on the tear glands.
Corneal ulcer.
Digestives
Vomiting.
Diarrhea.
Cutaneous
Hyperkeratosis (thickening) of the plantar pads.
Eruptions.
Dentaries
Hypoplasiaofdental enamel
Neurological
Ataxia, which can progress toparesisand thenparalysis.
Ticscore or flexor spasm, that is, the involuntary movement of a muscle or a group of
muscles, especially of the head and limbs.
Convulsions, of epileptiform type.
Stroke
A particular animal may exhibit some or most of the described symptoms, depending on
the severity of the infection. The course of the disease can be only 10 days, possibly extending to several
weeks, and even months, with intermittent periods of improvement followed by a relapse.
Diagnosis
The above symptoms, especially fever, respiratory, digestive, and neurological signs, and the
thickening of the paw pads is strong evidence of canine distemper.
Find the virus through various methods in the cellsconjunctivasThe dog's allows for a definitive diagnosis.
Treatment
There is no specific treatment for distemper. The animal should be treated by aveterinarian, normally
withantibioticsfor secondary bacterial infections, hydroelectrolytic fluids, supplements
vitaminsand nutritional treatments, as well as specific treatments for the type of symptoms present: They are essential
Also, the good nursing care that attends to the patient's well-being.
Although the vast majority of affected individuals typically overcome the disease with timely treatment and
appropriate, early detection of it is important. The prognosis is not always bad, being
particularly committed when most of the described symptoms and signs appear, especially
those of neurological type, and no pre-established treatment is effective in all cases. Sometimes, the
the sick will succumb despite all efforts.
Prevention
All susceptible animals should receive two or more doses of avaccineagainst distemper, or combined,
during its development stage, between the 6th or 7th week of age until three or four months, and then be
vaccinated annually throughout their lives. There are various types of them available on the market for dogs and
domestic ferrets, which are required for pets in some jurisdictions.
The affected animals, if possible, should be placed inquarantineisolated from other individuals of their
species for the time that the virus spreads.
The virus is destroyed in the environment through routine cleaning with disinfectants, detergents, or drying. Although
it does not survive in the environment for more than a few hours at average temperature (20-25 °C), but it may do so for
several weeks at temperatures slightly above freezing.

CANINE CORONAVIRUS
It is a virus that, due to its morphological characteristics, is more easily inactivated than parvovirus, most of the time.
The existing disinfectants and detergents can neutralize this virus. The main route of transmission of this
disease just like in the previous one is the oral-fecal infected material. The life of the coronavirus in the environment
the environment is very short.
Parvovirus is a systemic disease, while coronavirosis is an epithelial disease.
intestinal
The symptoms are not specific and are very similar to those observed in the intestinal form of Parvovirosis.
Canine. Dogs cured of canine coronavirus periodically shed the virus for several months.
after the recovery.
The treatment for this disease is similar to that used in canine parvovirosis.
Prevention against canine coronaviruses begins at 6 weeks, and the subsequent vaccination schedule is carried out
according to the veterinarian's criteria.

HEPATITIS
It is a viral disease that primarily affects thedogsand is accompanied by fever, anorexia, increased
nasal and ocular secretions, conjunctivitis, mucosal hyperemia, vomiting, hepatitis, and edema in tissue
subcutaneous (head, neck, and declivous parts of the body).
It is a disease caused by a virus specifically by [Link] I. This virus survives
for several days at room temperature on dirty fomites and remains viable for months at temperatures
below 4ºC. It is resistant to chloroform, ether, formalin, and stable at certain frequencies of UV radiation.
On the contrary, it is inactivated by heat at 50-60ºC for 5 minutes and by iodine, phenol, and sodium hydroxide.
It affects, especially animals under one year old. The high presence of antibodies in wild dogs and canids
Unvaccinated wildlife suggests that there is a widely spread subclinical infection.
Transmission
The contagion occurs through direct contact with infected animals that shed the virus through all
excretions and bodily secretions, especially through urine where viruses can be found for up to 6 to 9 months
post-infection.
Animals can also be infected through indirect contact with contaminated fomites, including
utensils for food and hands.
Ectoparasites can host the virus and therefore can participate in the natural transmission of the disease.
Symptoms
Dogs that suffer from this disease in a superacute form die within a few hours and often the owners
they think it is due to poisoning.
The most common clinical signs in dogs that survive the acute viremia period include vomiting, pain.
abdominal y diarreas con o sin sangre.
There is generally biphasic and transitory fever and anorexia. It is common to observe tonsillitis with laryngitis.
pharyngitis. A cold is also observed, with conjunctivitis and ocular and nasal discharge.
There is often subcutaneous edema of the head, neck, and distal parts of the body. In very severe dogs.
Abdominal hypersensitivity and hepatomegaly are usually obvious.
There may also be petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhages due to the occurrence of a hemorrhagic diathesis.
Jaundice is rarely seen in acute phases but is observed in some dogs that surpass this phase. In some
Occasions arise where abdominal distension occurs due to the accumulation of bloody fluid. In addition to all the symptoms.
previously indicated nervous signs such as depression may appear at any time,
obnubilation or terminal coma.
The course of the process, if it does not become complicated, usually lasts from 5 to 7 days before improving. After recovery and in some
if it is the only visible clinical sign, corneal edema and uveitis are observed. Dogs that present edema
The corneas have blepharospasms, photophobia, and serous ocular discharge. The clouding of the cornea (image of
"blue eye") usually starts in the limbus and spreads towards the center and can end with glaucoma or corneal ulcer.
In uncomplicated cases, corneal clearing begins at the limbus and spreads towards the center.
Diagnosis
The veterinarian usually diagnoses this process after a thorough clinical examination of the animal along with the
results of blood and urine tests.
Although the clinical diagnosis is sufficient to establish a treatment, it can be confirmed
diagnosis isolating the virus, especially from the kidney and also from the anterior chamber of the eye and the liver and
you can use the immunofluorescence technique for identification.
Treatment
It is symptomatic since there is no effective treatment against adenovirus type I.
There is a polyvalent serum that provides short-term protection and serves as treatment in the very early phases of the
disease.
Generally, it is a supportive therapy to give the animal time to develop antibodies against this virus.
that if there are no secondary complications and it does not progress in an acute manner, the animal tends to recover.
Antibiotics, isotonic solutions, liver protectants, and a low-protein diet are usually applied.
Prevention
The sick animal must be isolated to prevent contagion; newly acquired animals must be kept in
quarantine, before introducing them into the canine group.
The best way to protect the dog is through vaccination. Typically, vaccinations are done along with the
vaccination against distemper and leptospirosis.
A polyvalent serum can be applied that provides short-term prevention and does not interfere with maternal antibodies.

LEPTOSPIROSIS
Also known as Typhus ofdogThis name is known for the set of zoonoses with an acute course and
febrile, presenting signs of hepatic and renal impairment. The etiological agents of canine Leptospirosis.
While there is only one species that causes the disease, there are numerous different serotypes of Leptospira.
The ones that most commonly affect dogs are: Leptospira Canicola and Leptospira Hicterohemorragiae.
Transmission
The distribution of Leptospira is worldwide, the animals susceptible to it are most mammals.
domestic and wild, man and cold-blooded animals. The main route of transmission of Leptospirosis
Canine is caused by water contaminated with urine from sick animals.
Leptospira enters its new host through the nasal, oral, conjunctival mucosa, or through broken skin.
higher prevalence of Leptospirosis occurs in months of high temperature and there is a higher frequency in males
possibly due to their habits of sniffing and licking urine.
The Leptospiras that evade the animal's immune response are mainly deposited in the kidneys and liver.
causing the characteristic yellowish coloration of the mucous membranes due to the breakdown of red blood cells.
Symptoms
One can observe an acute course and a chronic one, but most of the time the disease is subclinical (without
visible clinical signs.
In the acute course, there is a strong hyperthermia at the beginning, anorexia, vomiting, and diarrhea with blood on occasion.
The urine is usually dark. There may be kidney pain upon palpation of the dog accompanied by the characteristic position.
of the curvature of the back upwards (kyphosis) due to pain. Then signs of disorder may be added.
renal with ulcerations in the oral mucosa. This acute course does not extend beyond ten days and the mortality is
from 70% to 90%.
The report shows nonspecific signs with general deterioration of the patient. It usually lasts about 3 to 4 weeks and
culminates with the death of the dog
Diagnosis
Clinically, the aforementioned symptoms are assessed, and in case of suspicion of this disease, a must be performed.
urine evaluation, where there will surely be an elevation of proteins and hemoglobin.
In most cases, arriving at an accurate diagnosis can be a great challenge due to the diversity of
symptoms presented by the disease, which are shared with other pathologies.
Prognosis and Treatment
Es reservado, debido al daño renal y hepático. Como en cualquier enfermedad cuanto más rápido se comience
with the treatment, the possibility of survival will be greater. This consists of the combination of antibiotics.
(Penicillin - streptomycin)
A symptom reversal treatment must be carried out, with a low-protein and high-calorie diet.
Prevention and prophylaxis
Firstly, the areas contaminated with the urine of the sick dog must be disinfected and must
remove rodents that may access the drinking water.
The vaccines consist of Leptospira Canicola and Icterhemorrhagiae bacteria.
If vaccination is decided, it should be reinforced every six months and not annually as is done in
many cases.

RABIA
It is a disease present on all continents and is caused by a virus from the Rhabdoviridae family.
Although all mammals can be infected with the rabies virus, dogs are the transmitters.
main diseases in the world.
The only places in the world where the rabies virus does not exist are Australia, the British Isles, and the
Antarctica. This disease is deadly and can affect humans.
Transmission
It is transmitted through the saliva of an infected animal. Normally, this occurs through a bite,
but there have been documented cases where the rabies virus has been transmitted in aerosol particles
floating in the air. These cases, however, are rare and have only occurred in caves where they inhabited
many infected bats.
The most common carrier of rabies worldwide is the dog. Wild animals can also be
carriers of the rabies virus. It is known that the rabies virus does not last long outside a living body. It
ha reportado que puede permanecer activo en carcasas de animales hasta 24 horas, pero no más.
Symptoms
The rabies virus has different incubation times in different species and produces three phases of symptoms.
characteristics, although not all stages are always present. While all mammals are susceptible to
Rabies, it is known that skunks can be asymptomatic carriers in some cases.
The symptoms of rabies in dogs usually appear between three and eight weeks after infection. However, they
they have reported cases of longer incubation, up to six months.
In humans, symptoms usually appear between three and six weeks after infection, but they can also be
they have reported cases of longer incubation.
The characteristic phases of rabies are:
Prodromal Phase. It is characterized by apprehensive behaviors, nervousness, anxiety, and isolation.
dog volunteer. Fever also occurs. Behavior usually changes during this phase, making
that friendly dogs act suspicious, fearful, or irritable. Aggressive dogs can
become docile and friendly. This phase usually lasts two to three days in the dog.
Furious phase. It doesn't always occur, but when it does, it is the characteristic phase of what is known.
like 'furious rage'. It is characterized by the irritability of the animal and by hypersensitivity to stimuli
visual and auditory. The dog does not rest frequently and seems to be active for a long time. The
dogs bite everything that is put in their way and, with the progress of the disease, they show
disoriented and end up having seizures. They eventually die. This phase usually lasts between
one and seven days in dogs.
Paralytic phase. This phase is characteristic of what is known as "silent rabies" or "paralytic rabies" and
it does not occur in all cases. It can occur after the prodromal phase or the phase
furious. Its symptoms include paralysis of the head and neck muscles. Thus, the dog no longer
can swallow and salivate constantly. The lower jaw becomes paralyzed leaving the mouth open,
making the owner think that their dog has something stuck in its throat. Eventually, the
paralysis affects the diaphragm and the dog dies from respiratory failure.
Diagnosis
It is done based on an analysis of the nervous tissue of the brain, so it is necessary to kill the dog.
they have tried other techniques in early stages, without the need to kill the animal.
Prevention and treatment
There is no treatment for rabies once symptoms have appeared.
However, there are effective vaccines to prevent the disease. All dogs should be vaccinated.
against rabies when they are still puppies. Vaccination must be repeated periodically and the time between
vaccines depend on the vaccine used and the incidence of the disease in the area. There are vaccines that are
some are applied every year, others are applied every two years, and others are applied every three years. In any case, the
The vaccination program must be established by the veterinarian.
There are also preventive vaccines for humans who are at greater risk of contracting rabies, such as
veterinarians, biologists, dog trainers, and others
Finally, anyone who is bitten by a dog or another animal must wash the wound well with plenty of
water and soap, and go immediately to a health center. If deemed necessary, the person who
A bite will receive a series of vaccines before symptoms appear.

DOG KENNEL TOS

Kennel cough is also known as Dog Cough and medically called Tracheobronchitis.
Transmission
It is simply an infectious and highly contagious disease of dogs caused by a set of viruses and
bacteria that only affect dogs.
It does not spread to people but it is very contagious among dogs; even if they do not go outside, since the
Sick when coughing eliminates millions of these germs that are then spread by the wind to hundreds of
meters around.
Symptoms
Kennel cough is characterized by producing attacks of dry cough that end with gagging or vomiting and something
of decay. If the dog runs or barks, it immediately starts to cough.
A dog that contracts Kennel Cough and is also not properly vaccinated against Distemper.
Canino is also a candidate to contract this last one.
Treatment
It's quite simple: an antibiotic and a cough syrup for at least 10 to 15 days.
Different antibiotics can be used according to the patient and the characteristics of each particular case.
This is decided by each Veterinarian.
In addition to this, it is important for the dog to rest.
Prevention
En primer lugar hay que aplicar la vacuna Séxtuple todos los años.
Secondly, there is a specific vaccine against kennel cough, which is administered as drops.
Intranasal; it should be given before the dog gets infected, with 2 doses given at an interval of 21 days and
then once a year or every 6 months if it is a high prevalence area of the disease. This type of vaccine is
very good and very effective.
There is also now an injectable vaccine against Kennel Cough that can be administered from the age of 2.
months of life, 2 doses are given with an interval of 3 weeks and revaccination is done every year.

What is the difference between the canine influenza virus and the parainfluenza virus??

The canine influenza virus is similar to the equine flu virus and may even be a mutation of it.
It can be mild or severe. In the mildest form, the dog has a non-productive cough, or a wet cough that
it can last up to a month. The milder form may also include nasal discharge. A high fever and
Respiratory problems such as pneumonia are likely in the most severe form. Although most of the
dogs acquire the mildest version of the disease, it can be fatal if pneumonia develops. Just like
the canine influenza virus, the canine parainfluenza virus can also lead to death or
serious complications if pneumonia occurs. Dogs with pneumonia may require treatment
with intravenous fluids and may require hospitalization. A veterinarian can diagnose the virus of the
canine influenza with a blood test, but a chest X-ray can be done to help diagnose.
the canine parainfluenza virus. Unlike the canine parainfluenza viruses, the influenza virus
Canine is so new that no usable vaccine has been developed yet. The veterinarian must be
notified at the first signs of cough, nasal discharge, and lethargy. The incubation period of the virus of the
Canine influenza lasts from two to five days.
The parainfluenza virus is widely associated with tracheobronchitis or kennel cough, and there is a
vaccine available to prevent both conditions. Most veterinarians recommend having puppies
vaccinated around six to nine weeks of age, with booster shots every three to four weeks.
The puppies have natural immunity to the disease by drinking their mother's milk vaccinated since
birth, but immunity is lost after several weeks and must be completed with vaccines to
prevent diseases.

FELINE PANLEUKOPENIA
Caused by a small parvovirus. It is a very stable virus, it can survive a year at room temperature,
en materia orgánica, sobre fómites sólidos. Resiste temperaturas de 56 ° C por 30 min. y permanece viable por
a longer period at low temperatures.
Being resistant to disinfection with 70% alcohol, several dilutions of organic iodine, phenols, and compounds
quaternary ammonium compounds. It is inactivated with 6% sodium hypochlorite, 4% formaldehyde, and 1% glutaraldehyde.
in 10 minutes at room temperature.
Epidemiology
This virus causes the disease in all members of the Felidae family.
The virus is globally distributed due to its contagious nature and its ability to persist in the environment, almost
all felids are exposed to infection during the first year of life. Unvaccinated kittens that
They acquire maternal immunity through colostrum, remaining protected until the age of three months.
Approximately 75% of healthy unvaccinated cats have antibody titers by one year of age, as the
the majority of infections are subclinical.
Transmission
It is transmitted by direct contact of susceptible animals with the sick or their secretions. It is eliminated from
organism through all the secretions during the active states of the disease, but in a more consistent form
through the feces, eliminating up to 6 months after recovery.
The virus persists in the environment due to its resistance, therefore when an animal dies from this virus, the
the environment becomes contaminated and if another animal is introduced to this place, it must necessarily be
immunized.
Exhibition vehicles include contaminated clothing, hands, plates, etc. and transmission is not ruled out by
fly or other insects.
This is how it locates in the lymphoid tissue and bone marrow producing Panleukopenia; in the epithelial crypts of
the intestinal mucosa producing enteritis.
The virus enters through ingestion or inhalation and has its first local division in the oropharynx producing a
primary viremia and since it has a preference for rapidly dividing cells, it will depend on the stage of
development of the animal to cause the disease.
Infection in the uterus: this virus crosses the uterus and the placenta to infect the fetuses. In the fetus, it crosses the barrier.
blood-brain barrier. The distribution and severity of changes in the tissues in the fetus depend on the state of
development in which it gets infected.
Infections in the first half of pregnancy generally result in early fetal death, with abortion or
reabsorption of fetal tissue.
Infected fetuses in the second half of gestation may die, suffer abortion, mummification, or be born with
a variety of defects.
In cats, cerebellar development is more active during late gestation and the neonatal period, therefore it is during
this period where cerebellar damage occurs, resulting in cerebellar hypoplasia.
Early neonatal infection: since the route of entry is oral, the first infection occurs in the
oro pharynx of the newborn cat. A rapid viremia develops, with the virus found in all tissues.
within 48 hours. The virus continues to have affinity for those tissues in active mitosis, it reproduces in
cerebellum, thymus, and mesenteric lymph nodes. Cerebellar damage can occur in acquired infections up to
nine days old.
Infection in kittens: When kittens older than two weeks of age are infected orally, the kitten develops viremia.
in 24 hrs. The virus causes a deficiency in the normal cellular replacement of the villi. Viremia persists
for seven days post infection or until circulating antibodies appear.
Clinical signs
Infection in the uterus: Those who survive the fetal infection may be born weak or die from infections.
opportunists in their early life, even if they appear normal at birth.
Signs of cerebellar damage become apparent when the kittens start to walk (2 to 3 weeks). It is observed
hypermetria, tremors that disappear at rest, symmetrical incoordination, ataxia.
Infection in young and adult cats: incubation period 4 to 5 days. It can present in four ways.
About acute: sudden death without gastrointestinal signs. The animal is depressed for a few hours,
falls into a coma and dies within 24 hours.
Acute: It is the most common form in young cats. It lasts 5 to 7 days. Depression, anorexia, fever are observed.
(40 to 41 °C); persistent vomiting that leads to dehydration, then foul-smelling diarrhea that can
contain blood and fibrin residues. The animals affected more severely become
progressively weak and hypothermic, falling into a coma before dying; generally it is due to the
severe dehydration, endotoxemia from gram-negative bacteria, or coagulopathy syndrome
disseminated intravascular (DIC).
Subagudo: Moderate depression and diarrhea. The illness lasts 1 to 3 days without mortality.
Subclinical: Does not show symptoms, more common in adult cats, rapidly develops immunity.
Diagnosis
Clinical: based on the anamnesis and clinical signs.
-Hematological: The white blood cell count progressively decreases before emesis appears, reaching
minimum between day 4 to 6 after infection.
Serological.
Viral isolation: the virus is isolated from stool during the acute phase of the disease.
Electron microscopy: sample of intestines and feces from cats with diarrhea and the virus is identified with sera.
specific immune.
Treatment
It must be symptomatic; broad-spectrum antimicrobials, antiemetics, and serums are used for this.
parenteral hydration according to the degree of dehydration and taking into account all the specifics of the species
(dependent on proteins, vitamins, etc.).
Prevention
It is done using vaccines with attenuated or inactivated virus. It is recommended to vaccinate at 8 - 10 weeks of age.
age and a second dose at 1214 weeks. Maternal immunity lasts until 12 weeks, therefore the last
The vaccine should be after this date. It is not necessary to vaccinate every year.

Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis

It is a viral disease of the upper respiratory tract and the conjunctiva of domestic animals such as
exotic. It is one of the most important and frequent diseases in our environment, being extremely
contagious with high morbidity and low to moderate mortality. Especially affects young cats.
Etiology
Feline Rhinotracheitis (FRV) is caused by a type 1 herpesvirus (FHV-1). It usually becomes inactive at 18 to
24 hours at room temperature, but humidity and organic material can affect their survival.
This virus has been identified worldwide. It affects felines around the age of one year, but kittens
they can be affected at 2 weeks of age and sometimes are born with the disease, but most of the
infections occur between 5 to 8 weeks of being born.
Transmission
It is transmitted by aerosols and by direct contact between cats during the acute illness; it is also transmitted by them.
female carriers to their kittens.
During the acute illness, the virus is eliminated in large amounts through oral, nasal, and ocular secretions;
but the virus is not eliminated through urine or feces. Therefore, the cat can become infected through food, dishes and
contaminated waters by this virus. A sick cat sheds the virus for a period of 7 to 21 days post
infección, después se recupera y lo elimina en forma intermitente, con bajos títulos por largos períodos. La
The localization of the virus in healthy carriers is in the trigeminal ganglion.
Stress plays an important role in stimulating virus clearance in these carrier cats. The
lactating females begin to release the virus 4 to 6 weeks postpartum, which coincides with the loss of the
maternal immunity.
Pathogenesis
This virus has a preference for respiratory tissues in mature animals, but in neonates or fetuses
causes a generalized infection.
The infection is generally superficial, but it can develop viremia and cause an infection.
generalized. If generalized viremia occurs, the virus replicates and causes necrosis in the region of
growth of the ribs and long bones as well as in the nasal turbinates. Areas of also appear.
necrosis and focal ulcerations on the dorsal surface of the tongue.
Vaginal infection is not very common, in pregnant females it causes vaginitis with membrane expulsion.
Rojas. An ascending infection results in a widespread infection of the fetuses, in susceptible females.
exposed to the virus in the last stage of gestation. These kittens are born with signs of herpesvirus infection.
generalized, including rhinitis, tracheitis, bronchopneumonia, and necrotizing hepatitis.
Bacterial secondary infections play an important role, as rhinitis can persist for weeks.
purulent and sinusitis.
Clinical signs appear 3 to 5 days after exposure to the virus, and the course of the disease without contamination
lasts 5 to 7 days.
Symptoms
The first observed sign is an acute attack of sneezing, this is followed by a brief conjunctivitis with
ocular discharge and nasal rhinitis. Fever, anorexia, and depression appear in varying degrees.
Conjunctivitis generally begins as unilateral, but within a few hours the other eye becomes affected, with
serous secretion, which later becomes mucous and then mucopurulent, there is also excess of
tearing and photophobia. The infection of the cornea due to its cytolytic action produces ulcerative keratitis and the
secondary drilling of the eye.
It jointly develops rhinitis, which, like conjunctivitis, its secretion changes from serous to
mucopurulent, this being so thick that it blocks the nostrils, therefore the animal must breathe through its mouth
open. An inflammation occurs in the trachea, with cough and exudate.
When ulcerative stomatitis occurs, the animal presents excessive salivation.
In unvaccinated pregnant females, it causes abortion or the fetuses are born with a generalized infection.
where it is observed that the kitten cries continuously, has a high respiratory illness and pneumonia and can
to have signs of liver necrosis. Usually these kittens die 2 to 3 weeks after being born.
The complications of this disease include chronic bacterial sinusitis with purulent nasal discharge.
persistent.
In the upper respiratory system, it produces a moderate serous discharge both ocular and nasal for a few
days. Most of the lines produce a certain degree of pneumonia, but it is almost always transitory, however,
there are lines that cause severe interstitial pneumonia with a 30% mortality rate, making it very difficult to
early diagnosis.
The ulcerative form is common and can occur alone or in combination with other forms of presentation of this.
virus. The ulcers occur on the tongue, the hard palate, in the jaws, on the tip of the nose, and rarely on
the skin around the claws. The most typical are ulcers of 2 to 5 mm, circular on the back of the tongue,
first, there are vesicles that break quickly, releasing a serous-colored liquid; these last 7 to 10
days if there are no complications. In contrast, ulcers of the palate tend to be necrotic areas
Certain lines, in addition to fever, anorexia, depression, and oral ulcers, produce a picture of acute arthritis, in
which the cat refuses to move, as it experiences a lot of pain in the joints of its limbs. This
Manifestation generally occurs in young cats.
Diagnosis
This disease is easily diagnosed by the clinical signs, but diagnosing the agent exactly
Causing it should be done by the laboratory. In the hematological exams, there are no abnormalities, until when
the secondary bacterial infection begins which causes leukocytosis.
Treatment
The treatment is symptomatic or supportive, that is, with broad-spectrum antibiotics and ocular antivirals if
this infection is very severe.
Prevention and control
Vaccines: There are inactivated, attenuated, or modified live virus vaccines for parenteral and local use.
through intranasal and ocular drops.
The vaccine is recommended in two doses, starting from the third to fourth week of life, repeating at 3 to 4.
weeks, subsequently with an annual revaccination. The intranasal vaccine produces a short episode of
sneezing and nasal and ocular discharge on the 4th to 7th day post inoculation.
Disinfection: This virus is sensitive to all common disinfectants. It is also moderately resistant to
the environmental conditions and survives for several days on contaminated objects.

FELINE LEUKEMIA
It is a serious disease caused by a retrovirus called Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV). It is more
frecuente en gatitos que viven en libertad o en contacto con otros gatos, que los que viven aislados en una casa.
Transmission
The most common route of infection is contact with infected saliva: licking or grooming, bites, and the
Common feeders and drinkers are a frequent source of contagion. Females can infect their kittens.
before birth as well as during breastfeeding. In general, small cats (before four
months) present a very weak immune response and, therefore, are extremely susceptible to
pollution.
The feline leukemia virus does not persist in the environment. It is vulnerable to all disinfectants and detergents.
Normal, and transmission through objects or aerosols (particles suspended in the air) is unlikely.
Síntomas
The symptoms of feline leukemia can be very varied, and some cats may not show any.
symptoms for a long period after infection. Among the most common, we can find
anemia, liver or intestinal disease, reproductive disorders, and even abortions and neonatal mortality,
as well as problems related to the immune system and tumor formation. In addition, cats
Those affected by the virus are more vulnerable to secondary infections.
Once exposed, a cat may or may not get sick. Even if a cat does not get sick, it can become
carrier. Depending on the number of cats in the exposed population, the range of carriers varies from less than
one percent to 30 percent. Seventy to ninety percent of cats that get sick recover. However,
the more severe the disease, the higher the chances that the cat will become a chronic carrier and/or
that it eventually dies.
More than half of the cats that are chronic carriers will die within three years. In many cases, the
death is due to some other disease. The FeLV virus causes suppression of the cat's immunity,
allowing other diseases to develop.
Treatment
Support treatments can be administered against the secondary diseases that the cat presents, which in
Each case must be evaluated individually. Palliative measures include the administration of steroids.
antibiotics, vitamin and mineral supplements, transfusions and cancer medications
Prevention
The best way to combat feline leukemia is prevention. When we want to introduce a new kitten.
at home, especially if we already have another cat, we should take it to the veterinarian to have it tested and
check that it is not infected with Feline Leukemia, this way we will be able to identify the positive cats
and not to introduce infected individuals into places where there are healthy cats.
Vaccination largely protects against the virus, therefore, we must have our cat vaccinated, and
re-vaccinate annually.
Disinfect everything that may have come into contact with the cat's saliva, feces, or urine.
Wait 30 days before bringing a new cat into the house.
While there is no evidence that FeLV is capable of causing disease in humans, such as
caution | sensitive children and women of childbearing age should not be in close contact with cats
virus-positive.

POISONINGS
Do not induce vomiting in cases of: ingestion of caustics, fuels (gasoline, kerosene, or others) nor in cases of
unconsciousness
By accident or intentionally, the poisoning of pets is very common because of poisons
For rats, insecticides for fleas and other chemicals are available over the counter in stores, and many people use them.
used in open areas where pets can access
In most cases, these accidents can be avoided if the potential danger of certain substances is known.
and it prevents them from being within the reach of companion animals. There are many harmful products that are
are commonly found in our homes, but some owners are unaware that their pet can
sentirse atraída por los mismos o que, en caso de ingestión, pueden ocasionarle algún problema grave.
It is advisable to follow a series of basic guidelines to prevent the problem from worsening, but it should not be forgotten that
It is necessary to contact the veterinarian immediately and he will tell us what to do in each situation.
case.
Some animals are used to drinking water not only from their water bowl but also from the toilets.
especially cats that drink from bathroom faucets. Many people usually clean and disinfect their bathroom
placing a product directly inside the water tank or through a sort of little basket that is
hold the cup, inside of which a disinfectant tablet is introduced.
Since this type of product is quite diluted in water, in case of ingestion, a
gastric irritation that would lead to vomiting, nausea, diarrhea... But if what the animal ingests is the
the product itself, undiluted, the consequences are much more serious. As a quick measure, we
it is recommended to administer a little water or milk to dilute the product, but in small amounts.
amounts, since if we make the animal ingest too much liquid, we will probably cause it to
vomiting and the irritation would worsen.
Soaps are usually low in toxicity when ingested orally, but they can cause vomiting and diarrhea due to irritation.
gastric that they produce. In case of ingestion, we can dilute the product by administering a little water or milk.
The soaps used for dishwashers are the most toxic and cause greater irritation.
The poisoning can occur either by oral ingestion or by contact with the skin or eyes. In this
It is advisable to wash the affected area with plenty of water.
In addition to the cleaning products themselves, there are other products commonly used in
our home that also poses a risk to the health of animals in case of ingestion. Many
Pet owners do not consider them a danger because they do not believe their animal could ingest them.
never, but we must not forget that there are animals that smell and bite everything they encounter on the way.
The most common cases are outlined below:
In many households, mothballs are used to store clothing from one season to another and prevent them from ...
moths devour the fabrics. Dogs are the main ones involved in these poisonings, as they often play
they nibble on them, eventually swallowing them.
The most common symptoms observed in cases of poisoning are: vomiting, weakness, jaundice.
-yellowing of the mucous membranes and skin- or lack of coordination of the limbs. In this case it is necessary
that the veterinarian induce vomiting in the animal or administer activated charcoal to prevent it from absorbing more
product. In case of severe liver damage, a specific treatment should be initiated.
If the animal ingests any perfume, air freshener, or essence in either case, a will occur.
dermal and gastrointestinal irritation, central nervous system depression, and hypersensitivity reactions
Allergy. If the essence comes into contact with the animal's skin, it can cause redness, inflammation with
a severe pain and even skin ulcers. As a quick treatment measure, we can administer a little of
water or milk, or wash the area with plenty of water.
We must also be alert to the plants found in our gardens and in the parks we visit.
our pets have access, since among these plants there may be poisonous plants.
How can we tell that our pet is poisoned?
The first symptoms can appear immediately or take days to show up. You should be alert if the pet
suffers from hyperexcitability, muscle tremors, depression, lack of coordination, difficulty breathing.
Other signs include diarrhea or vomiting (with or without blood), dizziness, shock, excessive salivation, drooling.
irritated eyes and skin, as well as mouth ulcers, bleeding from any bodily cavity.
We must be alert to the discoloration of the animal's lips and mouth and if there are traces in the mouth.
eaten leaves or fruits.
Likewise, we must be alert to the elements that are around the affected animal, they can
being bottles, cans, traces of plants, in this way we can help veterinarians to understand the origin of
poisoning and achieving the cure as quickly as possible.
What to do if our pet is poisoned?
We must act quickly while staying calm as desperation can lead to irreversible mistakes.
Calmly, we should look for possible signs of poisoning, collecting samples of remains nearby.
animal in a plastic bag carrying the ingested product if we are certain of the origin of
poisoning.
The goal is to prevent the poison from being absorbed; if possible, we should ensure that a person calls the
veterinary doctor while the other attends to the affected animal.
It is essential to know which product has been ingested and to read the recommendations that appear on the label.
container regarding toxicology.
Although the animal does not show any apparent symptoms, it is perfectly aware and does not find itself
Convulsed does not mean that the poison did not affect him. Once we have all the information
we should immediately take the animal to the nearest veterinarian, making sure that the pet
stay warm.
If the poison has been in our pet's system for more than 30 minutes, we can administer...
activated charcoal (if we have it at home) and take it to the nearest veterinary emergency.
In case of carbon monoxide poisoning, the animal should be placed in the most ventilated area.
possible.
Use of activated charcoal
We will use activated charcoal in emergency treatment for certain types of poisoning. The charcoal
Activated charcoal is used to treat poisonings and overdoses by oral ingestion. It prevents the absorption of
poison in the stomach. The typical dosage for an adult is 25-50 g.
Pediatric doses are 12-25 g. Incorrect use of this product can cause bronchial aspiration (entry into...
the lungs) and can lead to a fatal outcome if not controlled. For use outside the hospital, it
it is available in 1 g tablets, or in plastic tubes or bottles, commonly of 12.5 or 25 g, pre-mixed with
water
Generally, this medication is not effective and should not be used to treat poisoning caused by
corrosive agents such as alkalis (bleach) and strong acids, iron, boric acid, lithium, petroleum derivatives (by
example, kerosene, gasoline, coal oil, fuel oil, paint thinner or cleaning liquid), the
ethyl or methyl alcohol, since it will not prevent the earlier substances from being absorbed by the body.
All these tips are informative, and we must keep in mind that the most sensible thing to do in case of
poisoning is to collect all possible information as we have indicated and to go immediately to the
veterinarian. If we don't know what we're doing, we shouldn't take hasty measures if we don't have
veterinary knowledge trying to induce vomiting in our pet or making it ingest products or
medications unless we want it to expel something that caused choking.
Warfarin
Warfarin poisoning requires daily consumption of rodenticides containing this toxin.
manifests with bleeding, spills, and bruises. Blood may be present in vomit, feces, or urine.
The most consistent sign is bleeding. There are hemorrhages in the ocular conjunctiva. Nosebleeds occur.
brown or red vomit, and the stool contains fresh or digested blood (melena). There is blood in the urine, so
like other less obvious signs of bleeding. As the internal loss of blood continues, it adds
fever, tachycardia, respiratory distress, signs of asphyxia, and seizures in the terminal phase.
Antidote. Vitamin K 15-75 mg intravenous, oral, subcutaneous or intramuscular, depending on the size of the animal.
General measures Reduce stimuli as much as possible since excitation worsens internal bleeding.
Vitamin C can help repair hair damage.
Strychnine
Strychnine poisoning manifests with seizures and muscle contractions with arching in the
neck and stiffness of the legs, which occur at the slightest provocation.
Urgent measures. If the symptoms are incipient, administer apomorphine, 40 micrograms per kilogram of
live weight, intravenously, to induce vomiting. Tannic acid can be administered at 1 or 2 percent to
inactivate some strychnine residue.
If symptoms have started, perform artificial respiration preferably with oxygen. Control the seizures.
with succinylcholine 10-50 mg intravenously, reinforcing artificial respiration in the subsequent apnea. If
If there is no experience in handling succinylcholine, the animal can be anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital.
General measures. Decrease environmental stimuli such as light, loud sounds, touches, and others to a minimum.
to avoid triggering spasms.
Organophosphates
These compounds, mainly found in insecticides, have a penetrating and unpleasant smell.
Characteristically, there is excessive salivation, gait disturbances, tremors, and convulsions.
Clinical manifestations. The interval between intoxication and the onset of symptoms is short and varies depending on
the dose. It can range from excessive salivation to incoordination, gait disorders, tremors, vomiting,
diarrhea, convulsions. The pupils contract a lot at the beginning but dilate during the convulsive episodes.
Urgent measures.
Atropine, at a dose of 0.04 mg/kg of body weight, first intravenously for a rapid effect, and the following via
subcutaneous route, for a lasting effect. Take great care with overdoses. Monitor seizures.
Oxygen and artificial respiration can be added.
Arsenic
Arsenic poisoning is characterized by vomiting, abdominal pain, extreme restlessness, and diarrhea, which
they lead to a state of complete prostration. The target organs are the digestive tract, liver, and kidneys.
Clinical manifestations. In general, the attack begins a few hours after ingestion of the poison. First
abdominal pain appears accompanied by groaning, extreme restlessness, and vomiting, to which is added
A profuse diarrhea that can become bloody. The animal rejects all food. The loss of
liquids quickly worsen the situation leading to dehydration, circulatory collapse, and death. In
On occasions, acute anemia may occur due to digestive bleeding. The temperature is normal or slightly elevated.
elevated, and descends close to the moment of death. The animal is prostrate, almost motionless, and only
incorporates to complain.
Antidote. Dimercaprol
Emergency measures.
If the poisoning has just occurred: this is the case when the animal is observed consuming the poison.
If the owner cannot take the animal to the vet, they should induce vomiting with: 1) a few drops of bleach.
home remedy on the back of the animal's tongue, or 2) administration of mustard powder, salt, or salt water
and tibia.

HAMSTER
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS.
It is a small rodent that weighs between 90 and 180 grams (with females being larger) and measures between 15 and 17 cm.
approximately, it has a robust body, a short and thick neck, and a pointed face, with a blunt snout,
the bulging and clear eyes, has large rounded and wide ears, bare in their greater part;
excessively short tail, almost nonexistent and covered with reddish hairs at its base, but almost bare.
In the rest of its length, where the hairs are very short and quite sparse, the legs are well formed.
and the feet with 5 toes equipped with clear and short nails, although the thumb of the front feet is very small.
[Link],smooth,andclosetothebody.
brilliant, I break up of little short I am not white.
There are different varieties of Golden Hamster according to the color of the fur, eyes, and ears:
Albino(whitefur,redeyes,andpinkears.)
Whitewithblackeyes.
Cinnamon(darkorangefurandcreamyburgundy.)
List (White * Golden Hamster)
Blues(Darkblue-coloredcoat)
Theseanimalsinthewildhaveasurly,wicked,andaggressivecharacter;theyaresaidtobeclumsyyetintelligent.
brave.
In captivity, it is important to take into account the place where these little animals will be housed, as changes
Temperatureextremesandaircurrentscanaffectthem,aswellasthehighrelativehumidityoftheenvironment.
Lasdimensionesdeunajaulaparahá[Link]
to collect food waste and [Link] materials can be wire, electro-welded metal mesh.
of 13 mm mesh, zinc or plastic sheets, but wood should not be used due to its rodent characteristics, the
Feeders must be designed in such a way that the hamster cannot enter; the water dispenser can be a bottle with
dripper dispenser. In addition, it should be supplied with different sets to avoid boredom and keep the animal engaged.
good shape.
Its animal habit is nocturnal but it loves summer, although it does not like direct sunlight.
It is important to emphasize that the female chooses the male, and that in the wild they exhibit monogamous behavior.
One male in captivity can mate with up to five females, as long as they accept the male, because of this
Onthecontrary,thefemaleiscapableoftearingoffthetesticles.
Average lifespan: 3 to 4 years
Every 4 days
Gestación:16días
Baitsize:[Link],thefemales' fertilitydecreases,a' lthoughthereare
exceptions.
Serviceage:itispreferabletowaituntilthreemonthsofage.
Sometimes it is difficult to determine the sex of the animal by its external appearance; for this, the
thegreatestdistancebetweentheanusandthegenitalorganinthemale.
Also on the thigh in a small area of skin covered by a stiff tuft of hair
and wet, two small glands can be discovered in a male, from where a secretion is released.
liquid that is undoubtedly related to the coupling as it has been observed that
Before and during copulation, the hamster applies its nose to the area concluding that the smell
excites the animal at the moment of the sexual act. Lastly, it is important to add that
Thefemalemomentarilypullsoutherhairbeforegivingbirthtopreparethenestforherfutureoffspring.
Regarding the young, we can say that they are born hairless and with their eyes and ears closed.
on the second day, very fine hair appears, on the fifth day the ears open and the incisors come out, on the seventh
By day they are already able to eat cereal, at ten days they open their eyes, and by 20-25 days they are weaned weighing 30.
grams, a. in the fourth week the males are separated, and the females stay until the mother
aggressive display; if fights start among males, they must be separated immediately.
An anatomical feature is the presence ofAbazones or the development of a pouch in which they will go.
[Link]
what makes them indispensable as more biological active.
The other physiological characteristic is hibernation, which is simply a state of
impairment of a very deep sleep and which, according to literature, occurs under the
regulation of certain internal glands. In countries that have four seasons, it is verified by
For example, in autumn, there is a regression of glands such as the thyroid, adrenal glands, and gonads.
Itisimportanttoemphasizethatthehamsterincaptivity(intropicalcountries)exhibitsinareasin
where the temperature is below 14 °C, at any time of the year a false
hibernation causing the little animal a state of depression, where we observe: apathy,
anorexia, rigid spine, closed eyes and ears, etc. Giving the impression of being dead.
In this case, it is necessary to let the hamster wake up on its own, being careful not to
to molest him, as it could cause great harm during this time and we must have a small
provision of dry food.
This state of false hibernation is important to differentiate from the death of the animal and we must
take into account that both the pulse and breathing are barely perceptible. That's why we must
be patient and ensure that he is alive and protect him from all external aggression.
The way to wake an animal in hibernation is to place it carefully in a spot with a
warm temperature, or better yet, increase the temperature in the place where it is hibernating, from this
he will wake up in a progressive way and without hurting himself.
Most common diseases:
The hamster is a small animal that with a good diet and minimal hygiene will not be prone to
disease. However, due to their customs and habits, there may be predispositions such as hiding the
food that in the case of vegetables can cause health problems.
If we observe that the animal is sick, we notice this because we see changes in behavior, we
constantly curls up, and the ears are pinned to the head, and the hair is bristled, the most advisable
is to isolate it and take it to the veterinarian in case of serious illness. To handle an animal that is presumed sick, it is necessary
take measures, such as wearing gloves to avoid bites, as they may suffer
diseases such as Rabies and Leptospirosis that are zoonoses.
Accidents: these are the most common ones that hamsters are exposed to. The chances of a bump or fall,
due to overpopulation, damage from the cages, are the causes of accidents that result in injuries that can
get infected and even lead to the death of the animal.
Diseases of the digestive system:
Mouth and teeth: excessive growth of the teeth and excessive filling of the Abazones.
Constipation: Due to dietary factors and deficiency in water consumption.
Diarrhea: Poor hygienic conditions can lead to infections with coccidia, E. Coli, and others.
Respiratory system diseases: They are very sensitive to changes in temperature and drafts due to
who are prone to colds.
The signs of the flu are: feeling down, mucous and viscous secretions in the eyes and nose.
Skin conditions: They can be due to various causes such as scabies, vitamin deficiencies, lice, and fleas.
Neoplastic diseases: papiloma, adenoma, and carcinoma in the gastrointestinal tract, adenocarcinoma in the adrenal glands and lung
melanomaonskin,lymphomainnodes,andcongenitaltypeleukemiainblood.
Infectious diseases: Caused by bacteria, tuberculosis, brucellosis, pasteurellosis, salmonellosis, leptospirosis.
cocciandstaphylococcusandborreliathatcausesrecurrentfever.
Causedbyviruses:rabies,parvovirus,papovirus,picornavirus,andorthomyxovirus.
Forparasites:Trypanosomacruzi,leishmaniasis,giardiasis,Eimeria,Dictyocaulus,
Porhongos: Myucrosporum

TORTOISE
Turtles belong to the Order Chelonia and are divided into two suborders: Pleurodira (which retract their necks into their shells)
inside the shell) and Cryptodira (they bend their neck laterally under the edge of the shell)
Aquatic species:
The hawksbill turtle, Eretmochelys imbricata, is one of the five species of sea turtles present in
Venezuela, along with the green turtle, Chelonia mydas, the loggerhead, Caretta caretta, the olive ridley, Lepidochelys
olive ridley turtle, Dermochelys coriacea.
Semi-aquatic species
Broken chest tortoise (Kinosternum scorpioides)
It is one of the smallest turtles described for Venezuela. It is easily recognized because of its ventral part.
the shell - or plastron - is divided like a hinge. The shell is elongated. The head is large, with a
protuberance towards the nose. They have strong jaws and in the male, the upper jaw ends in the shape of
hook or peak. Their legs are small and adapted for walking along the bottom when they dive. There is
little differentiation between males and females. Males have a longer tail, as well as a larger head.
They are carnivorous species and are good predators and diggers. They feed on insects, worms, and some
crustaceans that it manages to capture from the seabed.
Land tortoises
Morrocoyes: In Venezuela, there are 2 species known as 'morrocoyes': The savanna morrocoy.
(Geochelone carbonaria) and the mountain tortoise (Geochelone denticulata). They have a shell with scales.
bulging in the shape of a vault. They primarily feed on fruits, leaves, and roots, which is why they are
mainly vegetarians, although they can consume small worms and insects. During the breeding season
The females dig holes in the ground where they deposit up to 15 eggs and then cover them with soil.
removed, after 142 days (almost 5 months) the offspring emerge.
Currently, many species are at risk of extinction due to illegal trafficking, commercialization, adding to
the lack of knowledge about the care they need to have a better life in captivity.
Turtles are characterized by the presence of a shell, a structure made up of plates or scales of
ovoid shape of variable color depending on the species (it can be ochre yellow to olive brown or reddish).
The female has the anal shield openings more pronounced and wider than in males.
In captivity, turtles require certain special care such as optimal temperature to carry out the
digestion, so that your immune system provides good responses to stimuli, that reproduction is
Possible. Turtles are ovoviviparous and the breeding period is between the months of November and December.
and oviposition occurs between January and March with an incubation period of 70 to 140 days.
One of the species that is frequently brought to consultation is Geochelone chilensis (Chaco tortoise of
earth), measures 12 to 18 cm in length and 12 to 15 cm in width, weighs 2.5 Kg; shell of brown color almost
black on the edge of the plate. Head, neck, legs, and tail are grayish or brownish. Dark and small eyes; the
long front legs with pointed scales. Another is G. carbonaria (Red-footed tortoises), measure about 30
a 50 cm shell with a black color and the central part yellow, orange, or red and with very pronounced shields.
Yellow or dark brown plastron. The prefrontal scales are short. Phrynops hilarii (Tortoise of
Laguna) measures 37 cm in length, ovoid shell with a longitudinal keel on the vertebral shields of color
Brown chestnut or olive chestnut with clear marginal edges. The head is crossed by a black line.
horizontal, they are aquatic and diurnal habits.
A. pallipectorys (long-necked Chaco tortoise) measures 17 cm, has a nearly smooth corneous shield and has a
prominent ridge between the 1st and 5th vertebral shield, the back of the shell is brown, chestnut or olive.
Yellow or whitish plastron with a striated pattern. The head is depressed with prominent eyes, neck
covered with conical tubers with light tips. Short and robust limbs, especially the hind ones.
In sex determination, females are larger, the carapace is flatter, the tail is wider, and the opening is ...
the cloaca is farther away from the anal shields than in males. The claws in females are thicker and
longer, the males are more aggressive, move faster.
For the determination of age, one of the simplest methods is the count of the rings that surround each
horned shield of the backrest, lateral or abdominal plates, which reflect the cessation of growth during the
periods of brumation (hibernation) during which it does not feed and stops growing. The weight depends on
the species, remember that 15 or 30% of the animal's weight corresponds to the carapace and plastron, which are included in the
total weight as it presents the metabolic activity of the animal (important for calculating drug dosages).
Some diseases
Cold - Pneumonia
Just like humans can catch a cold, turtles can also suffer from it, and this is due exclusively
the cold, temperature changes, and often the air currents where your is located
aquarium.
It also occurs but with little probability that the water temperature versus the aquarium environment may.
There is a very high temperature variation, which causes the turtle to end up catching a cold.
How to know if you have a cold, you can detect it on time, as generally the elderly
Symptoms are: noisy breathing, sneezing, and nasal mucus or also dilated eyes.
Wounds
It is important to highlight that no matter how much care and time you give to your pets, they are not free from having a
accident. For example, while cleaning your aquarium, as you move the turtle to a different spot, in such a way that
clean your aquarium, a turtle slips out of your hands and falls to the floor, or bites between two turtles or also scratches.
In this case, if the wound is minor, I advise you to buy a liquid solution that is sold in the store.
pets and you rub it on the wound with a cotton ball. If the wound is more than minor, it is advisable to consult a veterinarian.
for her to examine and advise you.
Anorexia
This often happens many times when the turtle is moved to another position within one's home, as
They go into shock and stop eating for a few days, but over time they will start to eat.
It also happens with the sudden increase in temperature that we make, the turtle stops eating, in some cases.
delay, because the purchased food is of very poor quality that in the end they eat out of hunger (always worry about it)
for the quality of the product).
It usually happens when the turtle is finishing hibernation, it stops eating, but after a few days it will eat.
Diarrhea
This is exclusively for the following reasons: a food in poor condition, that the water in your aquarium is very
dirty, a poorly adjusted diet, but it is most likely a lack of hygiene in your aquarium
To prevent this disease, be sure to be responsible in the hygiene and care of your turtles, in such a way
always keep your aquarium in good condition of cleanliness. Also, make sure to check the food and the expiration date carefully.
expiration if you have it in a way to be sure that the food being supplied is in good condition
conditions.
In case she has diarrhea, try to follow the instructions I give you. Also, try to take her to a ...
veterinarian if diarrhea persists, don't wait more than three days.
Constipation
This is mainly due to poor nutrition, lacking in nutritious substances and vitamins.
they help strengthen the digestive system. It also happens when the aquarium is very small, and the turtles cannot
Don't move because stress causes them to be constipated.
In this case, wait a few days, no more than three, and if it persists, take them to a veterinarian as soon as possible.
it will be examined.
Viral
Hepatitis, Rhinitis, Stomatitis.
Bacterial:
Salmonellosis, Septicemias Leptospira sp, clostridium novy, Aeromonas sp and Pseudomonas sp, Mycobacterium
sp.
Mycosis
Aspergillus sp., Geotrichum p., Sporotrichum sp.; Candida albicans, Trichosporum sp., Fusarium sp.
Endoparasites:
Hexamita parva, Entoameba invadens, Myxidium and Henneguya.
Injuries, burns, abscesses, ulcerative dermatitis, septicemia, for keratosis,
Shell: Conditions caused by algae, necrosis, paint, fractures.
Metabolic alterations:
Hypovitaminosis A, D, E C.
Stress
It is important to highlight that a turtle, with its proper care and in a calm environment free of stress
will always be with their immune system fully operational.
But if the turtle exhibits any of the previously mentioned points, it will experience stress that may cause it
failures in the immune system of reptiles, here lies the difference between the onset of a disease,
that the healthy animal not subjected to stress, will not experience.
Proposed Treatments
They are patients with special sensitivity to antiseptics containing alcohol or derivatives of phenol, reason for
which are contraindicated.
ZOONOSIS
Zoonoses have been defined as "those diseases that are transmitted from vertebrate animals to humans and
vice [Link] transmission mechanisms are very varied and sometimes complex...
Themostcommonare:Babesiosis,Borreliosis,Campylobacteriosis,salmonellosis,CanineEhrlichiosis,Rabies,Ascariasis.
["Dirofilariasis","Giardiasis","Fleas","Anthrax","Canine Brucellosis","Dermatophytosis","Rocky Mountain spotted fever","Flu"]
Aviar
Hidatidosis, Leishmaniosis, Leptospirosis, Psitacosis, Tularemia, Triquinosis
Canine Erlichiosis
It is a bacterial disease caused by Erichia canis, known as: canine typhus, hemorrhagic fever.
["canine, idiopathic lymphohistocytic syndrome, tropical canine pancytopenia, tracker dog disease"]
So far, it is known that it is transmitted by the brown tick (vector) of the dog, Rhipicephalus.
sanguineous.
Three phases of the disease are recognized: acute, subacute, and chronic, which can present in forms.
moderate and severe
The clinical signs present in general are quite nonspecific, very high fever, swollen lymph nodes,
anemia, neurological signs, blindness, etc.
In the severe chronic form (which is the most common), a characteristic clinical picture of bleeding develops.
coagulopathies, anemia, fever, and lymphadenomegaly (enlarged lymph nodes)
For the prophylaxis of the disease, strict control of ticks is recommended, both on the dog and in the area.
environment where it resides.
Campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis
They are zoonotic diseases, a pet could transmit them to humans, but it is known that statistically the
most of the human enteropathies caused by these agents
(Salmonella and campylobacter) are not linked to animal exposure.
Dogs and cats can harbor Campylobacter Jejuni and a variety of non-typhoidal species of
Salmonella. In this type of disease, animals can be asymptomatic carriers (not showing
clinical symptoms of infection.
The symptoms generally include: fever, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, dehydration, etc.
Veterinary treatment is recommended for the pet, and medical treatment for the owner.
Sources of infection:
Salmonella: eggs and products derived from them, unboiled milk, poultry, water or food
contaminated with feces from infected companion animals.
Campylobacter: its distribution is very wide since the causative agent is considered as a
normal microorganism of the intestinal content of almost all animals, including insects, so the
Contamination of any water source or food could be a common source of contagion.
All feces, particularly diarrheal ones, should be handled with caution and disposed of in such a way that
prevent human infection.
Toxocara canis.
The males and females present in the dog's intestine measure from 5 to 18 cm. The females lay the eggs, which are
eliminated with the feces. These eggs mature in the external environment, transforming into infectious larvae.
These, if ingested by the dog and other wild canids, are released from their sheath and pass from the intestine, liver,
lung, trachea, esophagus, stomach and, finally, to the intestine, where, through some transformations, one reaches the
formation of adult worms, sexually mature. This normally occurs in very young dogs.
After the birth of the puppy, the larva that had been located in the liver during fetal life evolves,
passing to the lung, trachea, stomach, to later give rise to the adult worm in the puppy's intestine.
Another possibility of contagion is determined by the ingestion of larvae with the milk by the puppy. This is
It is due to the fact that the dog can become infested orally during gestation or during the birthing phase.
The animals themselves (including humans) can ingest the meat or organs of unusual hosts, containing
dormant larvae.
In the case of men, the most prone are children aged 2 to 5 years who ingest sand from sandboxes that they share with
dogs, generally in very populous cities, where there is a scarcity of green spaces, where they can ingest
larvae eggs, also when they are licked by infested dogs or touching a dog near the anus where there may be
eggs, anyway the Ascaris egg needs a maturation time in the soil (that’s why one must have
beware of the land or the sandpits)
Recommendations to avoid contamination fromAscaris eggs in children and adults:
• Dewormthepuppiesat15,30,45,60,75,90daysafterbirthandthen
repeatevery4months.
• Deworm the female dog at the time of heat before mating with the male.
• Perform fecal analysis periodically.
• Walking the dog with a collar and leash, so it doesn't wander.
• Wash the vegetables that are eaten raw very well.
• Prevent children from putting dirt or sand in their mouths.
• Wash your hands well after touching the dog.
• Prevent children from being licked in the mouth by the dog.
• Prevent dogs from ingesting rodents, birds, or raw meat from wild animals.
• Strict hygiene and care measures.
Taking these suggestions into account and with some care, the possibility of infestation byAscaris larvae is
practically very low, and both adults and children will be able to enjoy their pet without any risk.
AvianInfluenza
Avian influenza, also known as bird flu, was first identified more than 100 years ago in Italy.
It is a highly contagious viral disease caused by type A strains of the influenza virus that can affect
virtually all bird species. Birds can often die on the same day they appear.
[Link](sorethroat,
fever, cough, and muscle aches) to eye infections, acute respiratory difficulty, pneumonia, and others
serious complications that may pose a threat to life.
Migratory waterfowl, especially ducks, are the main reservoir of the avian flu virus, and
these birds are the most resistant to infection. Although all species of birds are susceptible to infection, they are
more vulnerable domestic poultry, particularly chickens and turkeys, these infections may also
quickly reach epidemic proportions.
The indirect or direct contact of domestic animals with migratory waterbirds has been considered as the
most frequent cause of epidemics. The live bird market also plays an important role in the expansion of
epidemics.
Leishmaniasis
Leishmaniasis (known in Africa as Kala-azar) is an infectious disease caused by a parasite.
called leishmania, an endemic disease in tropical and subtropical settings from deserts to jungles and,
from rural areas to peri-urban areas.
It affects dogs, rats, foxes, wolves, and rarely humans; it is transmitted through the bite of a mosquito.
(the one from the sand) that has previously bitten a mammal infected with leishmaniasis.
The main reservoirs are dogs and rodents; humans are probably accidental hosts. There is a
variable incubation period (between two and three years) during which an infected animal does not show symptoms of the
disease, after this period clinical signs start to appear that can last for years, a characteristic that
maintainsinhumans.
Symptomatology
The clinical symptoms can be very varied depending on the degree of infestation, the immune status of
host, the evolution time and the affected organs.
There are different forms of the disease:
Cutaneous:
The most common skin signs are:
Skin thickening and excessive nail growth (hyperkeratosis)
Loss of hair around the eyes
Mucocutaneous ulcers, wounds that do not heal
Intradermal nodules mainly on the snout, ears, and plantar pads.
Visceral
It is the most severe form of the disease, the symptoms of this variant include:
- Persistent fever - Skin pigmentation
- Weight loss (progressive thinning)
- Polyuria - polydipsia (they urinate and drink a lot: indicative of renal lesions)
- Enlarged lymph nodes - Nosebleeds
- Limping (polyarthritis)
- Others: digestive disorders, liver failure, hematopoietic alterations.
Prophylaxis
As sand flies are responsible for the spread of leishmaniasis, a radical prevention of this
proto zoonosis, the fight should then focus against them.
Prophylaxis is very important in this case; it is recommended to fumigate the environment to avoid as much as possible.
mosquitoes, in the case of dogs that live in the field or garden, the use of suitable antiparasitic products on the
environment and about the animal (spray collars, powders, etc.) and visit your veterinarian for regular check-ups and screenings
complete.
Anthrax
Caused byBacillus anthracis, a bacillusGram positiveaerobic and sporogenic.
Reservoirs
There is aanimal reservoirrepresented by theanimalssickor thecorpsesof animals dead by him
process, and an extra-animal reservoir
integrated by the contaminated lands from the excreta and secretions of sick animals. These
Animals release large amounts of bacteria through blood expelled through the mouth, nose, and anus. The acute form
usually lasts about two days and is characterized byfeverand excitement that can be followed by a
period ofdepressionystupefaction, with muscle contractions and hemorrhagesthrough the different openings
natural. A chronic form characterized by can also [Link] subcutaneous or
located in the ventral part of the neck, chest, and abdomen.
In humans, the incubation period can range from 1 to 7 days, and three clinical forms can occur.
the disease: cutaneous, intestinal, or inhalation anthrax.
The cutaneous form is the most common and can be contracted after direct contact with animals or
infected or contaminated products, or after being conveyed byinsectsbloodsuckers. It is characterized by
the development of apapuleat the injection site, surrounded by an area of vesicles containing
fluid. The central papular area ulcerates and dries, developing a depressed area of black color
very characteristic. This lesion is usually not painful although it is surrounded by an area
edematous. The lesion usually resolves spontaneously, although if dissemination occurs
it can be lethal in 20% of cases.
 The intestinal form of the disease occurs as a result of consuming meat.
contaminated. The symptoms produced develop rapidly and are represented by fever,
dyspneacyanosisdisorientation and other signs of septicemia. Intestinal anthrax quickly
evolves toseptic shock, comaydeath.
For their part, the inhalation form of the process is typical among people who handle skins, hides and
Lanas. The symptoms develop rapidly and are not specific. Initially, fever occurs with
unproductive coughs, followed by severe respiratory distress, with stridor, cyanosis, and fatal septicemia,
with death in a short period.

COURSE PROGRAM

FIRST WEEK
Introduccion, atención al cliente
Laws and Injections

SECOND WEEK
Basic Anatomy - Gastroenteritis
Parásitos -Valores fisiológicos -Reproducción y parto

THIRD WEEK
Basic surgical instruments - Linens - Postoperative care and
Role of the assistant

FOURTH WEEK
Wounds and hemorrhages
First exam

FIFTH WEEK
Dermatology
Common eye diseases

SIXTH WEEK
Ear diseases
Infectious diseases of dogs and cats

SEVENTH WEEK
Poisoning
Exotic animals

OCTAVE WEEK
Zoonotic diseases
Second exam
Evaluation system
PRACTICE ASSISTANCE 1st 2nd WORK TOTAL
10% 20% EXAM EXAM 20%
25% 25%
 DR. ELIS NAVARRO

MPPS 3897 –CMVM 355