CANCUN TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE

MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING

SUBJECT

Digital signal processing

PROFESSOR

Gustavo Pérez Hernández

Radar

PRESENTED BY

MORALES CARDONA JUSTO MIGUEL

KU MOO JOSE ALBERTO
ITZEL MARTINEZ SOLIS

Cancún, Quintana Roo, 14 DIC. 2015

Content
Background

What is a radar
Characteristics of the elements used in development
radar

Assembly of a radar with Arduino and Processing

Radar installation

Software used
Introduction
(background)
The radar (detection and distance measurement by radio) was developed
during World War II as a means to detect and track
aircraft and ships, Since 1945 radar has become an instrument
indispensable meteorological not only for researchers but also for
the meteorologists involved in the daily observation of the weather.
The radar is particularly valuable in detection, tracking, and forecasting
severe storms; storms that cause great desires provoked by
sudden floods, tornadoes or hurricanes. Furthermore, since the radar can measure
precipitation over large areas has become a very useful tool
useful for hydrometeorologists and hydrologists. It is a system that uses waves
electromagnetic waves to measure distances, altitudes, directions, and speeds
of static objects
Or mobiles like aircraft, ships, motor vehicles, formations
meteorological and the
Own land. Its operation is based on emitting a radio pulse, which
is reflected in the
Objective and is typically received in the same position as the sender. Starting from
this "eco" is
It can extract a large amount of information. The use of waves
electromagnetic with various
Wavelengths allow for the detection of objects beyond the range of other types of
emissions (light
Visible, sound, etc.). Its areas of application include the
meteorology, the control
Of air and land traffic and a great variety of military uses.

What is a radar?
The radar is a system consisting of a transmitter and a radio receiver.
synchronized, which emits electromagnetic waves and processes the waves
reflected for use in the detection and localization of objects such as
aircraft or ships, 0 in the detection of surface characteristics such as
like terrestrial, lunar, or planetary.

The basic electronic principle for the functioning of radar is very similar
all about the reflection of sound waves. If a sound is emitted in the direction of a
An object that reflects sound (like a rocky ceiling or a cave) is possible.
listen to the echo and, knowing the speed of sound in air and the time of
delay, the relative position and the distance at which it can be calculated
find the object, based on the relationship between space, speed, and time.
The radar uses pulses of electromagnetic energy, The energy of
Radio frequency (RF) is transmitted to and reflected from a reflective object.
A small fraction of the reflected energy, called ECO as in the
In the case of sound waves, they return to the radar equipment. The radar equipment analyzes
the echo to determine the direction and distance of the reflecting object. Through the
Radar is possible:

Detection of fixed or moving objects

Determination of the distance to the object (range or scope) as well as its
altitude and orientation with respect to the transmitter.
Determination of speed and direction of the object's motion.

Characteristics of the
elements used in the
desarrollo del radar
Arduino nano
Microcontroller Atmel ATmega168 or ATmega328
Operating Voltage
5V
(logic level)
Input Voltage
7-12 V
(recommended)
Input Voltage (limits) 6-20 V
Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
Analog Input Pins 8
DC Current per I/O
40 mA
Pin
16 KB (ATmega168) or 32 KB (ATmega328) of which
Flash Memory
2 KB used by bootloader
SRAM 1 KB (ATmega168) or 2 KB (ATmega328)
EEPROM 512 bytes (ATmega168) or 1 KB (ATmega328)
Clock Speed 16 MHz
Dimensions 0.73" x 1.70"
Length 45 mm
Width 18 mm
Arduino Nano schematic
SG90 servomotor

The servo SG90Tower Pro a high-quality mini servo and

tiny dimensions, moreover it is quite
economic. It works with most cards
control electronics with microcontrollers
y furthermore with the majority of radio systems
commercial controls. It works especially well
in aircraft given their characteristics of torque, size, and weight.

The SG90 servo has a universal 'S' type connector that fits perfectly.
in most radio control receivers including Futaba, JR,
GWS, Cirrus, Hitec and others. The wires in the connector are distributed from the
next form: Red = Food (+), Brown = Food (-) or earth,
Orange = PWM Signal. Ideal for early learning experiences and
practices with servos

This type of servo is, as its power requirements are quite low.
and it can be powered with the same power supply as the circuit
for control. For example, if it is connected to an Arduino board, it can be powered
during testing from the PC's USB port without any problems.
 Characteristics of
Servo SG90Tower Pro

Dimensions (L x W x H) =
22.0 x 11.5 x 27 mm (0.86 x
0.45 x 1.0 inches
Weight: 9 grams
Weight with cable and connector:

10.6 grams
Torque at 4.8 volts: 16.7 oz/in
0.1.2 kg/cm
Operating voltage: 4.0 to 7.2 volts
Rotation speed at 4.8 volts: 0.12 sec / 60 º
Universal connector for most radio control receivers
Compatible with cards like Arduino and microcontrollers that
They operate at 5 volts.

Ultrasonic sensor HC-SR04

It is a sensor that will allow detecting objects or calculating

distances between different points. The HC-ultrasonic sensor
SR04 is one of the most widely used sensors due to its low
cost (1.88 USD) and detection range as it is
quite wide. It ranges from 2 cm to 5 m at a resolution or precision of 3
mm.

This sensor works the same way as a radar as it sends pulses to

high frequency in this case ultrasonic. It is composed of two
piezoelectrics: a transmitter and receiver both in the shape of a cylinder. The
the transmitter is responsible for emitting the ultrasonic signal to be reflected back to

through an object reaching the receiving cylinder. Because the signal it

it will take some time to return since it is issued, it is obvious to think that the

the speed at which it will reach the receiver is closely related to the
transmission and bounce distance.
It can be expressed mathematically as d = 170 (m/s) * t

This can be demonstrated starting from the velocity equation: v = 2d/t where
d is equal to the distance it takes for the signal to reach the object. Assuming
that the speed of sound is approximately 340 m/s, then it
you can get more or less the distance at which the object is.

As an ultrasonic sensor, it operates in the 40 kHz range almost

double the sampling frequency for an audio signal. This means
that it is impossible for humans to perceive this signal through their ears
since it exceeds the bandwidth of the human ear which is up to
approximately 20 kHz. An ultrasonic sensor can operate in areas
where there is complete darkness since the lights do not affect or stop its
operation.

Effective angle

This sensor presents a graph similar to that of a radiation pattern, with

this information can determine at what angle from an initial reference it
they can achieve better results in the readings. The radiation pattern is
 a graph that presents important properties based on coordinates
spatial, generally spherical. The most relevant property in this type
the graph is the energy distribution, that is, how many dB we have in
function of a reference point along a radius that does not change. For
This case discusses at what distance an object can be detected based on
of the angle.

The effective angle for this sensor is 15°, which indicates that the sensor will be able to

detect objects at a range of 30°, 15° to the right and left of

zero angle. Below I present the image:

Considerations
o Before connecting it to the network, first make sure it is connected to the
reference or well: ground.

o Remember that all sensors of this type have a blind spot.

to avoid unstable outputs, use the sensor to measure distances further
from 80 cm from its front.

o Temperature is a factor that can affect sensor readings, the

the speed of propagation of a mechanical wave decreases as the
temperature rises.
Now that you have learned a little about this sensor, let's do a small
Arduino project for you to observe its operation.
 Installation of a radar with
arduino and processing
Materials

Ultrasonic sensor
Servomotor
Arduino
Processing

For the development of our project, we will use the ultrasonic module.

It is a low-cost ultrasonic distance sensor.

object detection is
By measuring the time it takes for an ultrasound beam to bounce off
the surface of a
Object. Internally it consists of a microcontroller and two capsules.
40kHz ultrasonic. One for shooting and another for receiving the echo.

The main features are:

Measurement range: Between 1.7 and 400cm.

Supply voltage: 5v

Frequency: 40kHz.

Minimum duration of the trigger pulse: 1

Echo pulse duration: 100-25000us

Waiting time between measurements: 20ms

Two modes of operation:

Mode1: Compatibility with the SRF04 (4 wires).
Mode2: Three-thread mode.

The sensor behaves like an SRFO4 using an Echo output line and
another
For the Trigger input.
The operation of this module is very simple; it is powered with 5V and it
must supply
A pulse of 10ps to activate the module through the tring pin.
The module will launch 8 bursts of ultrasonic pulses at 40 kHz and the echo output
will move to the high level until receiving an echo which is when it will return to a
low level therefore the echo output will be a pulse whose width will be
proportional to the distance from an object
Simulated Arduino Assembly
Real Mounting
 Software used
Arduino IDE

Since the Arduino is like a small computer that runs a series

from codes that we have previously entered, we will need a program
para poder meter estos códigos a la propia placa. Este programa se llama IDE,
What does 'Integrated Development Environment' mean?
Integrado"). Este IDE estará instalado en nuestra PC, es un entorno muy
easy to use and we will write the program we want the Arduino to
execute. Once written, we will load it through the USB and Arduino will start.
to work independently.
Description of the code operation of the project
in the Arduino IDE
The Arduino IDE gives the logic of movement from left to right to the
servo covering a range of motion of 180 degrees (pan 0 - 180
(degrees), the program uses pin 9 for servo control, the servo
sg90 is connected to a regulated external power source of 5 volts to avoid
excessive disturbances in the readings. The ultrasonic sensor is
connect with 4 pins (gnd, 5vcd, echo, trig), echo is declared in the ide
as echoPin and trig as initPin, with echo being the receiving part of
the wave (declared as an "INPUT") and trig emits the wave
(declared as an "OUTPUT"), the serial monitor can be
used at different baud rates, in this case it was used with 9600 and
with 250000.
 In the program, logic was given to the ultrasonic sensor; pulses are emitted.
with "delayMicroseconds(50);", 50 microsecond pulses placed in
HIGH and LOW, the time it takes for the wave to return is measured, its
delay and the distance at which the object is located is calculated
A 'X' and a 'Y' are printed on the serial monitor to separate the
current readings 'Current position of the servo' and 'Average of readings'
of the sensors

Processing IDE

Processing is aprogramming languageydevelopment environment

integratedopen sourcebased onJavaeasy to use, and that serves
as a means for teaching and project productionmultimediae
interactive digital design. It was started byBen FryyCasey Reasstarting from
reflections on theAesthetics and Computation Groupled by the MIT Media Lab
byJohn Maeda.

It is distributed under the GNU GPL license.

Since it is based on Java, it can inherit all its functionalities.

becoming a powerful tool when tackling projects
complex
Description of how the project code works
in the Processing IDE
For the connection of Arduino with Processing, the library must be used.
import [Link].*; and it takes the serial that I used in that
moment the arduino 'Serial arduinoport;'

The screen is sized in this case "size(750, 450);", the design of the
that will be displayed on the screen, in this case a series of lines in
ellipse shape "ellipse(radius, radius, 750, 750);" is centered, and is given the
correct spacing between lines, in short, the format is given to what is
present on screen.
Regarding the panning action on the radar screen, the angle is associated.
real of the servo with the angle given in the program, in the program
a radar style drag effect is applied to the bar. A range is established.
representation in the radar console, exemplifying objects
close like black parts in the reading and the green parts like the
reading from where something nearby is not found
Image of the processing console