Applied Physics Questions for Divers
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ScribdTranslationsApplied Physics Questions for Divers
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ScribdTranslationsBANK OF QUESTIONS ON APPLIED PHYSICS TO DIVING
SUBJECT. ENROLLMENTS
APPLIED PHYSICS TO DIVING. DIVER FISHERMAN
SPECIALIST DIVER.
COMMERCIAL BEEKEEPER.
SCUBA INSTRUCTOR SPECIALIST.
COMMERCIAL DIVING INSTRUCTOR.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS.
Easy Question.
1.- What is the gas that dissolves in the bloodstream of the human body?
during the dives.
A) Hydrogen.
B) Nitrogen.
C) Helio.
D) Oxygen.
What is the gas that produces narcotic effects when diving?
at pressures higher than 04 absolute atmospheres.
A) Hydrogen.
Oxygen.
C) Carbon Monoxide.
D) Nitrogen
3.- Does the gas called Nitrogen produce at how many absolute atmospheres?
narcotic effects in diving.
A) 01 absolute atmospheres.
B) 10 absolute atmospheres.
C) 04 absolute atmospheres.
D) All incorrect.
4.- At how many absolute atmospheres does the gas called oxygen produce effects?
of diving narcosis.
A) 04 atmospheres.
B) 10 atmospheres.
C) 15 atmospheres.
D) All incorrect.
5.- Is the gas known as Nitrogen a main component of air?
what volume does atmospheric occupy within this composition?
6.- The air and the atmosphere. Which sentence is incorrect?
A) Air has weight and takes up space.
B) Atmospheric pressure is the result of the weight of the atmosphere when it produces
a force on the surface of the earth.
C) As the air is very light, atmospheric pressure does not affect the being
human.
D) Atmospheric pressure acts in all directions and on all
bodies.
7.- At how many absolute atmospheres does the gas called helium produce effects?
narcotics during a dive?
A) 04 atmospheres.
B) 02 atmospheres.
C) 10 atmospheres.
D) All incorrect.
8.- Is the gas known as oxygen a main component of air?
atmospheric that, what volume does it occupy within the composition?
79.00 %
B) 20.94%
C) 30.94 %
D) 19.94
9.- What is the gas with the following qualities, colorless, odorless, and
tasteless, and also capable of sustaining human life?
A) Hydrogen.
B) Nitrogen,
C) Helio.
D) Oxygen.
10.- Is the air we breathe a mixture of simple gases and the following
qualities?
A) 20.94% Oxygen.
B) 79.00% Nitrogen.
C) 0.03% of rare gases and 0.003% of carbon dioxide.
D) All correct.
11.- Does atmospheric pressure exactly equate to the following?
14.7 pounds per square inch.
B) 1 kilo per square centimeter.
B) 1 A.T.A.
C) Todas correctas.
12.- Will a body float in water for the following reason?
13.- Is the gas called Carbon monoxide of the following characteristic?
It is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas.
B) It is a gas with poisonous qualities.
C) It is a gas derived from combustion compressor exhaust.
internal.
D) All correct
14.- What is the chemical composition of the gas known as Carbon Dioxide?
One part of oxygen and one part of carbon.
B) Two parts of oxygen and one part of carbon.
C) Two parts of oxygen and two parts of carbon.
D) All correct.
15.- Is the gas called Carbon Dioxide of the following
characteristics?
A) It is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas at low concentrations.
B) It is a gas that has odor and taste in high concentrations.
C) It is a light gas, odorless, tasteless, and conducts heat.
D) A and B. They are correct.
16.- Where does the gas known as Carbon Dioxide come from?
production?
A) From the combustion of organic materials and lubricants.
B) De las combustión de materias orgánicas y por oxidación de las materias
Of the human body.
C) Of the organic matter of the human body and of the discharge of
Gases from a combustion compressor.
D) All incorrect.
17.- Is the concentration of carbon dioxide gas in the lungs, which
What can it cause in the human body?
Jeers and anguish.
B) Death by suffocation.
C) Inadequate decompression and anoxia.
D) A and B. They are correct.
18.- What is the term for the result of the weight of the atmosphere when producing a
force on the surface of the earth?
A) Relative pressure.
B) Atmospheric pressure
C) Absolute pressure.
19.- According to Boyle's law:
A) If the pressure on a gas doubles, the density also doubles.
B) If the pressure on a gas is doubled, the volume increases by double.
C) If the pressure on a gas is doubled, the volume is halved.
D) A and B. Both are correct.
20.- What is the sum of the relative pressure plus one atmosphere called?
A) Absolute pressure.
B) Relative pressure.
C) Vacuum pressure.
D) Gauge pressure
Medium Difficulty Question.
21.- What is the pressure indicated by the manometer called, which is not considered?
atmospheric pressure.
Absolute pressure.
Total pressure.
C) Manometric pressure
D) Height pressure.
22.- What is the sum of the gauge pressure plus the pressure called?
relative?
A) Relative pressure.
B) Absolute pressure
C) A and B. They are correct.
D) All incorrect.
23.- What is the sum of the relative pressure plus one atmosphere called?
absolute?
Relative pressure.
B) Manometric pressure.
C) A and B. They are correct.
D) All incorrect.
24.- What is the name of the pressure that is measured above sea level?
A) Pressure at height,
B) Manometer pressure.
C) Relative pressure.
D) Atmospheric pressure.
26. - In diving, the changes in pressure and volume of gases, where
the body of a diver experiences physiological changes.
A) Changes are greater near the surface.
B) Changes are minor near the surface.
C) The changes are permanent on the surface.
D) A and B. They are correct.
27.- At what depth does a freediver lose buoyancy?
the compression of your lungs and body?
A) Between 06 and 07 meters deep.
B) Between 10 and 15 meters deep.
C) Between 15 and 21 meters deep.
D) All incorrect.
28.- What is the reason that a person's body, while on the surface, and
Before starting a dive, is it saturated with nitrogen?
A) Because our body does not accept that this gas dissolves in the
Body.
B) Debido que la presión del nitrógeno disuelto en nuestro cuerpo, es igual
To the partial pressure of nitrogen contained in the atmospheric air.
C) Because the nitrogen in the atmosphere is at a concentration
insignificant.
D) A and C. They are correct.
29.- What is the amount of nitrogen in the air that is dissolved in the body of
a person on the surface?
A) 01 liter.
B) 02 liters.
C) 0.5 liter.
D) 06 liters.
30.- How many absolute atmospheres are there at a depth of 50 meters?
A) 05 absolute atmospheres.
B) 06 absolute atmospheres.
C) 1.7 pounds per square inch.
D) B and C. They are correct.
A body sinks in a liquid if the weight of the liquid it displaces
"is less than the weight of the body" which law does it correspond to?
A) Charles's Law.
B) Archimedes' principle,
C) Law of gravity.
32.- A body submerged in a liquid remains in equilibrium without rising.
not sink, if the weight of the liquid it displaces is exactly equal to its
"own weight" What law of physics does it correspond to?
A) Boyle's Law.
B) Charles' Law.
C) Archimedes' Principle.
D) All correct.
33.- "If a submerged body weighs less than the weight of the volume of the liquid that
will displace, will ascend and will float with part of its volume above the
"surface" What law of physics does it correspond to?
A) Charles's Law.
B) Archimedes' Principle.
C) Pressure of liquids.
D) Law of density.
34. - What is one of the laws based on the principle of Archimedes?
A body sinks in the pressure of a liquid and displaces the body.
A body sinks in a liquid and will displace a greater weight.
A body sinks in a liquid and displaces the volume of the liquid.
D) All incorrect.
35.- If an air bell with an internal volume of 3 cubic meters in the
The surface is submerged at a depth of 10 meters. What will be the volume?
inside the mentioned depth?
A) 1.5 cubic meters.
B) 02 cubic meters.
C) 06 cubic meters.
The internal volume remains constant.
36.- To understand the behavior of gases under variation of
pressure and temperature what factor should be considered?
A) The gas particles.
B) The molecular structure of the gas
C) The force of the gas.
D) A and C. They are correct.
37.- Boyle's law in diving is related to:
A) Pressure and temperature.
B) Temperature and volume.
C) Pressure and volume.
D) All incorrect.
38.- "The science that deals with the properties of matter and the ways it
"it behaves under different conditions" What is it called
definition?
A) Physiology.
B) Physics.
C) Materia.
D) Pressure.
39.- "The substance of which bodies are composed is everything that occupies a
place in space and has a determined weight." What is this called?
definition?
A) Matter.
B) Liquid.
C) Solid.
D) Gaseous.
40.- In how many states does matter present itself according to the concepts of
la física?
A) Solid, Gaseous, Matter.
B) Solid, Liquid, Volume.
C) Solid, Liquid, Force.
Solid, Liquid, Gaseous.
Question of Great Difficulty.
41.- When performing calculations according to gas laws, what is the type of
What pressure should be used?
A) Relative pressure.
B) Absolute pressure.
C) Manometric pressure
D) Partial pressure.
42.- If an air bell with a volume of 3 cubic meters inside in the
the surface is submerged at a depth of 20 meters, what will be the volume
internal at the mentioned depth?
A) 1.5 cubic meters.
B) 2 cubic meters.
C) 01 cubic meters.
D) Todas incorrectas.
43. What are the ways heat is transferred from one place to another?
44.- Will underwater visibility depend on the following factors?
A) Conditions of the sun's rays, cleanliness of the waters, and temperatures.
B) Conditions of climates, rays of light, and cleanliness of waters.
C) Weather conditions, water cleanliness, lighting of the rays.
D) Lighting conditions, rays of light, dispersion of the rays, and
water cleaning.
45.- "The cause or effect that is capable of altering the state of equilibrium of the
bodies " It is :
A) Force.
B) Pressure.
C) Heat.
D) Density.
46.- How is force normally expressed?
A) In cubic centimeters.
B) In kilograms.
C) In density.
D) All incorrect.
47.- "The amount of force acting on a unit of surface" is:
A) Pressure.
B) Force.
C) Heat.
D) Density.
The rays of light pass from one medium to another, of different densities, and they
divert and moving away from its normal course" What is this called?
physical effect?
A) Absorption effect.
B) Refraction effect.
C) Conduction effect.
D) All incorrect.
49.- Which law will correspond to the following formula of physics?
P1 . V1 = P2 . V2
________ ________
T1 T1
A) General law of gases.
50.- What is the degree of saturation of a diver's body during a dive?
Will it depend on the following factors?
A) Diving depth. Diving systems and duration of the immersion.
B) Diving depth, dive duration, and efficiencies
circulatory and respiratory.
C) Diving depth, duration of the dive, and surface time.
D) All incorrect.
51.- "the substance of which a body is composed occupies a place in the
space and has a determined pressure and volume is called:
A) Pressure.
B) Matter.
C) Density.
D) All incorrect.
52.- What will the amount of nitrogen that dissolves in the body depend on?
of a diver during a dive?
A) Amount of air available.
B) Consumption of the same sweater.
C) Diving depth, and time at the bottom.
D) A and B. They are correct.
53.- What diving accidents is Boyle's law related to?
A) Compression of gases,
B) Barotrauma and aeroembolism.
C) Acute decompression sickness.
D) A and B. They are correct.
54.- From the perspective of applied physics to diving, why do objects and the
people appear 33% larger than their actual size?
A) Debido a la absorción de los rayos del sol.
B) Due to the refraction of light.
C) Due to the lighting conditions.
D) All incorrect.
55.- What is the difference between internal partial pressures called?
externals?
A) Gradient.
B) Dissolution.
C) Energy.
56.- What is the volume percentage of the gas called oxygen when being
exalted?
A) 79.00 %.
B) 16.3%
C) 21.00%
D) All incorrect.
57.- "If the temperature remains constant, and the volume of a gas varies
"directly with absolute pressure." What is this law called?
from physics?
A) Henry's Law.
B) Law of gases.
C) Boyle's Law.
D) All incorrect.
58.- What is the average density of seawater?
A) 1.026 Kg / dm3.
B) 0.126 Kg / dm3.
C) 102.6 Kg. / dm3.
D) All incorrect.
59.- Water is an important liquid for the diver. How is it formed?
chemically?
Two parts of oxygen and one part hydrogen.
B) Two parts of hydrogen and one part oxygen.
C) Two parts hydrogen and two parts oxygen.
D) Two parts of hydrogen and one part of nitrogen
60.- Which of the following definitions belongs to Henry's physical law?
A) Establishes that the amount of a gas that dissolves in a gas at a
a certain temperature, it is almost directly proportional to the pressure of the gas.
B) It establishes that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to
the sum of the different gases.
C) It establishes that the amount of gas that dissolves in a given liquid
a certain temperature is almost directly proportional to the pressure
partial of the gas.
D) It states that at constant pressure the volume of a gas is
directly proportional to the change in its partial temperature.
GUIDELINES FOR PHYSICS APPLIED TO DIVING.
1 B 31 B
2 D 32 C
3 C 33 B
4 D 34 D
5 A 35 A
6 C 36 B
7 D 37 C
8 B 38 B
9 D 39 A
10 D 40 D
11 D 41 B
12 A 42 C
13 D 43 D
14 B 44 D
15 D 45 A
16 B 46 B
17 D 47 A
18 B 48 B
19 D 49 D
20 A 50 B
21 C 51 D
22 B 52 C
23 D 53 D
24 D 54 B
25 B 55 A
26 A 56 B
27 B 57 D
28 B 58 A
29 A 59 B
30 B 60 C
APPLICATION PROBLEMS OF APPLIED PHYSICS TO DIVING.
Low Difficulty Problems.
1.- Calculate the absolute pressure in pounds per square inch exerted at 180 feet.
in depth.
2.- Calculate how many degrees 'C' correspond to 78 º 'F'.
3.- Calculate the absolute pressure in pounds per square inch exerted at 170
depth feet.
4.- Calculate the absolute pressure experienced by two divers at a depth of 59
meters, response in pounds per square inch.
5.- A diver descends from 50 feet deep to 90 feet deep; what
What will be its residual volume in %?
6.- A compressed air supply bank provides 215 dm3 in the
Surface at 15º Celsius, what will be the corresponding air volume at 35?
meters deep and a temperature of 5º degrees 'C'?
7.- An air compressor that has a capacity of 140 Liters per minute
entry, and put into service to supply air to a lifting balloon of 10
tons, which is located 30 meters deep to recover a
boat that weighs 6 tons. Calculate the liters per minute that arrived
at a depth of 30 meters, considering that the
Are temperatures kept constant?
A diver using a super lite mask consumes 35 liters per minute.
What should be the performance of the compressor for a depth of 50?
meters deep?
A diver using common hookah equipment requires 1.7 cubic feet per minute.
on the surface. How much air is required if diving to a depth of 25 meters?
depth?
10.- An autonomous tribotella team charges quickly to a pressure of
gauge (relative) of 159Kg/cm2 and reaches a temperature of 47º
degrees "C" in the charging process. What pressure will the manometer indicate?
When the diver is in the water at 7º degrees "C"?
Medium Difficulty Problems.
11.- The supply on board a personnel transfer capsule is
It is loaded on deck at 3000 PSIG, with an ambient temperature of 32º.
degrees C, the capsule is sent to a depth of 850 feet where the
the water temperature is 8º degrees 'C'. What will the pressure be in
13.- Calculate the air requirement, expressed in volume per minute in
surface conditions for a diver working at a depth of 231 feet.
And its consumption is 1.4 cubic feet per minute.
14.- Calculate the air requirement, expressed in volume per minute in
surface conditions for a diver working at 297 feet of depth.
and its consumption is 1.4 cubic feet per minute
15. A open dive bell with a volume of 100 cubic feet will be
used to support a diver at 198 feet of depth, determine the
equivalent total surface pressure of the air that must be present in the
bell to balance the water pressure at mentioned depth.
16.- A diving bell is lowered to a depth of 297 feet after
pressurize it to 198 feet of depth, no more air is added.
What will be the volume of air at 297 feet of depth?
17.- The air supply is loaded onto a bank aboard a barge on deck.
at 3000 PSIG at an ambient temperature of 32 degrees Celsius, the capsule of
transfer is sent to a depth of 850 feet where the temperature
del agua es de 7º “C” ¿cuál será presion de abastecimiento a la nueva
water temperature?
18.- A 6 cubic container is charged to 3000 PSIG and the temperature of the
the room is at 72º Fahrenheit due to a fire in the apartment
The contiguous area raises the temperature to 170º degrees in the department where it is.
perform the air loading, calculate the new pressure of the container?
19.- An air cylinder bank that has an internal volume of 20
cubic feet will be charged with compressed air to a final pressure of
2200 PSIG to provide air for diving, the air temperature in the
cylinders are raised to 160º "F" when they reach the final pressure of the load. The
The temperature in the cylinder bank compartment is 75º degrees 'F'
How to determine the final pressure in the cylinder when the air is cooled?
20.- An air compressor that has a maximum suction capacity of
110 dm3 per minute, how many dm3 of air can it supply for ventilation?
the super lite mask of a diver at 50 meters deep?
The air and water temperatures are very similar, and the pressure
Supplied by the compressor is sufficient to overcome the resistance to the
Depth pressure. (dm3 = cubic decimeters)
21.- A bibottle game for autonomous diving is quickly loaded to
1.785 pounds per square inch gauge and the temperature rises to
140°F during the charging procedure, what will be the pressure?
manometric when the bottle is in the water at a temperature of
40 degrees 'F'.
23.- Two divers using exo-26 masks have an average consumption of
30 liters per minute each. How much should the compressor yield if they perform a
diving to a depth of 38 meters?
24.- In a diving operation, there is a sphere of the buoy type, which is
will be used to lift a dead weight from the bottom of the sea, which weighs 11
tons. The sphere has a diameter of 2.8 meters and weighs 2.5 tons.
Calculate if this buoy will be able to lift the dead weight from the bottom.
of the sea?
Volume of the sphere. 1/6 II x D3
25.- An exploratory diving task will be carried out in the bay of Valparaíso at a
At a depth of 41 meters, the diving bottles are being loaded to a
pressure of 165 Kg/cm² at the beginning of the load at a temperature of 60º
"Cº" degrees and the water temperature at the depth is 8º degrees Cº.
the diving supervisor wants to know what the gauge pressure is of the
bottles at 41 meters depth.
26.- A diver operating with a Super Lite mask powered by umbilical with
communications. It has a consumption of 29 liters per minute at pressure of
surface What should be the air supply from the surface,
when the diver is at depths of 115 feet, 145 feet, and
230 feet?
27.- On a beach, we inflated a rubber boat with a total air volume of
21 cubic feet of air where the temperature is 25º degrees Celsius, and the
sea water temperatures are 15º degrees Cº How much volume of air
Will the rubber boat lose air when entering the water?
28.- An anchor weighing 25 meters deep is located in an immersion.
1800 Kgs. Metal cylinders with rounded ends are available.
How many cylinders do we need to lift the anchor?
The cylinders each have the following measurements:
Diameter. 2 feet.
Length. 4.5 feet.
Weight. 15 kgs
A diving job will be carried out to test a diving bell.
The diving supervisor is informed of the following situation: the bell has
an internal volume of 2.832 liters. It will be used to support a diver to
60 meters deep. Calculate the water pressure at that depth.
required and the volume of air that should be sent from the surface? The
the diving bell will be lowered later to a depth of 297 feet,
after the pressurization of the 60 meters, and it will not be fed
again to the new depth? Calculate the volume of air at the current
depth?
Problems of great difficulty.
31.- A diving tank is filled with 3000 PSI, and during the filling process the
temperature rises to 50º degrees Cº. If the bottle is used during the day
next, when the average temperature is 10º degrees Cº how much
Is air pressure available for diving?
32.- Calculate the lifting capacity of a cylindrical buoy with its upper face.
round (conversation) and its conical underside, with the following measurements:
(capacidad de levante en libras)
total weight 300 kilos.
cylinder diameter: 70 inches.
cylinder height 12 feet.
top of the cone. 4 feet.
A 120-foot life-saving parachute type pontoon will be used.
120 cubic feet, to lift an anchor weighing 4,200 pounds from
a depth of 75 meters and a compressor will be used with a
suction of 105 cubic feet per minute, at 65º degrees 'F' and at a
discharge temperature of 140º degrees 'F' to inflate the pontoon.
temperatura del agua en la profundidad de trabajo es de 50º grados “F”,
not considering the efficiency of the air compressor and the weight of the pontoon
How long does it take to raise the anchor from the seabed?
34.- In an underwater station at a depth of
220 meters where the water temperature is 38º degrees 'F', was
pressurized at the surface to the pressure at the bottom and due to the pressure
From the load, the internal temperature rose to 105º degrees 'F', the hatch opens.
from the station and the divers carry out routine work during the following
Hours the indoor temperature of the station drops considerably due to failure
of the internal heating system, if no additional gas is added, what?
What percentage of internal volume will be flooded by seawater?
35.- A balloon that inflates at the surface with 25 cubic feet of air and is sent to 27
meters deep and then to 41 meters, if the temperature does not change and does not
More additional air is added to the balloon. What will be its respective volume?
at their respective depths?
36.- Calculate what volume of air a compressor delivers that has
capacity of 80 dm3/min. A diver who must make a dive at 37
meters deep, considering that the surface temperature at
working depth is the same. (dm3 = cubic decimeters)
38.- An air tank delivers 9.5 cubic feet free at the surface at 80°F
for every 90 PSI decrease in pressure. What will be the volume
corresponding to 130 feet of depth and at 38 degrees 'F'?
39.- Calculate the internal volume of an open bell of 2832 liters to be used
to support a diver at a depth of 60 meters, calculate the volume of
air that must be sent from the surface to balance the pressure of the
water?
40.- Calculate the absolute partial pressure of nitrogen at a depth of
139 feet, response in psi.
ANSWER GUIDE FOR APPLIED PHYSICS EXERCISES IN DIVING.
1.-
Depth (in feet x 0.445 psi/foot) + 14.7 psi.
180’ x 0.445 psi = 80.1 psi + 14.7 psi = 94.8 Psia.
2.
C = F - 32
_______________
9
C = 78 - 32 = 5.11ºC
__________
9
5.11 º C x 5 = 25º C
3.-
Depth (in feet x 0.445 psi/feet) 14.7 psi
170' x 0.445 psi/feet + 14.7 psi = 90.3 Psia.
4.- 59 m x 3.3 ft/m = 194.7 ft.
14.7 psi
0.445 psi/feet
33 feet.
194' x 0.445 psi/feet = 86.6 psi 14.7 psi = 101.3 Psia.
5.- Vol. Res. (P1 + 33 feet)
x 100.
90 feet + 33 feet (123 feet)
Volume reduction. 67,4 %
6.- P1 = 1kg/cm2.
P2 = 3.5 kg/cm2 + 1 kg/cm2 = 4.5 kg/cm2.
V1 = 215 dm3.
V2 = x
T1 = 273 K + 15°C = 288 K.
T2 = 273ºk +5ºc = 278ºk
P1 x V1 = P2 x V2.
T1 T2.
V2 = P1 x V1 x T2 = 1 kg/cm² x 215 dm³ x 278 K
T1 x P2 288º K x 4.5 kg/cm2
V2 = 59.770 dm3
1,296.
V2 = 46,118 dm3.
7.- P1 = 1 kg/cm2.
P2 = 4 kg/cm2.
V1 = 140 lts/min.
V2 = x
T1 = T2.
P1 x V1 = P2 x V2
T1 T2
V2 = P1 x V1 x T2 V2 = 1kg/cm2 x 140 lts/min
T1 x P2 4 Kg/cm2.
V2 = 35 liters/min.
8.- (50 meters) )
= 1 ata = 5 ata = 1 ata = 6 ata.
(10 mts/ata.)
Rc = data x consumption of wetsuit x number of wetsuits.
9.- P1 = ata.
V2 = 1,7 mts3/min
P2 = (25 m) )
+ 1 ata = 3.5 ata.
(10 mts/ata.)
V1 = x
P1 x V1 = P2 x V2.
V1 = P2 x V2
P1
V1 = 3,5 ata. X 1,7 mtss3/min.
1 ata
V1 = 5.95 m³/min.
10.- P1 = 159 kg/cm2 + 1 kg/cm2.
P2 = x
T1 = 47º C = (273ºK + 47ºC) = 320ºK.
T2 =7ºC = (273ºk+7ºC) = 280ºk.
P1 = P2
T1 T2
P2 = P1 x T2.
T1
P2 = 160 kg/cm² x 280ºk = 44800 kg/cm² - 1 kg/cm²
320ºk 320ºk
P2 = 140 kg/cm2 Absolute pressure.
P2 = 139 kg/cm² Manometric pressure
11.- P1 = 3000 Psig + 14.7 psi = 3014.7 Psia
P2 = x
T1 = 32ºC (32ºC+273ºk) = 305ºk
T2 = 8º C (8ºC+273ºk) = 281ºk
P1 = P2
T1 T2
P2 = 2762,7 Psig.
12.- Flight of esf ( ll x d3)
( 6 )
3.1416 = 0.5236 x O3
0.5236' x 1000' 3
Flight of esf. = 523.6 ' 3
Lifting capacity = (Cyl. volume X Liquid density) - weight of the object.
Head of lift = (523.6 ' 3 x 64 lbs/ft3) - 14000 lbs
Cape of Lev = 33,510.4 lbs - 14,000 lbs
Head of lift = 19,510.4 lbs.
13.- V1 = P2 x V2
V1
P2 = 231 feet + 33 feet
= 8 ata.
33 feet
P2 = 8 ata x 1.4 ' 3 /min 11.2 cubic feet per minute
1 ata.
P2 = 11.2 cubic feet per minute.
14.- V1 = P2 x V2
P1
P2 = 297 feet + 33 feet 10 ata.
33 feet.
P1 = 10 ata x 1.4 cubic feet. 14.0 cubic feet per minute.
1 ata
P1 = 14.0 cubic feet.
V1 = 7 ata x 100 cubic feet = 700 V1 = 700 cubic feet
1 ata
16.- P2 x V2 = P1 x V3
V3 = P2 x V2
P3
V3 = 297 feet + 33 feet = 10 ata
33 feet
V3 = 10 ata x 100' 3 70 cubic feet
10 ata
V3 = 70 cubic feet
17.- P1 = P2
T1 T2
P2 = P1 x T2
T1
T1 = 32ºC + 273ºk = 305ºk
T2 = 7ºC +273ºK = 280ºk
P1 = 3000 Psig
P2 = x
P2 = 3000 psi + 14.7 psi = 205 ata
14.7 psi
P2 = 205 ata x 280ºk = (188.19 ata x 14.7 psi) - 14.7 psi
14.7 psi
P2 = 2,751.693 Psig
18.- P1 = 3000 Psia + 14.7 = 3014.7 Psia
T1 = 72º F + 460ºR = 532ºR
T2 = 170ºF + 460ºR = 630ºR
P2 = x
P2 = P1 x T1
T2
19.- P1 = P2
T1 T2
P2 = P1 x T2
T2
P1 = 2200 Psig + 14.7 Psia
T1 = 160ºF + 460ºR = 630ºR
T2 = 75ºF + 460ºR = 535ºR
P2 = x
P2 = 2214,7 Psia + 535º R = P2 =1911.07 Psia
620º R
P2 = 1911.07 - 14.7 psi
P2 = 18996.3 Psig
20.- P1 = 1 kg/cm2
P2 = 5 kg/cm2 + 1 ata = 6 kg/cm2
V1 = 110 dm3
V2 = x
T1 = T2
P1 x V1 = P2 x V2 P1 x V1 = P2 x V2 V2 = P1 x V1
T1 T2 P2
V2 = 1 ata x 110 dm3 = 18,3 dm3
6 archers
V2 = 18 dm3.
21.- P1 = 1785 psi + 14.7 psi = 1799.7 Psia
P2 = x
T1 = 140º F + 460ºR = 600º R
T2 = 140º F + 460 = 500º F
V2 = V1
P1 x V1 = P2 x V2 P1 = P2 P2 = P1 x T2
T1 T2 T1 T2 T1
P2 = 1799.7 psi x 500ºR = P2 = 1499.75 Psia
P2 = 1499.75 Psia - 14.7 Psia
P2 = 1485,05 Psia
22.- P1 = 1 ata.
V1 = 10,8 ‘
P2 = 132 + 1 ata = 5 ata
33
V2 = x
T1 = 80ºF + 460ºR = 540ºR
T2 = 40ºF + 460ºR = 500ºR
P1 x V1 = P2 x V2
T1 T2
V2 = P1 x V1 x T2
T1 x P2
V2 = 1 atm x 10.8' x 500ºR V2 = 5400'
540ºR x 5 ata 2700
V2 = 2 cubic feet
23.- Rc = area x diver consumption x number of divers
Rc = (38 mts) + 1 ata 4.8 ata x 30 lts/min 2 divers
10 m/s data
Rc = 288 liters/min
24.- Sphere roll = 1/6 II x D3
Cap limit = ( Vol cylinder x Density Liquid ) - weight body
Vol esf = 3.1416 x (2.8)³
Vol esf = 0.5236 x 21.952 m³
Vol esf = 11,494 m³ x 1.026 ton/m³
Total weight = 11,792 tons - 2.5 tons.
25.- P1 = 165 kg/cm2 + 1 kg/cm2 = 166 kg/cm2
V1 = V2
T1 = 60ºC + 273ºK = 333ºK
P2 = x
T2 = 8ºC + 273ºK = 281ºK
P1 = P2
T1 T2
P2 = P1 x T2
T1
P2 = 166 kg/cm2 x 281ºK
333 K
P2 = 140 kg/cm2 - 1 kg/cm
P2 = 139 kg/cm2
26.- A) (115 feet) + 1 ata = 4.48 ata = 129.92 lts/min
33 feet / ata
(145 feet) + 1 ata = 5.39 ata = 156.31 lts/min
33 feet / ata
C (230 feet) + 1 atm = 7.96 atm = 230.84 l/min
(33 pcs / item)
A)
P1 = 1 ata P1 x V1 = P2 x V2
V1 = x
P2 = 4.48 ata V1 = P2 x V2
V2 = 29 lts/min P1
V1 = 4,48 ata x 29 lts/min V1 = 129,92 lts/min
1 ata
B)
P1 = ata
V1 = x
P2 = 5.39 ata
V2 = 29 liters/min
V1 = 5.39 ata x 29 lts/min V1 = 156,31 lts/min
1 ata
C)
27.- V1 = V2
T1 T2
V2 = V1 x T2 V2 = 21’ 3 x 288º k
T1 298º k
V1 = 21’ 3
T1 = 25º C + 273º K = 298º K V2 = 20,295' 3.
V2 = x
T2 = 15º C + 273º K = 288º K
Initial volume = 21 cubic feet.
Final volume = 20,295 cubic feet.
Volume that is lost. 0.705 cubic feet.
28.
Volume Cylinder = 1 / 4 ll x O x L.
Vol. Cilin. = 3,1416’ x 4’ x 4,5’
4
Vol. Cilin 14,137 cubic feet.
Vol. Esf. = 1 / 6 II x O 3.
Vol. Esf. 3.1416 x 8'
6
Vol. Esf. 4,188 cubic feet.
Total volume of the body = 14.137 cubic feet 4.188 cubic feet.
18,325 cubic feet.
Cap. Lev. = ( Volume of body x Density of liquid) - weight of the body.
Cap Lev (18,325' 3 x 64 lbs./pie3) - 33 lbs. 15 kg x 2.2 lbs / kg = 33 lbs
Cap Lev 1,139.8 Pounds 1800kg x 2.2 lbs / kg = 3960 lbs
Number of drums = 3,960 lbs.
1.139 lbs.
Number of drums = 3.4 drums.
To raise the anchor, 4 drums are needed.
29.- a)
P1 x V1 = P2 x V2
T1 T2
V1 = P2 x V2
P1
P1 = 1 ata.
P2 = 7 ata
V1 = x
V2 = 2.832 lts. V1 = 7 ata x 2.832 liters = 19.824 liters.
1 ata
V 2 = 19.824 lts.
b)
V2 = P1 x V1
P2
P1 = 7 psi.
P2 = 297' + 1 ata. = 10 ata
33'
V1 = 2.832 liters. V2 = 7 atm x 2.832 lts. 1.982 lts.
V2 = x 10 years
V2 = 1.982 lts
.
30.- a) C = F - 32 = 50ºC = F - 32 = 50 x 9 = F - 32
5 9 5 9 5
90 + 32 = F ; F = 22°F
b) C = F - 32 ; C = 95 - 32 ; C = 7
5 9 5 9 5
C = 7 x 5 = 35
31.- P2 = P1 x T2
T1
P1 = 3000 Psi + 14.7 Psi = 3014.7 Psi
T1 = 50º C + 273º K = 323º K
P2 = x
T2 = 10º C + 273ºK = 283ºK
32.- Volume Body x 64 - weight
V. O. = 1 / 6 II x O3
V. C. = 1 /4 II x O2 x L ,
V. A. = 1 / 12 II O2 x h
V . O. = 1 / 6 II x 197.13 cubic feet
V. O. = 103.21 cubic feet / 2 = 51.60 cubic feet
V. C. = 1 / 4 II x 33.87 x 9.09 feet.
V. C. = 241.8 cubic feet.
V. A. = 1 / 12 II x 33.87 cubic feet x 4 feet.
V. A. = 35.46 cubic feet
Cap, from the east = (328.86 cubic feet x 64 lbs/cubic foot) - 660 lbs.
Lift capacity = 20,387 pounds.
33.- P1 x V1 = P2 x V2 V1 = P2 x V2 x T1
T1 T2 P1 x T2
V1 = x 4200 lbs. = 65,625 cubic feet
P1 = data. 64 lbs/cubic feet.
T1 = 65º F + 460º R = 525º R
T2 = 50º F + 460º R = 510º R.
P2 = 75 meters = 7.5 ata + 1 ata = 8.5 ata
10 mts/ata
V2 = 65,625 cubic feet
V1 = 8.5 ata x 65.625 cubic feet x 525º R.
1 ata x 510º R
V1 = 2,928.51 cubic feet.
510
V1 = 574.218 cubic feet.
Time = Required volume
Compressor performance.
Time = 574.218 cubic feet.
105 pie3minute
T1
V2 = x
T1 = 105º F + 460ºR = 565ºR
T2 = 38º F + 460ºR = 498ºR
P1 = P2.
V2 = 498º R 0.88
525ºR
V2= 0,88
Changing to percentage.
V2 = (0.88 %) (100 %) = 88%
Flooded volume = 100% - 88% = 12% Volume percentage
Internal.
35.- V2 = P1 x V P1 x V1 = P2 x V2
P2
P1 = 1 ata
V1 = 25 pies cub.
P2 = 3.7 ata
V2 = x
V2 = 1 atm x 25 cubic feet 6.75 cubic feet
3.7 ata.
V2 = 6.75 cubic feet.
P1 = 1 atm.
V1 = 25 cubic feet.
P2 = 5.1 ata
V2 = x
V2 = 1 atm x 25 cubic feet. 4.90 cubic feet
5.1 ata
V2 = 4.90 cubic feet
36.- V2 = P1 x V1 P1 x V1 = P2 x V2
P2
P1 = 1 ata.
V1 = 80 Dm3/min.
P2 = 4,7
T1 = T2
V2 = 1 ata x 80 dm3/min 17.02 Dm3/min.
P1
P1 = 14,7 Psi.
V1 = x
P2 = 150 feet x 0.445 Psi/feet = 66.75 Psia + 14.7 = 81.45 Psia.
V2 = 1.4 cubic feet / min.
T1 = T2
V1 = 81,45 Psia x 1,4 pies cub. / min = 7,757 cubic feet / min.
14.7 psi.
V1 = 7,757 cubic feet / min.
38.- P1 x V1 = P2 x V2
T1 T2.
V2 = P1 x V1 x T2
T1 x P2
P1 = 14,7 Psi.
V1 = 9,5 pies cúbicos / min.
T1 = 80º F + 460º R = 540º R.
V2 = x
T2 = 38º F + 460ºR = 498ºR.
P2 = 130 feet x 0.445 Psi / feet + 14.7 Psi = 72.55 Psia
V2 = 14,7 Psi x 9,5 pies cub / min x 498º R1.775 cubic feet per minute.
540º R x 72.55 Psia.
V2 = 1,775 cubic feet min.
39.- V1 = P2 x V2 P1 x V2 = P2 x V1
P1
P1 = 1 ata.
V1 = x
V2 = 2832 liters.
P2 = 7 ata.
T1 = T2
V1 = 7 ata x 2832 lts = 19.824 liters
1 ata
V1 = 19.824 lts.
Pp abs = 61.855 Psig + 14.7 Psi = 76.555 Psia.