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4 views4 pagesUnderstanding Control Systems Types
The document discusses control systems, defining them as systems that manage outputs based on inputs, categorized into open-loop and closed-loop systems. Open-loop systems operate without feedback, while closed-loop systems use feedback to maintain desired output levels. Examples of each type are provided, including traffic lights for open-loop and air conditioning units for closed-loop systems.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
4 views4 pagesUnderstanding Control Systems Types
The document discusses control systems, defining them as systems that manage outputs based on inputs, categorized into open-loop and closed-loop systems. Open-loop systems operate without feedback, while closed-loop systems use feedback to maintain desired output levels. Examples of each type are provided, including traffic lights for open-loop and air conditioning units for closed-loop systems.
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Control system
It is considered a control system if the output is controlled in such a way that it can take on a value or
change in particular in a defined way.
It doesn't matter how complex a system is in its components or in the interactions between them;
It can be considered that everyone is inside a black box and only the inputs are taken into account.
and the outputs to that box.
2. Models
A model is just a means to transfer some relationship from its real version to another.
version. Only the relationships of interest are considered for carrying out the transfer.
A mathematical model of a dynamic system is defined as a set of
equations that accurately represent the dynamics of the system.
3. Types of control systems:
3.1 Open Loop Control Systems
They are systems in which the output is not compared with the reference input, therefore, to each
reference input corresponds to a fixed operating condition.
The output signal has no effect on the input signal
Examples:
the traffic light
An example of an open loop system is the traffic light. The input signal is the time assigned to
each light (red, yellow, and green) of each of the streets. The system changes the lights according to the time
indicated, regardless of how traffic volume varies on the streets.
Most open-loop systems will be automations that we cannot call upon.
strict sense robots because, not taking into account the output, their decision-making ability
"intelligent" is very limited.
For example, an open loop irrigation system has a timer that starts it.
every day at a certain time; water the plants for a certain time after which
interrupts, regardless of whether the plants have received the right amount of water,
an excessive amount or an insufficient amount. It is a automatism, but not of a
authentic robot.
b) Automatic machines for washing clothes are a convenient example of a
device with open loop controls. The input and output variables are the degree of
dirt with which the clothes enter and the level of cleanliness with which it comes out respectively. For
performing the wash involves scheduling a series of fixed-time operations (washing, rinsing,
centrifugation, etc.) which are the calibration of the machine. Once all the time has passed.
operations, the automatic washing machine delivers the clothes with a certain degree of cleanliness, without
compare this output variable with the input variable. However, if an operator
operates the machine in such a way that it repeats the washing operations until achieving a degree
The clothing cleaning system is no longer an open loop.
c) A tank with a garden hose. As long as the tap remains open, water will flow.
The water level in the tank cannot make the valve close and therefore it is not useful for us.
for a process that requires content or concentration control.
d) When making a toast, what we do is control the toasting time of it.
entrando una variable (en este caso el grado de tostado que queremos). En definitiva, el
what we introduce as a parameter is time.
3.2 Closed-loop control systems
they are systems that maintain a prescribed relationship between the output and the reference input,
comparing them and using the difference as a means of control. What is desired is to maintain the output
constant despite changes in operating conditions.
Examples:
a) Public Lighting. The objective of public lighting is to maintain a minimum level of
street lighting at the lowest cost. To achieve this goal, two proposals can be made.
solutions: the first consists of turning on the lights at the time when
It commonly begins to darken and turns them off at dawn. Thus, you can decide
turn on the lights at 8:00 PM and turn them off at 6:30 AM. In this system, the input
(switch position change) is independent of the output (amount of light in the
street). This mechanism, simple and economical to carry out, can lead to difficulties,
since the time when it begins to get light varies according to the seasons of the year,
Additionally, on cloudy days one can have undesirable darkness. The other solution, more
effective, consists of installing a device (photoresistor, phototransistor, etc) to detect the
amount of lighting and based on this, turn on or off the street lighting. In
in this case, the input (optimal amount of light on the streets) would be compared to the output
(amount of real light on the streets) for the purpose of triggering the generated error signal or
not the light switch. Figure 8 shows both solutions.
b) An air conditioning unit is a closed-loop system, as it has a
sensor that permanently records the ambient temperature, and with a comparator, that
determine if the temperature is as desired. If it is necessary to correct it, the comparator gives the
signal for this to happen.
c) Control System of a Printing Wheel (daisy) The figure shows a
example of the control system of a printing wheel (daisy) of a processor
texts or an electronic typewriter. The daisy, which typically has 96 or 100
characters, moves to the position where the desired character 13 is located to place it
in front of the hammer for impact printing. The character selection is done on the
usual way through the keyboard. Every time a key is pressed, a
The control microprocessor calculates the address and the distance to be covered and sends the signal.
control logic for the power amplifier, which controls the motor that in turn drives the
margarita. In practice, the control signals generated by the control microprocessor
they must be able to move the daisy from one position to another quickly enough
and with a high quality of printing, which means that the position of the daisy must be
controlled with precision. A typical set of inputs and outputs is also shown for
this system. When the reference input is provided, the signal is represented as
a step. As the electric coils of the motor have inductance and the mechanical loads
they have inertia, the daisy cannot respond to the input instantly.
Typically, the daisy follows the response shown, and is set in the new
position after a time t1. The printing should not start until the daisy
it has reached the total height, if not, the character will be smudged. It then shows that
after the daisy has stopped, the period from t1 to t2 is reserved for the
printing, in such a way that the system is ready to receive a new command afterwards
of time t2
d) An example of a closed-loop control system would be the water tank that
we use to bathe ourselves.
e) A highly sensitive level regulator for a reservoir. The movement of the float produces
more or less obstruction in a jet of air or gas at low pressure. This translates to
pressure changes that affect the membrane of the stop valve, causing it to open
the closer it is to the maximum level.