1·· What is the transmission ratio of a gear and how can it be measured?

The steering transmission ratio is the relationship between the angle of rotation of the steering wheel and the
angle at which the wheels turn. It is the gear ratio that the set has
direction after acting all its mechanisms: steering wheel, steering box, control rods,
etc.
The transmission ratio is obtained by measuring the angle turned by the steering wheel (α) and the one obtained.
in the steering wheels (β).

Explain how a rack and pinion works and how to adjust it.
pinion and rack.

The rack and pinion steering is the most commonly used steering system in cars.
small because the steering column and the steering wheel are located behind the front axle.
Mechanically it is easy to install in the vehicle and has fewer bars or articulated links than
the other types of address.

In the rack and pinion direction, the clearance of the pinion can be adjusted with the rack.
the zipper is pressed against the pinion by a semicup and a calibrated spring. When increasing
the spring pressure, the force of the sleeve against the rack is greater correcting it from this
adjust the clearance between the pinion and the rack.

3·· Explain the mission that the steering tie rods perform and name the parts that make it up.
componen.

The steering linkage transmits the linear movement of the steering box.
up to the wheel hubs. The suspension that a vehicle has depends on the type of chassis
what a mountain.

The pieces that make up the trussing are the following:

Control bars.

Steering tie rods.

Adjustment sleeves.

–Angular levers.
Kneecaps.

What is the center of rotation in the trajectory followed by a vehicle?

During the vehicle's movement, all four steerable wheels will rotate parallel to each other, that is,
without convergence or divergence. When starting a curve, the inner wheels must turn
with a greater angle than the outer ones and always perpendicular to the extended axis O of the axis
rear.
5. Create an explanatory sketch of the battle and the route of the vehicles.
The track is the distance between the wheels of the same axle measured from the center axis of the wheel, and
the battle is the distance between wheels of different axes (figure 11.24). The front and rear tracks
of a vehicle can be the same or different. In contrast, the front and rear battles must
to always be the same.

Note the angles that the front axle wheels and the rear axle wheels can have.
of a car. Why are the angles not the same on the two axes?

The wheels of the cars are not completely vertical, nor parallel, to the axis.
longitudinal of the vehicle.
In particular, the steering wheels do not rotate around a vertical axis, but rather around a
inclined axis. The angles that the wheels and the axles of the spindles form with the planes
horizontal and vertical lines serve to obtain the best driving conditions, that is to say,
to avoid dragging and the consequent wear of the tires, to improve the
stability, to achieve a smooth and progressive effort in the direction and to facilitate the return
from the same after a curve.
Wheel convergence angle (in English: toe-in) - Angle formed by the median planes
from the wheels with the longitudinal axis of the vehicle. When the two planes approach towards the part
At the front of the vehicle, there is convergence; when they separate, there is divergence. Normally
the measurement is not carried out through the angle, but as the incidence segment of the pivots or
to cester.
The convergence of the front wheels in rear-wheel drive cars is used for
to offset the loads on the quadrilateral of the axle due to the tilt of the wheels
and the inflections of the front bridge on the horizontal plane. The maximum convergences are
and in fast vehicles taking into account the value of the inclination angle of
the wheels.
In the case of front-wheel drive cars, the driving wheels may present
null convergence or a slight divergence. This solution is adopted because the wheels
guidelines, due to the motor force applied to them, tend to converge. The wheels
The rear wheels of front-wheel drive cars are always convergent, to improve the
stability of the rear train in the lateral direction.
drop or camber ~k (positive)
Caster angle - Angle, medium with respect to the
vertical, so that the axis of the pivot of the spindle faces the front of the vehicle. The object
to bring the intersection of the axes of the pivots with the ground in front of the centers of
tire support is (the same as the pivot inclination angle) that is to say, to make
that for any displacement, voluntary or not, of the wheels from the driving position
rectilinear, the dynamic actions on them tend to bring them back to the initial position.
Inclination or fall angle of the wheel (in English: camber angle) - Angle formed by the plane
middle of the wheel with the vertical. When the vehicle is in straight motion, the planes
the axes of the wheels are not parallel to each other, but rather converge downwards or upwards. The
The angle is positive if the wheels converge downward, and negative if they converge upward.
The positive camber of the wheels emerged to prevent the hubs from coming out and was used to
approximate the tire support center to the intersection point of the spindle axis with
the ground, thus reducing driving effort: in the past, the slope always had
very high positive values. In the 1960s, the trend was to use slopes
null or negative due to adherence and tire wear.
King Pin Angle - Angle
formed in the vehicle's transverse plane by the axis of the knuckle pivot (that is, the axis
around which the wheel driven by the direction rotates) with the vertical.
With this angle, two objectives are achieved: just like the angle of incidence, it determines a
approximation of the tire support center to the intersection of the pivot axis with the ground
(reducing the driving effort); moreover, it determines the stability in the trajectory
from the movement of the vehicle, in the sense that for each movement of the steering, new ones are created
static forces that tend to bring the car to a straight-line driving position.
All these angles generally have moderate values, but it is enough that one of them
It is incorrect to cause inconveniences in the directional stability of the car, in the
braking, on road stability and tire wear. It is even possible
that abnormal vibrations occur in the steering wheel.
In the design of a vehicle, these angles cannot be fixed separately, but at least
in part, they are dependent on each other. To ensure they only act when the vehicle is running,
they must be calculated based on variable dynamic values according to the suspension limits, the
speed, the load, etc. The systems for their measurement can be mechanical, optical and
electronics.

7. Explain what wheel alignment is and how it is adjusted.

The convergence in millimeters is the measurable difference between the front part of the tires.
and the rear part, taking the measurement at the same height as the tire.

Convergence has two main objectives:

Ensure that the wheels turn parallel, with 0 convergence when the vehicle is in motion.

Compensate for the deformations that occur in the elastic joints (silentblocks).
The convergence of the axes is determined by the vehicle manufacturer in millimeters and degrees with
the admissible tolerances.

The front axle convergence is adjustable in all models, acting on the

tickets from the address

8. Make a sketch of the angles of fall, exit, and advance, and explain the mission it carries out.
each angle in the geometry of axes and direction.
 FALL
It is the angle of vertical inclination of the wheel with respect to the horizontal plane (the plane where
It supports the wheel), it is also called the knuckle angle.

Mission: to compensate for the angle formed by the wheels when the body is subjected to load or
it acts the suspension regarding the vertical axis of the wheel.

General adjustment margins: 0º +/- 30'

EXIT

Angle that the pivot forms with the vertical plane of the wheel.

Mission: to avoid overexertion in the suspension and steering tie rods, acting together
With the entry angle, the exit angle favors the reversibility of the wheel and the support of
the wheel with the ground.
 ADVANCE

Angle formed by the extension of the pivot with respect to the vertical of the wheel in order to
cut in front of the wheel's support plane, achieving a towing effect giving great
fixation on the direction.

General quota +3º +/- 30'

A mirrored excess of the roadway to the direction if the angle of advance is excessive.

9. Note the checks that need to be made to the suspension, steering, and wheels.
before performing an alignment of axes and wheels.

Verification
Thus, except for apparent deformation from long use, excessive load, or impact, the measurements that
they must be checked are: progress, drop, and convergence, and precisely in this order, because
each one influences the following ones. If care is taken not to hit the wheels tangentially
against curbs, large stones, etc., it is not easy for the direction to go out of control due to
twisting of the axle or bending of the rods and steering levers, and therefore, the adjustment is
will almost always limit to convergence, the easiest to measure and correct. The convergence to
to be a resulting quota directly from the other three quotas (output, drop, and advance), any
variation in any of them produces a deviation in the convergence. This bound being the
unique and easy to correct in the vehicle, for small deviations in the exit dimensions, fall
and advance, in many workshops due to the difficulty of correction in them, action is taken by correcting the
convergence to compensate for the conjugate effect of the set.
The symptoms that indicate an alteration of the levels and suggest special review are the
following:

Wear of the tires more pronounced on one half of the tread.

in the other: the cause will be an excessive falling angle if the wear is outward from the
vehicle; if on the inside, insufficient fall.

A chafing with wear on the sharp edge, if this is oriented inward.

vehicle denotes excessive convergence; if outside, lack.

In general, any anomaly in tire wear advises checking.

immediately the alignment of the wheels.
Maximum turning radius
The distance between supports (a) known as the track and the length and inclination of the
coupling arms based on the vehicle's battle (b), which corresponds to the
distance between axes determines one of the characteristics of the steering, such as its radius of
maximum turn. This radius is determined so that the wheels can turn describing
a circle with a diameter four times greater than the width of the vehicle.

The turning angle (Avi) for a certain turning radius (R), according to the triangles
rectangles 0AB and 0CD of the lower figure, is obtained by the trigonometric function of the
angles formed by the wheels based on the vehicle's track width (a) and the wheelbase (b).
Teniendo en cuenta que el radio de giro mínimo en los vehículos suele ser aproximadamente
the double of the battle or distance between axes: R = 2 b. The maximum turning angle between the
wheels is:

Influence of tire condition on steering

It has been studied, when explaining the direction limits, the great influence of a pressure of
defective tire. A tire with low pressure is the worst defect that can be
allowing themselves on the wheels, regarding their economy. In addition to wearing out unevenly, due to
the edges of the tread band, as shown in the figure below, detail 1, the
destruction is very rapid, due to the great deformation to which the cover is subjected that, when
Rotating produces tensions and deformations with friction on the sides that raise its temperature.
producing the cut of the fabrics that are used to reinforce the rubber.

Excessive pressure makes the steering smoother, but increases the vibrations and
increasing fatigue in all joints, unevenly wearing down the covering due to the
center of the tread band.

Defects in wheel alignment greatly influence rapid and uneven wear of

the covers and even with the mere observation of a prematurely worn tire a
The technician can deduce, approximately, the threshold or thresholds that have led to the wear.
abnormal.
In general terms, we can say that, except for the progress that, although excessive, does not produce
tire wear, the other dimensions usually produce the following:

An abnormal drop, both positive and negative, creates diameters in the tire.
variables that make the smaller diameter rub against the ground wearing down
with great speed the edges of the tread (outer part with excess camber
and inner part with exaggerated negative slope).

The output is usually fixed in almost all modern vehicles, and it influences the drop because of
Whether the first one deforms or not, the wear produced by the exit is the same.
that those who owe it to the fall.

The convergence, even if it varies little, greatly influences the wear of the covers, if
this is small wears out the inner part of the right tire and if it is above the
due to wear on the outer side of the left tire, in vehicles with steering
on the left and the opposite, in those that roll on the right. The wear due to
at this level, it produces a slight rim that can be felt by running a hand over it
tread band from inside out, and due to an abnormal divergence it
appreciate by running your hand in the opposite direction.
 Abnormal wear is always caused by the friction of the tire with the pavement and it is
It is very difficult to accurately establish the cause that may produce it, as there can be several.
time.
In addition to those mentioned by default of the limits, they also influence in a very
accused, inflation pressure, chassis deformation, etc.

10·· Identify in figure 11.37 the elements of the steering system.

SCREW
CASE
ENDLESS

Protectors
of plastic and BRIDA
those braces METALLICA

Terminals
INTERNAS TERMINALS
INTERNAL

LABELS OF
LABELS OF
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The
ADDRESS
ADDRESS

I love you ROLL

SCREW OF
SUPPORT OF Retainer
ADJUSTMENT TOP
Rack