HAND TOOLS

INTRODUCTION
This chapter contains information about some
hand tools used by a mechanic of
aviation. This is a draft of the basic knowledge
necessary for the use of manual tools and
most common measurements used in aircraft repair.
 GENERAL USE TOOLS
Hammers and tricks
The figure presents some
two hammers that the mechanic
of aviation may have
need to use. Hammers
metal heads have their
measures according to the
weight of the head without the handle.

It will occasionally be
necessary to use a hammer of
face mask, which has a
surface made of wood,
tin, lead
 Screwdrivers
Screwdrivers
The screwdriver can be
classified by your
format, type and
length of the rod. A
the figure shows different
types of screwdrivers.
When to use a key
of common fissure, the largest
key whose shank will give a
good fixation on the screw,
what should be turned is
selected. A key
of common crack should
fill at least 75%
from the screw's gap.
 Screwdrivers
The two types of
screws with fitting
in the most use head
common are: the Phillips and the
Reed and Prince.
Screwdrivers
 Pliers
There are several types of pliers, but the
most used in repair work of
aircraft are: diagonal, adjustable, of
tip and duck bill. The size of the
pliers are determined by their
total length, usually between 5 and
12 inches.
 Pliers
The adjustable pliers
combination of 6
inches is the size
preferred for use in
repair work. He
allows a great
opening of the mortises,
sliding on the axis, to
grab objects from
large diameters. The
combination pliers are
found in us
sizes from 5 to 10
inches.
 Pliers
Nose pliers
chat, the mordants
they are squares,
quite long and,
usually, well
ranhurados, and your
the joint is firm.
The needle-nose pliers
round ones are used
to twist the metal.
 Pliers
Needle-nose pliers
they have the mordants
rounded to the middle and,
of various lengths.
They are used for
secure objects or make
adjustments in places of
reduced space.
The needle nose pliers
duck, resemble the
duck's beak to have
the fine mordants,
flat and with the shape
of duck bills.
 Pliers
Gas pliers, parrot beak or for
water pump, they are adjustable pliers, with the
sliding axis and the angled jaws with
the fists.
These pliers are used to tighten nuts.
jagged edges of the electrical system, tubes and
countless parts.
Pliers
 Pliers
Diagonal cutting pliers are usually called
of 'diagonal' and have short chisels with blades
of cutting, forming a small angle with the wrist.
This tool can be used to cut wires,
pins, rivets, small screws and cotter pins, being,
besides that.
Pliers
 Punctures
The punches are used for
mark drawing centers
of circles, start points of
drilling, to make holes in
metal sheets, for
transfer drill hole locations
in templates and to remove
rivets, pins or screws.
Solids or hollow are both.
types commonly used. The
solids are classified as
in accordance with the format of your
points. The figure
 Key
The keys that are used most frequently
aircraft maintenance is classified
like: mouth keys, box keys, necklace
star keys, socket wrenches, adjustable wrenches
and special keys. The Allen key, although it is
used, is rarely needed in one type
special screws. One of the metals
widely used in the manufacturing of these
tools are chrome-vanadium steel.
 Wrench / Fixed
As solid keys, no
adjustable with the opening
parallel in one or
both sides are
known as keys
from the mouth. These keys
they can have their openings
parallel with the wrist,
or forming an angle
of 90º; the majority
they have an angle of
15º.
 Necklace Key / Groove
The necklace keys are
very tools
used because of the
your advantage in places
narrow. They are
cash calls or
color because they involve
completely the pig
or the head of the screw.
Many of the keys necklace
are made with 12 points
so that they can be
used in places that
they only allow one
displacement of 15º.
 Combination Wrench
The combined key
has in one of the
point a key
color and in the other one a
from mouth, being
both from the same
measure.
 Sockets
The socket key is made in two parts:
–1) Socket, which is the part placed over the nut or the head of the
screw
–2) Handle, which is fitted into the socket. Many types of handles,
Extensions and unions are available to enable the use of the
socket key in almost all locations or positions.
 Adjustable Wrench
The adjustable wrench is a
manual use tool
that has smooth biting and is
used as a key of
mouth. A mordant is fixed, but the
the other can be moved by
an endless, in a notched sector
in the fist. The opening of the
mordents can vary from zero to
1/2 inch or more. The angle
The wrist opening is 22.
1/2º. Although versatile, it is not
intended to replace the keys
from the mouth, collar or socket
standardized. When using
any adjustable wrench, the force
of traction on the wrist side, which
it has the fixed mordent of the key, it is
always exercised.
 Special keys
Hook Keys
The category of keys
specials include the key of
hook, or the torque wrench and the
chaveallen.
The hook key is for
a round pig with a
series of notches cut into the
outer border.
Some hook keys
they are adjustable to fix on
screws of various diameters.
The hook-shaped key
the 'U' has two hooks on the
face of the key for
they will adapt to the indentations of the
face of the pig or plug.
Special keys
Hook Keys
 Special keys
Allen Wrenches
Most of the screws
headless are of the type
They must be Allen.
installed and removed
with an Allen key.
They are bars
hexagonal in shape
of an 'L'; they have the
measures from 3/64 to 1/2
inch and they are
introduced into the fitting
hexagonal of those types
of screws.
 Special keys
Torque Wrenches / Torque Meters
The occasions when a certain
pressure must be applied to a nut
or screw. A wrench should be used
of torque, or torque wrench. The wrench of
torque is a precision tool
consisting of a grip with an index finger
of torque and appropriate adapters. It
measuring the amount of twisting force or
to be applied in a nut or
screw.
 Special keys
Torque Wrenches
The three main types
common keys of
torque or torque wrench
they are: flexible bar,
rigid structure and that of
ratchet (click)
 TOOL FOR CUTTING METAL
Manual scissors
There are many types
of manual scissors,
and each type
execute a job
different. Scissors
stripes, curves, beak of
falcon and aviation,
they are the most common
in use
 METAL CUTTING TOOLS
Manual scissors
Straight scissors are used to cut in a line.
straight, when the distance is not large
sufficient to use a guillotine, and for
cut the outer part of a curve. The others
types are used to cut the inner part of
a curve or rays.
Scissors should never be used to
cut very hard metal sheets.
The aviation scissors are designated
especially for cutting aluminum alloys
hot treated and stainless steel.
 METAL CUTTING TOOLS
Manual scissors
Unlike the saws, the
scissors do not remove
any material when
the cut is made, but
tiny fractures many
times occur throughout
of the cut. Therefore, cuts
should be made at 1/32
of the inch, apart
from the marked line, and the
finish must be
made with a file of
hand up to the marked line.
 METAL CUTTING TOOLS
Saw arches
The saw arch
common has a
blade, a bow and a
fist. The fist can
to be found in
two styles, the handle
type of gun and the
straight end.
The blades are made of high carbon steel or tungsten steel, and
they are found in sizes ranging from 15 to 40 centimeters
(6 to 16 inches) in length.
The pitch of a saw blade indicates the number of teeth per
inch. Steps of 14, 18, 24, and 32 teeth per inch are the
most used.
 Chisels
Chisels are tools for
cuts made of hard steel, and that
can be used to cut and
plane any metal more
softer than themselves.
The measure of a chisel
cold rolled is determined
pela largura da parte cortante.
The length may vary, but
they are rarely found
smaller chisels than 12
centimeters (5 inches) or
greater than 20 centimeters (8
inches).
The cutting angle should be
60º to 70º
 Limes
Lima is a tool
manual or mechanical
consisting of a hard rod
hardened steel and
seasoned with grooves,
used for roughing out others
parts,
The files are manufactured in
a wide variety of
formats and sizes.
The cutting of the files must be
considered, when
selecting them for the
various types of jobs and of
materials.
 Limes
Limes have three distinct classifications:
Your lengths that are measured
removing the ear.
Their species or names reference with
the relative thickness of the teeth.
-Your cuts.
Simple cut
Double cut
 Limes
As for the shape, files can be flat,
parallel, half-cane, round, square or
triangular, in order to fit the
surface on which they will work.
As for the purpose they serve, the files
can be divided into:
Bastards are meant to cut a large
amount of material;
Second-cut files are intended to make the
approach to the desired form;
–Moulds for perfect finishing of the piece.
Flat Lime
Half moon
Square Lime
Round Lima
Lime tree
Triangular Lima
 Care with the files
Choose the appropriate file for the material and the
work to be carried out.
Keep the files separated from each other.
to avoid being damaged.
Keep the files in dry places because the
rust will corrode the tip of the teeth.
Keep the files clean - hit with the tip of the
lime against the bench after executing each
five strikes, to release and remove the filings.
Use the steel brush to keep them clean and
without chips.
 DRILLING MACHINES
Electric and pneumatic drilling machines are
available in various formats and sizes for
meet most of the needs.
Pneumatic machines are the favorites.
for use near flammable materials
 Brocas
The drill is a tool
a sharp point that is turned to
drill holes in the materials.
The tip of the drill is the point.
that will be fixed to the mandrel of the
manual drill.
rod formats used in
manual machines are the
is straight and squared or
pua.
Conical rods are
generally used in
drilling machines of
column or countertop.
 Brocas
The angle at which the tip
the drill bit is sharp
call of the angle of
tip of the drill.
In standard drills,
used to cut steel and
cast iron, the angle
it should be 59º from
of the drill axis. For
quick hurricanes in
soft materials, must-
if using angles more
sharp.
 Brocas
The brocas must be
sharp at the first sign
of loss of the cut. For the
majority of the machines of
to drill, a drill with the
cutting angle of 118º
(59º on each side of the
center) will be enough; no
meanwhile, when breaking through
soft materials, a
cutting angle of 90º
can be more efficient.
 Typical procedures for sharpening
brocas
1 - Adjust the tool support
grinder for a height
convenient for supporting the back
from the hand while grinding.
Keep the drill between the thumb
and the right hand indicator or of the
left; and grab the body of the
broca, near the stem with the
another hand.
•3 -Put your hand on the support of
tools with the center line
from the broca, forming an angle of
59° with the cutting face of the stone
the emery. We lowered
slightly the tip of the stem of
Broca.
 Typical procedures for sharpening
brocas
•4 -Vaguely place the
cutting edge of the drill
meeting with the stone of
grind. Gradually go
lowering the drill bit rod,
while she is being spun in the
clockwise
watch. Maintain pressure
against the surface of the grindstone,
only until it is reached the
lateral part of the drill.
•5 - Check the result of the
sharpening with a gauge, for
determine if the edges of
are the cuts the same or not
length, and if the angle is
of 59º.
 Brocas
The diameter of a drill bit can be
considered in the following ways:
Decimal millimeter
Inch Fraction
–Numbers and Letters

See the table below

 Stretchers
They are tools used
to adjust and widen
holes for a measurement
exact. The expanders
manuals have the tip of the
haste in a format
square for what
can be rotated with
a unraveler or handle
similar.
The various types of
stretchers are
shown in the figure.
 Stretchers
•A hole that needs to be adjusted for
a precise measurement must be drilled with 0.003 to
0.007 inches less than the measurement
desired. A cut that removes more than
0.007 inches offers a lot of resistance to
extender and should not be attempted.
When adjusting a hole, we turn the reamer.
only in the direction of the firm cut and
constantly avoiding vibration or marks and
cuts in the walls of the hole.
 Scrapers
They are cutting tools.
in conical form a
depression around a
furo, to allow for a
bolt or screw stay in
same plan of the surface of the
material.
Scrapers are made with
multiple angles, so that these
they match those of
scraped heads of the
rebites and screws. The
standard countersink angle
shown in the figure is 100º
 SCAFFOLDINGS
There are special scarifiers with limit stops that are
adjustable for any desired depth, and whose
cutters are interchangeable, so that holes can be made
with the most varied angles of conicity.
Some skimmers with a stop have an adjustment device
micrometric (in increments of 0.001 inches) for
adjustment of the cutting depth.