“Performance analysis of dq-PLL based controller for

synchronization of grid tied inverter”

Project report submitted

in

Partial fulfillment of requirement for the award of

degree of

Master of Engineering
in

Electrical Engineering (Electrical Power System)

Submittedby

Miss. Prajakta Ravindra Narkhede

Under the Guidance of

Prof. (Dr.) P. J. Shah

Department of Electrical Engineering

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon.
Affiliated to Kavayitri Bahinabai Chaudhari North Maharashtra
University, Jalgaon (M.S.)

2019-2020
 SSBT’S COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY, BAMBHORI,JALGAON – 425001(M.S.)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project work titled, “Performance

analysis of dq-PLL based controller for synchronization of grid tied
inverter”, submitted by Prajakta Ravindra Narkhede in the partial
fulfillment of Master of Engineering in Electrical (Electrical Power
System)has been satisfactorily carried out under my guidance as per the
requirement of Kavayitri Bahinabai Chaudhari North Maharashtra
University, Jalgaon.

Place: Jalgaon
Date: / /2020

Prof. (Dr.) P. J. Shah Prof. V. S. Pawar

Guide HOD

Dr. K. S. Wani

Principal
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that I have formed completed and written the dissertation
titled “Performance analysis of dq-PLL based controller for synchronization
of grid tied inverter”. It has not previously submitted for the basis of the award
of any degree or diploma or either similar title of this for other
diploma/examining body/university.

Place: Jalgaon

Date: / /2020

Miss. Prajakta Ravindra Narkhede

 DISSERTATION APPROVAL SHEET

PRAJAKTA RAVINDRA NARKHEDE has done the appropriate work

for the fulfillment for the award of Master of Engineering in Electrical
Engineering(Electrical Power System) of Kavayitri Bahinabai Chaudhari North
Maharashtra University, Jalgaon,(M.S.) India.

Place: Jalgaon

Date:/ /

Guide

Examiner
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is a great pleasure and satisfaction to present the dissertation report

on “Performance analysis of dq-PLL based controller for
synchronization of grid tied inverter” towards the partial fulfilment of
the degree of Master of Engineering in Electrical Engineering (Electrical
Power System) course as presented by the Kavayitri Bahinabai Chaudhari
North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon.

It takes for me as a matter of pleasure to express my sincere thanks to

Prof. (Dr.) P. J. Shah for his guidance and suggestions during the
completion of this project work. I don’t have words to express my feelings
for his timely guidance and the help for material collection and books for
the project work.

I am truly grateful to Prof. V. S. Pawar, Professor and Head of

Electrical Engineering Department for encouraging, inspiring and helping
during
M.E. dissertation work.
I would also give my sincere thanks to Principal Dr. K. S. Wani, for
giving me an opportunity to do my post-graduation in this reputed college.
Finally, I am thankful to all the staff members of the department, my
parents, friends, who have helped me directly or indirectly to make this
project successful.
.

Prajakta [Link]

ME IInd year (EPS)

 INDEX

Chapter Contents Page No.

No.
Abstract I
List of abbreviations II
List of figure III-IV
List of table V
1. INTRODUCTION 1-6
1.1 Introduction 1-2
1.2 Different power quality issues of the Renewable Energy System 2-3
1.3 Effect of poor synchronization on grid system 3
1.4 Electrical standards for synchronization 3-6
1.4.1 IEEE 1547 3-6
1.4.2 IEC61727 5-6
1.5 Dissemination Contribution 6
1.6 Objectives 6
1.7 Conclusion 6
2. LITERATURE REVIEW 7-20
2.1 Introduction 7-20
2.2 Conclusion 20
3. VOLTAGE SOURCE INVERTER 21-30
3.1 Basic dc to ac conversion 21
3.2 Types of voltage source inverter 21-25
3.3 Design of inverter 26-29
3.3.1 Topology of power circuit 26-27
3.3.2 Design of filter 27-29
3.8 Conclusion 29-30
4. CONTROLLING OF INVERTER 31-38
4.1 control strategies for inverter 31-33
4.1.1 PI Controller 31-32
4.1.2 PR controller 33
4.2 Methods use in inverter control 33-37
4.2.1 Sinusoidal Pulse width Modulation 34
4.2.2 Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation 35-36
4.2.3 Hysteresis Current control 36-37
4.7 Conclusion 37-38
5. METHODS OF SYNCHRONIZATION 39-42
5.1 Different methods of synchronization 39-42
5.1.1 Zero crossing method 39
5.1.2 αβ Filter algorithm 39
5.1.3 dq filter algorithm 40
5.1.4 d-q PLL 40-41
5.1.5 Adaptive PLL 41-42
5.2 Conclusion 42
Chapter Contents Page No.
No.
6. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 43-51
6.1 System configuration 43-45
6.1.1 Current control strategy for inverter 43-45
6.2 Types of solar Inverter 45-47
6.2.1 Grid tied solar inverters 46-47
6.3 Inverter types and classification 47-50
6.3.1 Inverters based on PV system type 47
6.3.2 Types of Grid-connected Inverters 47-50
6.4 Conclusion 51
7. METHODOLOGY 52-64
7.1 Introduction 52
7.2 Control technique use for inverter in project 53-56
7.3 Method use for synchronization 56-61
7.3.1 Basic Phase-locked Loops (PLL) 56-57
7.3.2 Mathematical Analysis 57-58
7.3.3 SRF PLL 58-61
7.4 Simulation Model in MATLAB 61-64
7.4.1 MATLAB simulink model of basic inverter load change circuit 63
7.4.2 Matlab simulink model of grid tied inverter 64
8. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS 65-69
8.1 Introduction 65-69
8.2 Simulation result 66-69
8.2.1 Simulation result without filter 65
8.2.2 Simulation result with filter 66
8.2.3 Grid and inverter output voltages on same axis 66
8.2.4 Inverter output current 67
8.2.5 Inverter output voltage and grid current 67-68
8.2.6 THD analysis of inverter output voltage after synchronization 68
8.3 Conclusion 68-69
9. CONCLUSION 70
9.1 Conclusion 70
References
Paper Published by Candidate
 ABSTRACT
Nowadays, electrical energy produced from the renewable energy sources
(RES) tends to increase day by day to meet the increasing energy demand. Also, RES
enable energy to be obtained more economically and cleanly. Electrical energy based
on the RES is preferred to transfer to electrical grid instead of storing. However, this
energy is not transferred to the grid directly because of usability and efficiency.
Therefore, grid tied inverter which is transferred electrical energy to the grid is used
and inverter control mechanism is so important. On the other hand, the inverter output
voltages must be synchronized with grid voltages. So, the phase angle and amplitude
of the grid voltages must be obtained accurately and fast. To achieve a suitable grid
synchronization, phase locked loops (PLL) are widely used. In this project a three-
phase space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) controlled grid tied inverter is
simulated in MATLAB/Simulink.
All simulation and experimental results confirm that the output voltages of the
grid tied voltage source inverter are compatible with the grid and grid synchronization
is successfully [Link], frequency, and amplitude of phase voltages are the
most important and basic parameters need to be controlled or grid-connected
applications. The aim of this project is to present a review of various synchronization
techniques for pulse width modulated voltage source inverter. This project describes
the estimation method and verifies its usefulness by extensive numerical experiments.
Various synchronization algorithms are described here. The primary application of the
proposed synchronization methods is for the distributed generation units with
renewable energy sources, which utilize power electronic converters as an integral
part of their systems. The synchronization is usually carried out with respect to the
voltage, frequency and phase angle of voltage (or current) signal(s) of the utility
system. The project also describes the issues, challenges & solutions for.

I
 LIST OF ABBREVIATION

Abbreviation Illustration

AANF Amplitude Adaptive Notch filter

AHJ Authorities Having Jurisdiction
ANF Adaptive Notch filter
CSI Current Source Inverter
DDSRF Decoupled Double Synchronous Reference Frame
DER Distributed Energy Resources
EISPACK Eigensystem Package Subroutine Computing Facillity
GTI Grid Tie Inverter
GTSI Grid Tied Solar Inverter
HCC Hysteresis Current Control
HERIC Highly-Efficient-And-Reliable- Inverter-Concept
HVDC High Voltage Direct Current
IC Incremental Conductance
IGBT Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor
LF Loop Filter
MOSFET Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor
MPPT Maximum Power Point Tracking
MVSI Microgrid-Connected Voltage Source Inverter
NEC National Electrical Code
NREL National Renewable Energy Laboratory
PD Phase Detector
PCC Point Of Common Coupling
PI Proportional Integral
PIC Peripheral Interface Controller
PLL Phase Locked Loops
PR Proportional-Resonant
PUC Public Utility Commission
PWM Pulse Width Modulation
RES Renewable Energy System
RESEN Research Institute For Solar Energy And New Energies
SOGI Secondary Order Generalized Integrator
SPWM Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation
SRF Synchronous Reference Frame
SVPWM Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation
THD Total Harmonic Distortion
UL Underwriters Laboratories
VCO Voltage Controlled Oscillator
VFD Variable Frequency Drives
VOC Voltage Oriented Control
VSI Voltage Source Inverter
ZCD Zero Crossing Detection

II
 LIST OF FIGURE
Figure Page
Illustration
No. No.
1.1 IEEE 1547 standards use in the United States 5
3.1 Transistorized VSI 21
3.2 Single phase half bridge inverter 22
3.3 3Output waveform of the single phase half bridge VSI 23
3.4 Topology of a 1-phase VSI 23
3.5 A 3-phase Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) feeding a balanced load 24
Some relevant voltage waveforms output by a 3-phase square wave
3.6 25
VSI
3.7 Topology Of Power circuit inverter 26
3.8 LCL filter with damping resistance 28
4.1 PI controller block diagram 32
4.2 PR controller block diagram 33
4.3 Block diagram of PWM 34
4.4 Phase voltage space vector 35
4.5 Principle of space vector time calculation 35

4.6 Leg voltages and space vector disposition for one switching period in 36
sector I
4.7 Hysteresis Current Control (HCC) operation waveform 37
Synchronization method using filtering on the dq synchronous rotating
5.1 40
reference frame
5.2 Synchronization method using filtering on αβ stationary frame 40
5.3 General structure of dq PLL method 41
adaptive PLL comprising a voltage observer, a frequency observer and
5.4 42
a phase angle observer
6.1 Grid tied inverter scheme of RES 43
6.2 Grid tied inverter scheme of RES 44
6.3 Block diagram of the dq-PLL 45
6.4 Central inverter topology 48

III
Figure Illustration Page
No. No.
6.5 String inverter topology 49
6.6 Micro inverter topology 50
7.1 Three-phase voltage sourced inverter 54
7.2 Principle of Pulse Width Modulation 56

7.3 Block Diagram of conventional PLL 57

7.4 Control Structure of PLL 58
7.5 General Structure of Three Phase SRF PLL. 59
7.6 Clarke Transformation 60
7.7 Two Phase Reference Signal 60
7.8 Park Transformation 61
7.9 MATLAB simulink model of basic inverter load change circuit 63
7.10 Matlab simulink model of grid tied inverter 64
8.1 Inverter output (non-filtered) (a)Voltage (b) current 65
8.2 Inverter output (filtered) (a)Voltage (b) current 66
8.3 Grid and inverter output voltages on same axis 66
8.4 Inverter output current 67
8.5 Inverter output voltage and grid current 67
8.6 THD analysis of inverter output voltage after synchronization 68

IV
 LIST OF TABLES

Table Illustration Page

No. No.

7.1 Simulation Parameters 62

V
 Performance analysis of dq-PLL based controller for synchronization of
grid tied inverter

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
In the recent years, due to scarcity of non-renewable energy sources and fossil
fuels we should go through the renewable energy sources (RES). The fossil based
energy sources caused damage to the living human being. In the world, electricity
production from the RES tends to rise daily in order to meet the increasing energy
demand, and to enable energy to be obtained more economically and cleanly [1].
The electricity generated from the renewable energy sources is transferred to
electric grid instead of storing in batteries. But, the generated electricity is not
directly transmitted to the grid. If we transmit it directly its efficiency decreases. But
there are some conditions which must be satisfied to transmit the energy from inverter
to the grid. These conditions are waveform should be sinusoidal, electrical energy
should be continue, constant frequency, being balanced of the produced voltages. For
this purpose, three-phase inverter is used at to transfer electrical energy to the grid.
So, control of the inverter, known as grid tied inverter, is very important [2].

Previously, number of methods have been used for controlling the grid tied
inverter such as current source inverter (CSI) and voltage source inverter (VSI). Even
though CSI has advantages such as blocking reverse voltage and showing high
impedance to short circuits, VSI are used more frequently in many applications by
means of easier control and less conduction losses[1],[3].

The methods used in inverter control are hysteresis current control (HCC),
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM), and space vector pulse width modulation
(SVPWM). The HCC method has a good dynamic response, however; current
harmonics and switching frequency are variable. The SPWM method is easy to
implement. Nowadays, the SVPWM method that has a fixed switching frequency,
lower switching losses, low harmonic content, higher DC-link voltage utilization
(approximately %15 more than SPWM), and more suitable structure for digital
control is widely used to control the grid tied VSI [2],[4].

In grid tied inverter, output voltages of the inverter must be synchronized with
grid voltages. To carry out the grid synchronization, the knowledge of the phase angle
and amplitude of the grid voltages must be determined accurately and fast. So, grid

1
 Performance analysis of dq-PLL based controller for synchronization of
grid tied inverter

synchronization plays a big role for RES. To achieve a proper synchronization, phase
locked loops (PLL) are broadly used to synchronize the inverter and the grid.
Furthermore, various PLL algorithms provide an acceptable response to several
disturbing effects such as harmonics, imbalances, frequency fluctuation, and phase
jump in the grid voltages [5]-[6].

In order to accomplish the grid synchronization, a phase locked loop is

employed [7] which actually locks the input signal with that of the output signal. At
the same time, while synchronizing the renewable energy sources to the grid, the
various power quality issues like instability, harmonics and impact to the power factor
needs to be taken care. The synchronization along with the controlling strategy would
not only improve the performance of the renewable energy system but also increases
the power quality of the system.

1.2 Different power quality issues of the Renewable Energy System

While using renewable energy sources, two main types of power quality issues
occurs. These power quality issues are harmonics and voltage and frequency
fluctuations. There are mainly two causes of Voltage and frequency fluctuations: i)
non-controllable variability of renewable energy resources, and ii) power grid-side
disturbances. Harmonics are produced by power electronic converters which are used
in renewable energy generation. According to IEEE Standard 929-2000 there are four
major factors which determines the power quality in PV systems such as voltage,
voltage flicker, frequency, and distortion. If these parameters are not full filled it
causes power quality problems. The inverter may be required to cease power quality
deviation in the utility lines in this case [8]. Those problems can be discussed from
two angles: renewable energy side, and power grid side. At first, we discuss about the
renewable energy side. Wind and solar PV power generation both experience
intermittency due to a combination of partial unpredictability features of wind and
solar resources and non-controllable variability. Outputs of these two types of
renewable energy sources vary greatly due to the variations in wind speed and
incident solar energy. Major problems are voltage and frequency fluctuations. To
mitigate these fluctuations additional energy is required to balance supply and
demand of the power grid on an instantaneous basis; spinning reserve is also an
option. In 2014, the IEEE Standard 1547a provides a new guidelines regarding

2
 Performance analysis of dq-PLL based controller for synchronization of
grid tied inverter

voltage sag. This includes new settings that would allow the equipment to tolerate
voltage sag with more stability. Besides, an agreement is reached among the
distributed resource owner and the local utility to maintain these settings [7].
1.3. Effect of poor synchronization on grid system
When driving power to the grid, grid tied inverters must provide a stable, sinusoidal
AC waveform that matches grid voltage and frequency according to utility standards.
Following are the effects of poor grid synchronization on grid system
1. Poor synchronization causes the load imbalance
2. Poor synchronization causes damage to the connected equipment
3. Poor synchronization causes instability in the grid
4. Poor synchronization causes power outages in the grid itself.

1.4. Electrical standards for synchronization

There are two standards for synchronization between inverter and grid. These are
IEEE 1547 and IEC 61727.
1.4.1 IEEE 1547
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Standard 1547 has been a
foundational document for the interconnection of distributed energy resources (DER)
with the electric power system or the grid. 1547 is unique as the only American
National Standard addressing systems-level DER interconnected with the distribution
grid. It has had a significant effect on how the energy industry does business, and it
should continue to influence the way electric power systems operate far into the
future. IEEE 1547 has helped to modernize our electric power systems infrastructure
by providing a foundation for integrating clean renewable energy technologies as well
as other distributed generation and energy storage technologies. IEEE 1547 provides
mandatory functional technical requirements and specifications, as well as flexibility
and choices, about equipment and operating details that are in compliance with the
standard. The grid is technically and operationally complex, including complexities
among regulatory compliance and mandates by the various authorities having
jurisdiction (AHJ) over the grid. The traditional perspective of the U.S. electricity
infrastructure is large central station power plants, each of which provides hundreds
of megawatts or a gigawatt level of power. From there, high voltage transmission
power lines transport the bulk electricity over often relatively long distances to

3
 Performance analysis of dq-PLL based controller for synchronization of
grid tied inverter

distribution grids that then supply customers or consumers of that electricity. The
power flow tends to be one way from the central power plant, and one way from the
distribution grid circuits out to consumers’ facilities. Historically corporations could
own generation, transmission, and distribution facilities. With deregulation of
electricity this ownership was separated to encourage competition. Additionally,
especially in the 1990s and later, distributed generation and clean, renewable energy
technologies providing electricity became more cost effective. Consumers of
electricity could thus own and install distributed generators and renewable
technologies. This upset the traditional perspective of the electricity infrastructure,
because some consumers became generators of electricity. This consumer-sited
generation affected distribution grid circuits because some circuits experienced either
two-way power flow or greatly reduced one-way flow at a significantly lower level
than traditionally planned for, and that also affected the distribution grid ancillary
equipment deployment and operations. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
jurisdiction basically covers transmission systems and wholesale electricity
transactions. The North American Electric Reliability Corporation is the Electric
Reliability Organization having the mandate to ensure reliable and safe transmission
grid facilities and their operations. Also at the transmission level, independent system
operators and regional transmission operators are member companies that work
together to standardize facilities and operations toward cost-effective and reliable
transmission and wholesale electricity operations. Independently owned utilities
(distribution companies) are primarily regulated by the state public utility commission
(PUC) and must comply with state legislative mandates for electricity delivery. Rural
electricity cooperatives and municipal electric utilities tend to this report is available
at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at
[Link]/publications. follow-or at least harmonize their practices, including
interconnection rules, agreements, and requirements, with the state PUC mandates.
As a technical standard 1547 has provided local, state, and federal regulators and
policymakers a technical basis for promoting transparency, openness, and fairness in
implementing DER interconnecting to the grid (Figure 1.1). IEEE 1547 standards use
in the United States IEEE Standard 1547 was cited in the U.S. Federal Energy Policy
Act of 2005, under Section 1254 Interconnection Services, stating “Interconnection
services shall be offered based upon the standards developed by the Institute of

4
 Performance analysis of dq-PLL based controller for synchronization of
grid tied inverter

Electrical and Electronics Engineers: IEEE Standard 1547 for Interconnecting

Distributed Resources With Electric Power Systems, as they may be amended from
time to time.” Currently, three quarters of the states have adopted, referenced, or used
1547 in the development of their own PUC interconnection rules. Also, many rural
electric cooperatives, municipality utility companies, and other AHJs over
interconnection have adopted or follow 1547. And, the Federal Energy Regulatory
Commission has approved the PJM Small Generator Interconnection Standards (0–10
MW, and >10 MW to 20 MW) for Interconnection that incorporates 1547 in its
entirety with some additions and implementation prescriptions. PJM is a transmission
grid organization that is an independent system operator/regional transmission
operator. And for electrical codes for facilities, the National Fire Protection Agency’s
National Electrical Code (NEC) requires 1547 (and 1547.1 test procedures) through
referencing Underwriters Laboratories (UL) 1741 that mandates 1741 as a supplement
to, and is to be used in conjunction with, 1547 and 1547.1. The NEC is used basically
throughout all U.S. states. And, in 2014 the NEC initiated a group addressing utility-
scale photovoltaic systems for potential publication in the 2017 NEC.

Fig.1.1. IEEE 1547 standards use in the United States

1.4.2 IEC61727
As an international standard, IEC 61727 specifies the main requirements of a grid
interface which will ensure that it is both functional and safe for PV connections of 10
kVA or less. Most the required functionality to comply with the standard is
implemented within the PV systems inverter. When the utility limits move outside
normal operational bounds the inventor should disconnect itself from the grid.
Inverter Output Power Quality - the output of any inverter should operate within the
following limits: The inverter must limit the injection of any d.c. current into the
5
 Performance analysis of dq-PLL based controller for synchronization of
grid tied inverter

utility to less than 1% of its rated output. The total harmonic current distortion should
be less than 5%. Harmonic current distortion for each individual harmonic should be
less than those given in the standard. The inverter must control flicker to be in line
with IEC 61000.
1.5. Dissemination Contribution
The key contribution of this project is summarized as follows:
The dq- PLL method is the best method for inverter grid synchronization. The
PWM technique is very useful for the inverter switching. Inverter provides purely sine
wave output by using PWM techniques The controller used here is Proportional
Integral(PI) controller.
MATLAB simulation is presented for basic inverter load change and inverter
grid synchronization.

1.6 Objectives
The most important objective of present work is to synchronize the inverter
with the grid. Means the output voltage of the inverter is in same phase and frequency
with the grid voltage. Harmonic is also reduces by using filter.

1.7 Conclusion
The introduction of Dissemination presents the need of renewable energy
sources. It also represents the power quality issues for renewable energy sources such
as voltage and frequency fluctuations and harmonics. It also describes the effect of
poor synchronization on grid system. The introduction includes the different IEEE
standards for inverter grid synchronization such as IEEE 1547 and IEC61727. IEEE
1547 is the technical specification for interconnection between electric power system
& distribution generation system. IEC61727 As an international standard IEC 61727
specifies the main requirements of a grid interface which will ensure that it is both
functional & safe for PV connections of 10 KVA or less.

6
 Performance analysis of dq-PLL based controller for synchronization of
grid tied inverter

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

The purpose of this project is to synchronize the inverter with grid for
renewable energy system. The method use for synchronization is dq-PLL. Literature
survey is useful to understand the depth in knowledge of problem and for proper
problem formation. Several research papers and books are addressed the subject of
study of different synchronization methods. Research papers from variety of
publications such as IEEE transactions of power delivery, IEEE transactions on
Industrial Electronics are reviewed. The review of the work undertaken so for is given
as follows.

F. Sevilmis and H. Karaca (2018)

In this paper author explained Space Vector Pulse width modulation
(SVPWM) method for controlling the three phase grid interactive voltage source
inverter. The current controller model, proportional integral (PI) controller regulated
the injected grid current has been implemented. As the grid interactive VSI control
model. In order to make the synchronization between inverter and grid, the phase
angle of the grid voltage is detected by using phase locked loop(PLL) in dq
synchronous reference frame. This system has been simulated under
MATLAB/SIMULINK. Simulation result illustrates that inverter output voltages are
in same phase and frequency with grid voltage[1].
Ibrahim SEFA, Necmi ALTIN, Saban OZDEMIR (2011)
In this paper author explained three phase current controlled grid interactive inverter
with reactive power injection capability based on DSP which is used for renewable
energy sources. This inverter consist of Line frequency transformer, LCL filter at the
output PI current regulator. From experimental and simulation results, the power
factor of the inverter can be varied between 0.95 inductive and 0.95 capacitive. The
total harmonic distortion level measured is 3% and this value is according to
international standards. In this system the voltage source inverter structure is used.
But due to PWM switching high frequency harmonic components occurs in current
waveform. To reduce this LCL filter is used. The transformer is used to step the

7
 Performance analysis of dq-PLL based controller for synchronization of
grid tied inverter

inverter voltage up to grid voltage. The switching noise and DC current injection to
grid is also prevented by using transformer [5].
Atif Iqbal, Adoume Lamine, Imtiaz Ashraf and mohibulah (2006)
In this paper author explained space Vector Pulse Width Modulation method because
of their easier digital realization and better dc bus utilization. This paper mainly
concentrate on the step by step development of MATLAB/SIMULINK model of
SVPWM[7].
Adiran Timbus, Remus Teodorsecu, Frede Blaabjerg and Marco liserre (2005)
In this paper author explained grid synchronization issues of distributed system. In
this paper various synchronization methods as well as their major characteristics is
given. When running on distorted grid conditions, new solutions to optimize the
synchronous methods are given. Both simulation and experimental results are given.
This results are used to evaluate the behavior of the synchronization methods under
kind of grid disturbances such as voltage dips, Harmonics and notches [8].
F. Blaabjerg, R. Teodorescu, M. Liserre and A. V. Timbus (2006)
In this paper author explained the structure of distributed power generation system
based on fuel cell, photovoltaic and wind turbines. Also he presented the control
structure of grid side converter. The possibility of compensation for low order
harmonics is also discussed in this paper. This paper gives an overview of
synchronization methods and also its importance in the control. Different
implementation structure like dq and stationary natural frame control structure were
presented and their major characteristics are pointed out. Different controllers and
their ability to compensate for low order harmonics presented in the utility network is
also given [9].
A. Kavitha, Dr. N. Senthil Kumar, N. Vanajahave (2016)
In this paper author explained Integration of renewable and non-renewable energy
has been developing apace, thanks to rising good grid technologies and growing
energy demand. This paper proposes the planning of device, to synchronize the
renewable energy like PV and wind with the grid. Generally, the output from the
renewable energy sources is often variable in nature. This necessitates the inclusion
of Associate in Nursing interface just like the grid synchronic inverters so as to
synchronize and management the renewable energy sources to the grid. To
realize grid synchronization, a section fast Loop (PLL) is employed. The MATLAB

8
 Performance analysis of dq-PLL based controller for synchronization of
grid tied inverter

SIMULINK is employed for the simulation of single section electrical converter to

synchronize it with the grid, in terms of voltage, frequency
and section. Additionally to the planning of a grid synchronic electrical converter,
the project conjointly focuses on the planning of a Buck-Boost device with control
system fuzzy controller that maintains a continuing DC voltage to the electrical
converter, to realize the synchronization with the grid in terms of voltage [10].
Prasad Magdum, Suraj Yadav, P. N. Joshi (2017)
In this paper author explained MATLAB simulation of three section grid
tied electrical converter that synchronizes with grid as per grid demand. The aim of
this simulation is Associate in Nursing implementation of the designed filter to
effectively cut back the ripple part injected into the grid to a suitable price. The
main target is on planning electrical converter which can synchronize with
grid. The planning and analysis of the grid synchronization methodology area
unit delineate very well. Simulated results validate the effectiveness of
synchronizing ability [11].
Muhammad Ramadan, R.T. Naayagi, Woo Li Vee (2017)
In this paper author presents the modeling, simulation and hardware evaluation of a
grid tied inverter suitable for wind energy conversion systems. The grid-tied wind
power converter converts the energy harvested from wind to DC through a permanent
magnet synchronous generator using a simple diode rectifier and then converts it back
to AC using a pulse width modulated inverter before coupling the wind turbine
technology to the power grid. A closed loop simulation of the proposed set-up is
modeled in PSIM environment. The hardware implementation of the proposed system
is constructed using the Lab volt home energy production system and the
experimental results are presented for various operating conditions. Experimental
results on the grid measurements confirm that the system is able to supply the
harvested energy from the wind to the grid for all wind speeds [12].
Abdeldjabar Benrabah, Farid Khoucha1, Khoudir Marouani, Abdelaziz
Kheloui, Ali Raza, Dianguo Xu(2019)
Three-phase voltage source inverters plays very important role in transferring
renewable energy into the electrical grid. In order to achieve an acceptable attenuation
of current harmonics in grid tied inverters and meet grid interconnection
recommendations, an inductor-capacitor-inductor (LCL) type filter is commonly used

9
 Performance analysis of dq-PLL based controller for synchronization of
grid tied inverter

as an interface between the inverter and the grid. However, this filter occurs a
resonant peak. This peak should be damped properly to maintain system stability.
This paper proposes a systematic approach to actively damp the LCL filter resonance
using the notch filter-based control. Computer simulations results are presented to
demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed control method [13].
V. Boscaino, G. Cipriani, V. Di Dio, R. Lauricella, A. Marcotulli, R. Miceli (2014)
In this paper author explained the various synchronization methods. The use of
distributed generation resources are increasing tremendously. Consequently, the
amount of energy injected by non-linear loads as power converters is expected to
increase. The operation of grid-side converters heavily affects the Stability and quality
of the overall grid. In this paper, an overview of grid-synchronization technique is
proposed. The grid-side inverter is implemented in MATLAB/Simulink environment
including current control and grid-synchronization section. Both Synchronous
Reference Frame (SRF) and Decoupled Double Synchronous Reference Frame
(DDSRF) PLL methods have been proposed in this paper. A performance comparison
is carried out under ideal and unbalanced utility conditions. Some modifications are
done in DDSRF architecture in order to improve the performances of DDSRF under
distorted conditions. Simulation results are shown and discussed [14].
Ines Bourguiba, Azeddine Houari, Hamed Belloumi, Ferid Kourda(2016)
In this paper author explained the control of single-phase current source inverter-
based grid tie photovoltaic (PV) system. An intermediate DC/DC buck converter
interfaces the PV source and the DC-AC inverter. In source side, one algorithm is
used to synchronize the maximum power available from the PV panels. In grid side,
to control the injected current into the grid, a Proportional-Resonant (PR) controller is
proposed. The synchronization of the injected current with the grid is ensured by a
SOGI phase-locked-loop (SOGI-PLL). Simulation results under Matlab Simulink are
provided to show the effectiveness of the PR controller. In this simulations, a
comparison with a classical proportional integral (PI) under clean and disturbed grid
voltage conditions is performed [15].
Yuanzhi Cao, Yanting Hu,Rui Hu, Jianfei chen(2015)
To maintain high quality and reliable power supply for grid-connected and islanded
mode the Microgrid is used. In this paper a novel synchronization method based on
droop control is presented to achieve stable operation of the microgrid-connected

10
 Performance analysis of dq-PLL based controller for synchronization of
grid tied inverter

voltage source inverter (MVSI) units under paralleled or grid-connected mode. The
difference of amplitude and phase between different voltage source inverters are
detected and are used to calculate the output frequency and amplitude of the MVSI.
The simulation and experimental results show that the proposed method is effective in
achieving paralleled operation of the MVSI units [16].
prospective field to seek new energy sources to meet up the increasing demand in
power all over the world specially in a developing country like India. Grid-connected
photovoltaic systems are providing a viable technology for producing electrical
energy by using renewable energy resources. High power density, high efficiency and
reliability for this system are important design considerations along with control
objectives like Maximum power point tracking (MPPT), grid synchronization,
islanding detection and prevention, sinusoidal current injection into the grid,
maintaining the THD within certain permissible limit (<5%), active harmonic
filtering, EMI/EFI protection. This paper present a double stage converter with some
ancillary features, where in the first stage, dc-dc boost conversion is achieved. Second
stage dc-ac inversion is achieved using voltage source inverter. Grid synchronization
is achieved by using synchronous reference frame base Phase locked loop (SRF PLL),
whose performance is equally good for all the frequencies unlike the normal PLL. PI
controller will be used in the current and the voltage controller [17].
Saurav Das, Khosru M Salim (2014)
The main aim of this paper is to design and implement single phase grid tied
photovoltaic inverter of one kilowatt capacity. Here the PSIM software is used for
design and simulation. The PSIM provides the solar module facilities. For single
phase grid tie inverter design some special types of consideration, like reference
voltage creation to synchronize the inverter’s output with grid and PWM (Pulse Width
Modulation) signal is generated by comparing the reference and triangular wave.
According to the PWM pulse generated by PWM generator, the solar module
provided DC voltage. After filtering and matching the inverter’s AC output wave’s
amplitude and frequency with grid, this AC power is given to the grid by using
isolation transformer. All of the criteria for synchronization are met in this inverter
design. After analyzing the simulated output a hardware prototype is also
implemented. In hardware model, PIC18F4431 microcontroller produces the PWM

11
 Performance analysis of dq-PLL based controller for synchronization of
grid tied inverter

pulses. These PWM pulses act as the switching controlling pulses for IGBT (Insulated
Gate Bipolar Transistor) [18].
Soumya Das, Pradip Kumar Sadhu, Alok Kumar Shrivastav (2015)
Synchronization in between generated voltage and grid voltage is the most important
part for a grid connected solar photovoltaic power system. This paper deals with
modeling and synchronization in high voltage grid connected photovoltaic (PV)
generation system. The proposed method not only can generate and boost up the DC
voltage, but can also convert the solar DC power into high quality AC power by
means of PWM inverter for feeding into the grid. Here a double-tuned harmonic filter
is used for power quality improvement. To verify the method use for synchronization,
Simulation and experimental results are shown. The total system is modeled using
Sim-Power System blocks in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment [19].
Fatima Binte Zia, Khosru M. Salim, Nafisa Binte Yousuf, Rafid Haider, Md.
Rajin Alam (2012)
The main aim of this paper is to design a single phase grid tie photovoltaic inverter.
Grid tied inverters are required to connect with the single phase grid. The photovoltaic
module and single-phase grid are tested through the practical implementation of the
inverter. The achievements of the practical testing of grid tie inverter lies in successful
DC-AC conversion. Along with the capability of matching inverter output voltage and
frequency with continuous fluctuating grid voltage and frequency. If there is no power
supply in grid line the inverter must stop its inversion process. Finally, the efficient
energy delivery of PV cells to the single-phase grid validates experimental results
[20].
Khadija El kamouny, Brahim Lakssir, Mohammed Hamedoun, Abdel-ilah
Benyoussef, Hassane Mahmoudi (2017)
For the operation of grid-connected power conditioning equipment’s the Phase,
amplitude and frequency of the utility grid are important factors. In order to generate
correct reference signals phase angle must be determined fastly and accurately. The
main aim of this paper is to simulate, test and the implement a specific Phase Locked
Loop “inverse Park transformation PLL” which is used to control a PV-Micro-
Inverter. The improvement consists of better harmonics filtering. To check the
effectiveness of the proposed method Experimental results are shown. This work is

12
 Performance analysis of dq-PLL based controller for synchronization of
grid tied inverter

performed in the framework of Micro Inverter-PV Project funded by the Research

Institute for Solar Energy and New Energies (RESEN)[21].
Sinan Kaya, Ibrahim Alisar, Gurkan GOK (2018)
It is very essential to determine the phase angle of the grid voltage for converter
application such as reactive power compensation, power factor correction and
harmonic current suppression etc. In some conditions where grid synchronization
cannot be performed, the performance of the converter will be degraded and the
power quality of the grid will be impaired. The synchronization technique is expected
to produce reliable results in the event of power quality impairments such as harmonic
distortion, noise and voltage unbalance and frequency oscillations. The main target of
this study is demonstrating the importance of phase angle synchronization algorithm
performance under power quality problem in 50MVA MMC based HVDC application
[22].
Saurabh Kharjule (2015)
In this paper, the different types of voltage source inverters are studied. The main
component of the variable frequency drives (VFD) are voltage source inverters. There
are two types of drives can use such as voltage source inverter (VSI) and current
source inverter (CSI). In industrial markets, the VSI design has proven to be more
efficient, most reliable and faster dynamic response, and capable of running motors
deprived of de-rating [23].
K.M.S.Y Konara, M.L. Kolhe, W.G.C.A. Sankalpa(2015)
To use the renewable energy sources effectively, a proper energy storage is essential.
In this context, there is a growing concern about the use of energy storage for
overcoming the intermittency of renewable energy sources as well as in demand side
management. For proper grid synchronization of energy storage, proper power
conditioning devices are required. This paper analyses single phase grid
synchronization of DC energy storage using MATLAB Simulink environment. The
considered power conditioning device is a Voltage Source Inverter (VSI), which is
controlled using two methods called (i) traditional Zero Crossing Detection (ZCD)
technique and (ii) the phase detector based Phase Locked Loop (PLL) technique. This
work provides a comparative study of these two techniques with power quality / total
harmonic distortions using low pas filter configuration [24].

13
 Performance analysis of dq-PLL based controller for synchronization of
grid tied inverter

Li Liu, Rui Liu, Qihua Cao, and Qihong Chen (2016)

The design of three-phase grid tied inverters is discussed in this paper. Four-leg
topology is used to cater for unbalance voltage of the grid. A LCL filter is designed to
restraint harmonic distortion. Based on three-dimensional space vector control
method, voltage feed-forward control strategy is proposed for standalone model of the
inverter, and a current wave tracking controller is designed for gird tied model of the
inverter. The experimental results show that THD of current is much less than 5%,
which is the gird tied THD standard [25].
[Link] Hossain,Tushar Kanti Routh, Abdul Hamid Bin Yousuf, Miah Md.
Asasduzzaman, Md. Iqbal Hossain , Ummul Husnaee (2012)
Grid tied solar inverter (GTSI) based on microcontroller has been designed in this
paper. But the solar PV power is expensive. So MOSFET switching has been used to
increase DC to AC conversion efficiency. Here, PJCl6F88 microcontroller has been
used. In order to synchronize the output voltage of the inverter with the Grid voltage,
sinusoidal reference voltage for the microcontroller has been taken from the grid line.
The PWM signal is generated by microcontroller and modulated by the grid voltage.
The 24 V lead-acid battery is used to store the solar PV power. This battery can be
replaced by maximum power point tracker. The solar DC power which is stored in
the battery is given to a switching circuit and this switching circuit is driven by the
PWM signal. Then the output obtained from the switching circuit is fed to the primary
of a 500W step-up transformer. Finally, the output of the step-up transformer is
filtered by a capacitor [26].
Anupama Narayanan, Surya Susan Alex (2018)
The use of distributed generation system is increasing because of its numerous
advantages. These distributed generation systems are connected to grid using grid-tie
inverters. Since PV system is limited by its intermittency aspect, battery storage
is required to supply power when there is no enough solar radiation. A single
phase grid tied inverter topology is used in this paper. The basic concept of this
system is to use a single power conversion system to perform operational modes
such as solar PV to grid, solar PV to battery, battery to load and PV-battery
to load for PV system with battery. A simple grid control method using DQ
control technique is implemented. The method is verified using MATLAB/Simulink

14
 Performance analysis of dq-PLL based controller for synchronization of
grid tied inverter

and a harmonic analysis is carried out to assess harmonic distortion during grid
synchronization of distributed energy resource [27].
S. Narendiran (2013)
This paper gives an idea about grid tie inverter (GTI), PV inverters, Inverter topology
and Maximum power point tracking system and its types like Fixed Duty cycle,
constant voltage, Perturb and observe (P&O) and Modified P&O, Incremental
Conductance (IC) and Modified IC, Ripple correlation and system oscillation methods
in detail how this methods helps to give an efficient power output to the grid system
from the PV arrays [28].
Neha G.L, Dr. Basavaraja Banakara (2017)
In present scenario, the use of non-conventional energy resources and non-linear loads
in to the electric grid is being increasing and it has a adverse effect on power quality
issues and also energy management. As a result there will be increase in harmonic
distortion, frequent switching of load and hence the flicker formation. Power quality
plays a major role in smart grid design and operation. The major reason behind this is
active participation of consumers in the power sector and increased usage of non
conventional energy resources in to the smart grid. This power grid must necessarily
overcome the power quality challenges, so as to avoid barriers against introduction of
new technology. This paper overviews the power quality problems and presents the
controlling scheme using SPWM inverter and LC filters at point of common coupling
in order to enhance power quality in the smart grid. The simulation is carried out
using MATLAB Simulink [29].
David Gamez Patino, Edison Geovanny Guama Erira, Edisson Escobar Rosero,
Javier Revelo Fuelaga (2015)
Theoretical analysis and simulation for the design and implementation of a Second
Order Generalized Integrator - Frequency Locked Loop (SOGI-FLL) is design in this
paper. There are two main aims of this paper which are as: First, the frequency and
phase synchronization between the inverter and grid through the SOGI-FLL. Second,
the detection of abnormal conditions that may occur in the coupling point system by
analyzing changes in frequency, phase shifts and amplitude variations. This two aims
are satisfied by comparing with the IEEE 1547 standard. Finally, from the
experimental results, it can be concluded that the SOGI-FLL system is an appropriate

15
 Performance analysis of dq-PLL based controller for synchronization of
grid tied inverter

alternative for controlling the injection of energy process into the grid, as well as for
detecting possible grid faults [30].
M. A. J. Priya, [Link] kumar, [Link] (2018)
This paper presents the grid tied PV conversion topology. This topology is
synchronized with the grid using PLL. Initially, photovoltaic module is designed and
analyzed using different parameters like irradiation, temperature, and series current.
The main advantage of PLL is faster synchronization during inverter start-up. It is
used in high power master-slave based centralized inverters which are being used in
large PV power plant. All the solar cell, MPPT, boost converter, the inverter and the
phase locked loop are modeled using Sim-Power Systems blocks and simulated in
MATLAB/SIMULINK. Key words: phase locked loop, inverter, Boost Converter,
MPPT, solar cell, MATLAB, SIMULINK[31].
Pritha Roy, J. N. Bera, S. Chowdhuri, G. Sarkar (2016)
This paper deals with inverters which are to be synchronized to share the common
load of micro grid. The micro grid under consideration is in OFF grid condition and
hence one of the inverters is designed as master and the remaining are designed for
slave mode of operation. The micro grid synchronism is then maintained with this
master-slave configuration of inverters and the amount of load that can be fed to the
microgrid, is adjusted or decided by the user. The control strategy for inverter should
be design in such a way that it can fed the load at unity power factor. For harmonic
reduction the SPWM technique and an output filter are utilized. Therefore the
produced terminal voltage is almost sinusoidal. The entire design is simulated with
MATLAB simulink and the desired output is achieved [32].
Jozef Sedo, Slavomir Kascak (2016)
In this paper, the control and the synchronization method for a Voltage Source
Inverter used in a grid-connected system is presented. The main aim is to show the
combined operation of the control and synchronization method for acquiring the
proper behavior of the grid tied inverter for the single phase utility grid system. Also,
the aim is to control power factor at grid, to feed power into the grid, and to decrease
phase current distortion of VSI. Second aim of this paper is to design a third order
LCL output filter. The simulation results are also presented of the inverter system
connected to grid (220V, 50 Hz) using MATLAB/Simulink are also shown.
Simulation results confirms that the grid input power factor is nearly unity, and the

16
 Performance analysis of dq-PLL based controller for synchronization of
grid tied inverter

distortion of phase current of the proposed system is reduced, causing the total
harmonic distortion for various power conditions falls within 5%[33].
Furqan Shaikh, Binsy Joseph (2017)
The most important problem in connecting a grid and power converter is how to
synchronize the inverter with the grid. The power transfer from inverter to grid is
improved by selecting proper synchronization techniques. The challenges associated
with the design is how fast the voltage, phase angle and frequency are estimated and
synchronized under ideal and non-ideal conditions. For effective estimation of above
quantity, various synchronization methods have been proposed. In this paper, theory
of single phase PLL is outlined and design and simulation of Synchronous Reference
Frame Phase Locked Loop and the obtained simulation results for various non-ideal
conditions like harmonics, voltage dip, phase jump and frequency variations are
presented [34].
B. Shitole, H. M. Suryawanshi, Shelas Sathyan (2015)
This paper presents the comparison between three techniques i.e. conventional SRF-
PLL, existing adaptive notch filter(ANF) and an amplitude adaptive notch filter
(AANF). This synchronization techniques are used for converter-interfaced
renewable energy systems. In addition, this techniques extracts frequency and
amplitude of the input grid voltage signal. The comparison has been done on the basis
of their ability to extract amplitude and frequency variation of the input grid voltage
signal. The most accurate technique among three technique is single phase AANF
even for unbalanced and distorted grid condition. The important factor which makes
AANF more accurate is its amplitude adaptability. This factor improves its speed of
response and accuracy when grid signal is of variable amplitude. Experimental results
shows better performance of AANF for amplitude and frequency detection as
compared to existing ANF and SRF-PLL. Therefore AANF is used for number of
applications such as converter interfaced distributed generation systems, islanding
detection in smart grids, various fault detection techniques etc[35].
Sourabh R. Sondawale, Prof. P. P. Jagtap, Dr. S. G. Tarnekar (2018)
In solar panel inverter, we use to provide the power supply to the residential load
using inverter and if our residential load does not require power supply then power is
supplied to the power grid. If the grid voltage is 230V and the inverter supply is 300V
then it means that we step down the inverter 300V supply voltage to the 230V, also

17
 Performance analysis of dq-PLL based controller for synchronization of
grid tied inverter

the phase difference between current & voltage is zero. The supply voltage from the
solar panel is given to the DC to DC converter. Also the current and voltage from the
solar panel is given as a gate signal to the converter through the MPPT. The supply
voltage taken from the DC to DC converter is applied across the battery as well as
across the residential AC load or to the power grid via PWM inverter. The inverter is
utilized to change over direct present (DC) to alternating current (AC). Such a AC
supply we can provide to the residential load as well as to the grid also, such a system
we are designing using the MATLAB SIMULINK software[36].
Borole Amit Suhas, V. S. Rajguru (2015)
Over the years, power converters have found wide application in grid interfaced
systems, including distributed power generation with renewable energy sources. In
distributed energy systems like solar, hydro or any diesel generation where the output
of the system is DC and is expected to be converted in AC, an inverter is used. There
are various modes to have a controlled output of inverter. The paper consists of the
comparative study of three phase Voltage Source Inverter control schemes. The
different control methods used are PI controller, PR (P + Resonant) controller. In PI
control, the stationary reference frame is used to transfer the feedback quantities,
where the decoupling of component requirement increases complications. To avoid
these complications, a new Proportional resonant control strategy is employed, in
which, a second order very high gain (ideally infinite gain) is introduced at
fundamental frequency. The main advantage with this controller is the reduction in
steady state DC error. PR controller is adopted in the outer loop alpha beta
coordinates to avoid complicated decoupling process. The PI controller is adopted in
the most familiar dqo reference frame. The three phase system is simulated in the
matlab simulink environment with both the controllers and experimental results are
given to prove the correctness and feasibility of the system. On the basis of results
also, these two controllers are compared[37].
Naveen Suman, D. K. yadav, Tejendra jangid (2018)
This paper deals with the recent advances in grid connected photovoltaic (PV) system.
DC-DC boost converter is used to step-up the PV array voltage. Boost converter with
Perturb and observe technique based maximum power point tracking is implemented.
Advanced inverter control strategies with grid connected PV system is discussed.
Inverter convert dc to ac to control the inverter with respect to grid, a three-phase

18
 Performance analysis of dq-PLL based controller for synchronization of
grid tied inverter

photovoltaic system with synchronous reference frame is used to lock the grid phase
& frequency, three phase PLL is used at the output of inverter. Inverter control
maintain constant voltage at output side of inverter and provide synchronization
output with the grid. A LC filter is used to reduced high frequency from output side of
the inverter and to provide the galvanic isolation between the inverter output and grid
with the help of the transformer system providing the quality power. PV
characteristics at different temperature and irradiance level is simulated in MATLAB
/SIMULINK [38].
Mr. Rajan J. Devi, Miss. Supriya S. Kadam (2015)
Phase, frequency, and amplitude of phase voltages are the most important and basic
parameters need to be controlled or grid-connected applications. The aim of this paper
is to present a review of various synchronization techniques for pulse width
modulated voltage source inverter. This paper describes the estimation method and
verifies its usefulness by extensive numerical experiments. Various synchronization
algorithms are described here. The primary application of the proposed
synchronization methods is for the distributed generation units with renewable energy
sources, which utilize power electronic converters as an integral part of their systems.
The synchronization is usually carried out with respect to the voltage, frequency and
phase angle of voltage (or current) signal(s) of the utility system [39].
Wajiha Zahoor and Sajjad Haider Zaidi (2014)
The increased trend in using the renewable energy instead of fossil fuel based
generation due to its low environmental impact and to facilitate the increased
consumption has led to extensive use of distributed generation. The use of power
electronics with renewable energy offers wide advantages including greater
controllability of generated power and fulfilling the requirements for grid connected
systems. The most important part is the Voltage Source inverter. The control of this
inverter is essential because its output is completely synchronized with grid. In this
paper the synchronization of grid connected voltage source inverter and control of
injected current to ensure unity power factor at point of common coupling (PCC) is
discussed. Phase locked loop is used to extract grid angle and to lock synchronous
rotating dq reference frame with grid voltage in terms of frequency and phase thus
making the control parameters as dc values. The current control strategy is Voltage
oriented Control (VOC) implemented in synchronous rotating dq frame to control

19
 Performance analysis of dq-PLL based controller for synchronization of
grid tied inverter

active and reactive power independently by controlling currents in d and q axis

respectively. The simulation of system is done in Matlab Simulink environment using
the Simpower toolbox [40].
Xueguang Zhang, Danni Xia, Zhichao Fu, Gaolin Wang, Dianguo Xu (2019)
Phase-locked loop (PLL) is commonly used for threephase grid-connected inverters to
obtain the information of grid synchronization, and PLL dynamics are the key factors
for stable operation of the inverters. Under disturbed grid conditions, the coupling
between PLL and grid impedance causes harmonic resonance and the system will
become unstable. The effect of PLL dynamics and grid impedance on the stability of
three phase grid-connected inverters is also discussed in this paper. To suppress low
order harmonics of the network current caused by PLL perturbations under weak grid
conditions, a novel feedforward control method is proposed to compensate PLL
perturbations. By perfoerming the analysis of impedance characteristic of the system,
it is found that the proposed method can improve the stability of grid connected
inverters under weak grid conditions and reduce the impact of PLL perturbations on
grid-connecting current. The experimental results indicate that the low order
harmonics of the network current can be suppressed effectively, which verifies the
analysis [41].

2.2 Conclusion
The purpose of literature review is about to synchronize the inverter with the
grid. From all of the above methods it is concluded that the dq-PLL methods is best
for inverter grid synchronization. Because it is easy to implement and high accuracy.
The main function of PI controller is to reduce the error. It is concluded that the
advantage of PI controller is that there is no any remaining error after the set point
changed. SPWM method is used for inverter control.

20
 Performance analysis of dq-PLL based controller for synchronization of
grid tied inverter

3. VOLTAGE SOURCE INVERTER

3.1. Basic dc to ac conversion

Initially the DC to AC conversion is carried out by using the transistors. The

basic circuit of the DC to AC conversion consist of two transistors. One is pnp
transistor and second is npn transistor. As shown in the fig.3.1, the transistors are
connected in push-pull manner, and operates in common emitter configuration. The
base and emitter of both the transistors are shorted. Collector of npn transistor is
connected to positive DC supply(E+), and collector of the pnp transistor is connected
to the negative DC supply(E-).The resistive load is connected between the emitter
shortening point and the power supply ground.

For the positive voltage the npn transistor conducts and we get the positive
pulse at the output and for the negative supply voltage pnp transistor conducts and we
get the negative pulse at the output voltage.

Fig.3.1 Transistorized VSI

3.2 Types of voltage source inverter

The voltage source inverters (VSI) are classified on the basis of their construction and
their output voltage and their level of implementation. There are three main types of
the VSI on the basis of their output voltage as

1) Single-phase half-bridge inverter

21
 Performance analysis of dq-PLL based controller for synchronization of
grid tied inverter

2) single-phase full-bridge inverter

3) Three phase voltage source inverter
A. Single phase half bridge voltage source inverter
The push pull type converter has some disadvantages. It requires the dual power
supply for operation of transistors. Also transistorized VSI requires the two different
kind of transistors, such as npn and pnp, and both the transistors have different
switching speed. Because of these two disadvantages IGBT are used in the circuit.
The single Phase VSI constructed using the IGBT is shown in fig.3.2.

Fig.3.2 Single phase half bridge inverter

The single phase voltage source inverter consist of two IGBT. The IGBT are work
like the switches. In half bridge topology the input DC voltage is symmetrically
divided due to the same capacitors connected across the DC supply. The output
waveform of the single phase half bridge rectifire is as shown in fig.3.3. It is a square
waveform. The output square waveform consists of the harmonics.

22
 Performance analysis of dq-PLL based controller for synchronization of
grid tied inverter

Fig.3.3Output waveform of the single phase half bridge VSI

B. Single phase full bridge inverter

Fig.3.4 Topology of a 1-phase VSI

The single-phase bridge circuit of Fig. 3.4 may be thought of as two half-bridge
circuits sharing the same dc bus. Therefore the single phase ‘full-bridge’ inverter has
two legs of switches, one is upper switch and another is lower switch. The point
where upper and lower switches meet is called as the junction point. The output of
particular leg is taken from this junction point. Pole voltage is defined as the Voltage
between output point of legs and the midpotential of the dc bus. The pole voltage may
be positive bus or negative bus. The two pole voltages of the single-phase bridge
23
 Performance analysis of dq-PLL based controller for synchronization of
grid tied inverter

inverter generally have same magnitude and frequency but their phases are 180° apart.
Thus the load connected between points ‘A’ and ‘B’ will have the same voltage as
that of twice the magnitude of the individual pole voltage.

C. Three phase voltage source inverter

Fig. 3.5 shows the power circuit of the three-phase inverter. This circuit is obtained by
combining three single-phase half-bridge inverter circuits which is installed across the
same dc bus. The individual pole voltages of the 3-phase bridge circuit and the square
pole voltages output by single phase half bridge or full bridge circuits is equal. The
three pole voltages of the 3-phase square wave inverter are shifted in time by one
third of the output time period. The horizontal axis of the waveforms in Fig. 3.6 has
been represented in terms of ‘ωt’, where ‘ω’ is the angular frequency (in radians per
second) of the fundamental component of square pole voltage and ‘t’ stands for time
in second. In Fig. 3.5 the phase sequence of the pole voltages is taken as VAO, VBO
and VCO. The numbering of the switches in Fig. 3.5 has some special significance vis-
à-vis the output phase sequence.

Fig.3.5 A 3-phase Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) feeding a balanced load

The conduction pattern is according to the number given to the switches marked in
Fig. 3.6 may be noted. It may be seen that with the chosen numbering the switches
turn on in the sequence:- Sw1, Sw2, Sw3, Sw4, Sw5, Sw6, Sw1, Sw2, ….and so on.
Identifying the switching cycle time as 360 degrees (2π radians), it can be seen that
each switch conducts for 180° and the turning on of the adjacent switch is staggered
by 60 degrees. The upper and lower switches of each pole (leg) of the inverter
conduct in a complementary manner. In order to reverse the output phase sequence,
24
 Performance analysis of dq-PLL based controller for synchronization of
grid tied inverter

the switching sequence should be reversed. At any time three switches conduct by
considering the symmetry of conduction pattern. These three switches are as one from
lower group and two from the upper group of switches, which are connected to
positive dc bus and or vice-versa (i.e., one from upper group and two from lower
group). According to the conduction pattern indicated in Fig. 3.5 there are six
combinations of conducting switches during an output cycle:- (Sw5, Sw6, Sw1),
(Sw6, Sw1, Sw2), (Sw1, Sw2, Sw3), (Sw2, Sw3, Sw4), (Sw3, Sw4, Sw5), (Sw4,
Sw5, Sw6). Each of these combinations of switches conducts for 600 in the sequence
mentioned above to produce output phase sequence of A, B, C. As will be shown later
the fundamental component of the three output line-voltages will be balanced[23].

Fig.3.6. Some relevant voltage waveforms output by a 3-phase square wave VSI

25
 Performance analysis of dq-PLL based controller for synchronization of
grid tied inverter

3.3 Design of inverter

The design of filter consist of two parts i.e. topology of power circuit and design of
filter. These two parts are discussed in this section.

3.3.1 Topology of power circuit

The topologies of three-phase four-wire inverter mainly include the three-phase
inverter based on Δ/Y transformer, the three-phase four-wire inverter with split
capacitor and the three-phase four-leg inverter. The three-phase inverter based on •
Δ/Y transformer can eliminate the zero-sequence output voltage, and output the
symmetrical three-phase voltage when the load is unbalanced. However, the zero-
sequence voltage is uncontrollable, which would make the system unstable, and the
power frequency transformer at the output terminal also greatly increases the bulk and
weight of the inverter. The topology of three-phase four-wire inverter with split
capacitor has simple structure and fewer power devices. There are two same
capacitors in series at the input terminal, the midpoint of which is connected with the
ground of the load and grid to realize three-phase four-wire function. However, the
parameters of the two capacitors must be the same absolutely, and the value is high,
which also greatly increases the bulk and weight of the inverter. What’s worse is that
there will appear the bias of the capacitors at input terminal would appear when the
system works under the condition of overload or open phase. Besides, the utilization
of the input DC voltage of this structure is not high. The three-phase four-leg inverter
is made up of a three-phase three-leg inverter together with another leg. The topology
is shown in Fig. 3.7

Fig.3.7 Topology Of Power circuit inverter

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 Performance analysis of dq-PLL based controller for synchronization of
grid tied inverter

The additional leg is used to control the neutral-point voltage, and provides a pathway
for the zero-sequence current to decouple the three-phase current. Then the three-
phase current would be independent absolutely, and the three-phase output voltage is
symmetrical even with unbalanced load or open phase. The efficiency of DC voltage
is higher, and a small capacitor at DC input terminal could meet the requirements.
Besides, the performance with unbalanced load is better. Therefore, the topology of
three-phase four-leg grid tied inverter is selected here.

IGBT is chosen as the switch tube of circuit. The rated output power of the inverter P e
is 10kw, the phase voltage Ug of the grid is 220V, the power factor cosφ is 0.99, and
then the rated current of IGBT is expressed as

𝑃𝑒
I e= 3𝑈𝑔𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜑 (3.1)

It is not difficult to draw the result is 15.3A. Then we can get the peak value 21.6A by
multiplying 1.414. The peak reverse voltage that the diode can sustain is DC 600V.
Taking the 2-3times allowance into account, we choose the IGBT whose breakdown
voltage is 1200V and the rated current is 50A [25].

3.3.2 Design of filter

The AC filter is used to eliminate the harmonic, which effects the quality of power
injected to the grid directly and is related to the dynamic and static response closely.
The common L filter needs a large inductance to meet the requirement of the
harmonic, which lead to the bulk, power consumption, voltage on inductance and
inertial control increase, and the response speed of inner current loop goes down. The
LCL, as a third-order filter, could promote the suppression of high frequency
switching harmonic greatly. The performance is satisfactory. But a gain spike could
exist near the pole resonance frequency, causing the output volatility. The problem
can be solved by adding the damping resistance. As is shown in Fig. 3.8, Ln is the
inductance in inverter side; Lg is in the grid side; Cf is the capacitor; and Rz is the
damping resistance in series with the capacitor.

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 Performance analysis of dq-PLL based controller for synchronization of
grid tied inverter

Fig.3.8. LCL filter with damping resistance

The parameters’ configuration of the filter is very important. And the following is the
specific calculation.

(a) The filtering capacitor

The value of the capacitor has a large effect on the system. When the value is too
large, more reactive current would be absorbed by the filter. If the value is too small,
the capability of absorbing high frequency harmonic would be decreased, which could
decline the output capability. Considering these two aspects, the value of the capacitor
should be as large as possible under the condition of the reactive power absorption is
limited. The ratio of reactive power absorbed by filtering capacitor and the rated
power of inverter is expressed as

2𝛱𝑓𝑛𝑝𝐶𝑓𝑈𝑔2
ζ= (3.2)
𝑃𝑒

Where f is the frequency of the grid, np is the phase number, Ug is the phase voltage of
the grid, Pe is the rated power. The max value of equation (3.2) is usually equal to 5%,
the corresponding value of Cf is equals 3μF.

(b) The filtering inductance

Each phase has two inductances: Ln is the inductance near the inverter side, and Lg
near grid side. Ln is mainly used to suppress the ripple of the current from the inverter,
while Lg is mainly used to eliminate the current harmonic at switching frequency,
together with the filtering capacitor. The ratio of the ripple current and the rated
current could be expressed as
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 Performance analysis of dq-PLL based controller for synchronization of
grid tied inverter

𝑈𝑑𝑐
ζ= 8𝐿𝑛fsImax (3.3)

where Udc is the DC input voltage, fs is the switching frequency of the inverter, Imax is
the maximum output current. The ratio is required to be less than 10%. As a result, the
value of Ln should be greater than 1.7mH. We choose it as 2mH.

The value of Ln and Lg is proportional to the total voltage drop on the inductances
approximately, and the ratio of the voltage on inductances and the phase voltage is
expressed as

2𝛱𝑓(𝐿𝑛+𝐿𝑔)
ζ= Ie (3.4)
𝑈𝑔

The ratio could not be too large, otherwise a higher DC input voltage is required, and
the power loss will also increase. According to the requirements, the sum of Ln and Lg
should be less than 4.5mH, so Ln can be selected as 1mH.

(c) The damping resistance.

The resistance is mainly used to suppress gain at cut-off frequency of the filter, and
improve the stability of the system. The value is usually less than 1/3 of the filtering
capacitor at the resonant frequency, which is calculated according to the follow
equation [25].

𝐿𝑛+𝐿𝑔
fres =√𝐿𝑛𝐿𝑔𝐶𝑓 (3.5)

3.4 Conclusion
The developments of a three phase inverter increases day by day as
technologies keep changing rapidly. All electronic converters are used in industry to
improve power supply efficiency hence the efficiency of these electronic converters
should be increased time to time. Most of the researchers especially those are experts
in three phase inverter have studied and analyzed the performance of parameter like
harmonic, power losses and efficiencies of the three phase inverter. The different
switching techniques and switching elements were used in three phase inverter also
considered when inverters become the best power supply for converting DC power to

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 Performance analysis of dq-PLL based controller for synchronization of
grid tied inverter

AC power. Based on study, PWM technique is common method used in three phase
inverter circuit. It has many advantages like less DC voltage consumption, less
switching time and less switching losses. Considering this advantages it is used to
improve inverter performance.

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 Performance analysis of dq-PLL based controller for synchronization of
grid tied inverter

4. CONTROLLING OF INVERTER
4.1 control strategies for inverter
This chapter reviews the control schemes for controlling the grid connected VSI. The
current controller can have a significant effect on the quality of the current supplied to
the grid by the inverter, and therefore it is important that the controller provides a high
quality sinusoidal output with minimal distortion to avoid harmonics. The controllers
which are used to control inverters are the PI controller with the grid voltage feed-
forward path and the PR controller as described below.

4.1.1 PI Controller
The Proportional Integral controller used for controlling of voltage source
inverter is as shown in figure 4.1. The main function of PI controller is to reduce the
error. The output of PI controller is SPWM pulse. Means it produces pulse. Here
current measurement block fetch the current quantities at filter input side and V-I
measurement block fetch the current & voltage quantities at filter output side. Filter is
used to reduce the harmonics. The PLL block is use for synchronization. PLL locks
the phases and for locking of phases it needs voltage, frequency and phase sequence
should be same. Here current quantities before filter & current quantities after filter
are analyzed. Therefore inverter current and grid current is given to PI controller.
Here also abc-dq conversion takes place. But for this conversion one reference angle
ɷref is required. This reference angle is obtained from the PLL block. In reference
generator it will generate reference current signal (𝑖𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑓 and 𝑖𝑞𝑟𝑒𝑓). Then these
reference signals are compared with the actual current signals [10].
The active power (P) and reactive power (Q) transferred from inverter to grid in
synchronous reference frame can be given as

P = 1.5(𝑉𝑜𝑑 𝑖𝑑 +𝑉𝑜𝑞 𝑖𝑞 ) (4.1)

Q = 1.5(𝑉𝑜𝑑 𝑖𝑞 +𝑉𝑜𝑞 𝑖𝑑 ) (4.2)

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 Performance analysis of dq-PLL based controller for synchronization of
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Fig.4.1 PI controller block diagram

Where the 𝑉𝑜𝑑 , 𝑉𝑜𝑞 , 𝑖𝑑 , 𝑖𝑞 are the voltages and currents after the filter in dqo reference
frame and P, Q are the active and reactive power respectively

Assumed 𝑉𝑜𝑞 = 0, and hence (4.1) and (4.2) can be written as

P = 1.5( 𝑉𝑜𝑑 𝑖𝑑 ) (4.3)

Q = 1.5(𝑉𝑜𝑑 𝑖𝑞 ) (4.4)

From above equations, id and iq can be extracted as-

𝑖𝑑 = 2P/3𝑉𝑜𝑑 (4.5)

𝑖𝑞 = 2Q/3𝑉𝑜𝑑 (4.6)

These dq reference frame current signals are compared with actual current quantities
and given to the PI controller. These signals are again converted into abc reference
frame by using inverse parks transformation. These abc quantities are given to SPWM
block. SPWM block generates a pulse which is given to inverter switches [42].

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 Performance analysis of dq-PLL based controller for synchronization of
grid tied inverter

4.1.2 PR controller
As the name suggest, PR controller introduces infinite gain ideally at resonant
frequency and almost no gain at other frequencies of the system. The PI controller has
main disadvantage as a poor reference tracking, which is improved in the PR
controller. Also the transient response of the PR controller is better than PI controller.
As seen in PI controller, it is not able to track the sinusoidal voltage without DC
steady state gain. Hence grid is to be used as a feed forward voltage to improve the
systems dynamics by helping controller to reach the steady state. This drawback is
eliminated in PR controller by introducing gain at resonating frequency.

Fig.4.2 PR controller block diagram

The transfer function of ideal PR controller is given as

T F = 𝐾𝑝 + 𝐾𝑖 (S/ (S2 +ɷ2)) (4.7)

Where 𝐾𝑝 and 𝐾𝑖 are proportional and integral gain and ɷ is the resonance
frequency[42].

4.2 Methods use in inverter control

There are three methods are used in inverter control
4.2.1 Sinusoidal Pulse width Modulation
4.2.2 Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation

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 Performance analysis of dq-PLL based controller for synchronization of
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4.2.3 Hysteresis Current control

4.2.1 Sinusoidal Pulse width Modulation
The sinusoidal PWM technique is use to control the voltage source inverter. This
inverter has the DC input voltage of constant magnitude. There are two functions of
voltage source inverter. First is to control the frequency and second is to control the
magnitude of DC to AC converted output. For the control of inverter, modulation
strategies are used. This strategy determines the efficiency parameter of inverter like
switching losses and harmonic reduction. The main objective of SPWM technique is
to control the inverter output voltage and frequency. In SPWM technique each period
has constant amplitude pulses and different duty cycles [8]. Therefore to reduce the
harmonic content and to regulate the output voltage, width of the pulses are
modulated. In SPWM technique to obtain the PWM pulse, three sine waves and a
triangular carrier wave is used. The triangular carrier wave has high frequency. The
phase difference between sinusoidal waves are120 deg .
Out of all waves the wave with high frequency is selected as triangular wave. The
comparison between sinusoidal wave and triangular wave is done. After comparison
of this two waves, switching signal is to be generated. When the voltage of sinusoidal
wave is greater than the voltage of triangular wave, comparator generates a pulse.
This pulse is use to trigger the inverter switches. In this way can regulate the voltage
and reduces the harmonics. But the SPWM technique is not efficient to reduce the
harmonics with several orders. Therefor LC filter is use to reduce the higher order
harmonics. Figure 4,3 shows the block diagram of pulse width modulation technique.
Comparator compares the carrier wave with reference wave and produces PWM
pulse.

Fig.4.3 Block diagram of PWM

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 Performance analysis of dq-PLL based controller for synchronization of
grid tied inverter

4.2.2 Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation

This PWM method is frequently used in vector controlled and direct torque controlled
drives. The technique is used for reference voltage generation when current control is
exercised in rotating reference frame
These vectors form a hexagon (Fig. 4.4) which can be seen as consisting of
six sectors spanning 60° each. The reference vector also called as three-phase
sinusoidal voltage. This voltage is obtained by using SVPWM technique by switching
between two nearest active vectors and zero vector. To calculate the time of
application of different vectors, consider Fig. 4.5, depicting the position of different
available space vectors and the reference vector in the first sector.

The time of application of active space voltage vectors is found from Fig. 4.5
as

̅̅̅̅∗ | sin(𝜋−𝛼)
|𝑉 𝑠 3
ta = ̅̅̅
|𝑉 | 2𝜋 (4.8)
𝑎 sin ( )
3

̅̅̅̅∗ | sin 𝛼
|𝑉 𝑠
tb = ̅̅̅̅
|𝑉 2𝜋 (4.9)
𝑏 | sin( )
3

t0 = ts-ta-tb (4.10)

̅̅̅a | =|𝑉
where |V ̅̅̅𝑏 | =(2/3) Vdc (4.11)

Fig.4.4 Phase voltage space vector Fig.4.5 Principle of space vector time
calculation
In order to obtain fixed switching frequency and optimum harmonic each leg
should change its state only once in one switching period. The next half of the

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 Performance analysis of dq-PLL based controller for synchronization of
grid tied inverter

switching period is the mirror image of the first half. The total switching period is
divided intro 7 parts, the zero vector is applied for 1/4th ofthe total zero vector time
first followed by the application of active vectors for halfoftheir application time and
then again zero vector is applied for 1/4th of the zero vector time. This process is
again repeated in the upcoming half of the switching period. This is how symmetrical
SVPWM is obtained. The leg voltage in one switching period is shown in Fig. 4.6 for
sector 1.

The sinusoidal reference space vector form a circular trajectory inside the
hexagon. The largest output voltage magnitude that can be achieved using SVPWM is
the radius of the largest circle that can be inscribed within the hexagon. This circle is
tangential to the mid points of the lines joining the ends of the active space vector.
Hence the maximum fundamental output voltage is given by equation

∗ 2
̅̅̅ 1
|𝑉𝑠 |=3 Vdc cos(π/6)= Vdc
√3
(4.12)

Fig.4.6 Leg voltages and space vector disposition for one switching period in sector I

4.2.3 Hysteresis Current control

Hysteresis current control is a method of controlling a voltage source inverter so that
an output current is generated to follow a reference current waveform. This method
controls the switches in the APF asynchronously to ramp the current through an
inductor up and down so that it follows the reference. This method is easy to
implement. However, the disadvantage is that there is no limit to the switching

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 Performance analysis of dq-PLL based controller for synchronization of
grid tied inverter

frequency. On the other hand, additional circuitry can be used to limit the maximum
switching frequency. The principle of the hysteresis control method for an APF is
implemented by presetting the upper and lower tolerance limits which need to be
compared to the extraction error signal. The maximum error is the difference between
the upper and lower limit, and this hysteresis tolerance bandwidth is mostly equal to
two times of the error. If the error signal is in safe limit, the filter does not take any
switching action. But if the error signal increases switching pulses will be generated
and the filter will produce signals which are injected into the supply line. Fig. 4.7
illustrates the ramping of the current between the two limits. The upper hysteresis
limit is obtained by adding the reference current and the maximum error or
subtracting the upper limit and the reference current. If the values of the minimum
and maximum errors are the same, then the hysteresis bandwidth is equal to two times
of error. As a result, the switching gates for the APF can be obtained. The voltage
across the inductors show the frequency of the switching and the frequency can be
altered by adjusting the width of the hysteresis tolerance band. Smaller inductance
yields larger current difference and causes the slope of the sawtooth to increase[44].

Fig.4.7 Hysteresis Current Control (HCC) operation waveform

4.3 Conclusion
The current control techniques help inverters to provide stability, low steady
state error, fast transient response and low total harmonic distortion when renewable
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 Performance analysis of dq-PLL based controller for synchronization of
grid tied inverter

energy sources are connected to the grid. Among linear grid connected controllers, the
PI controller has a large gain at low frequencies. Based on study, PWM technique is
common method used in three phase inverter circuit. It has many advantages like less
DC voltage consumption, less switching time and less switching losses. Considering
this advantages it is used to improve inverter performance.

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 Performance analysis of dq-PLL based controller for synchronization of
grid tied inverter

5. METHODS OF SYNCHRONIZATION

5.1 Different methods of synchronization

It is necessary to synchronize the phase angle, voltage and frequency of the respective
phases of inverter and grid. Synchronization is the minimization of the difference in
magnitude of voltage, phase angle and frequency of the inverter and grid. So there are
different methods are used for synchronization. This methods are described in this
section.

5.1.1 Zero crossing method

One of the simplest methods for obtaining the phase information is to detect the zero
crossing of the utility voltages. However, the zero crossing points can only be
detected at every half cycle of the utility voltage frequency; thus the dynamic
performance of this technique is quite low. Hence, its discussion has been considered
less relevant for this overview [8].

5.1.2 αβ Filter algorithm

The phase angle of the utility grid voltage can also simply be obtained by filtering the
input signals, i.e. the three phase voltages (𝑈𝑎 ,𝑈𝑏 ,𝑈𝑐 ). Depending on the reference
frame where the filtering is applied, two structures can be obtain:
• filtering in αβ stationary reference frame

• filtering in dq synchronous rotating reference frame

Fig.5.1 depicts one way to obtain the phase angle of the utility network in
stationary reference frame. After the three phase voltages are transformed in αβ
reference frame using a proper matrix transform, filtering is applied for both
components of the grid voltage. It is well known that using filtering, delays will be
introduced in the signal which is unacceptable in the case of grid voltage angle;
Therefore a proper filter design has to be made. An other alternative, is to compensate
for the filter delay. A PI controller, monitoring the q component of the voltage can be
used to correct the displacement introduced by the filter. In order to obtain satisfactory
results under the unbalanced grid conditions, the authors implemented a “wave

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 Performance analysis of dq-PLL based controller for synchronization of
grid tied inverter

shaping and normalization module” which keeps the α and β components of the
voltage sinusoidal and in quadrature. The resonant filter has a similar characteristic as
a band-pass filter but is not introducing delay [8].

Fig. 5.1 Synchronization method using filtering on the dq synchronous rotating reference frame

Fig. 5.2. Synchronization method using filtering on αβ stationary frame

5.1.3 dq filter algorithm

Another synchronization algorithm, this time implemented in the dq reference
frame is shown in Fig.5.2. Since the 𝑈𝑑 and 𝑈𝑞 voltage components are dc variables,
more filtering techniques can be applied to obtain clear signals, i.e. notch filter, low-
pass filter, band-stop filter, etc. When applied to αβ reference frame, the method is
described by:
eαβpos(t) = 0.5[eαβ(t) + jeαβ(t−T/4)] (5.1)

eαβneg(t) = 0.5[eαβ(t)−jeαβ(t−T/4)] (5.2)

where T is the period of the fundamental frequency. The method implies a delay with
T/4 of the signals which makes the method vulnerable if the fundamental frequency
experience variations due to different grid faults. Experimental results will validate
this later.

5.1.4 d-q PLL

The third method for synchronization is the phase locked loop (PLL) technique. The

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 Performance analysis of dq-PLL based controller for synchronization of
grid tied inverter

PLL can be defined as a device which causes one signal to track another. It keeps an
output signal synchronizing with a reference input signal in frequency as well as in
phase .A common structure for grid synchronization used nowadays is the phase
locked loop implemented in dq synchronous reference frame and its schematic is
illustrated in Fig. 5.3. As it can be noticed, this structure uses the coordinate
transformation form abc → dq and the lock is realized by setting the 𝑽∗𝒅 to zero. A
regulator, usually PI, can be used to control this variable and the output of this
regulator is the grid frequency. After the integration of the grid frequency, the utility
voltage angle is obtained, which is fed back into the αβ → dq transformation module
in order to transform into the synchronous rotating reference frame. This structure of
PLL consists of two major parts, the phase detection and the loop filter. The phase
detection can be readily implemented by using abc → dq transform in the three phase
system. On the other hand, the loop filter determines the dynamics of the system.
Therefore, the bandwidth of the filter is a trade off between the filtering performance
and the time response. As a consequence, parameters of the loop filter have a
significant influence on the lock quality and the PLL dynamics[8].

Fig. 5.3 General structure of dq PLL method

5.1.5 Adaptive PLL

A more advanced PLL structure, based on adaptive algorithm is shown in
Fig.5.4. The author suggests that three PLL systems (one for each phase) will have
better performance than one common system for all phases. The adaptive PLL
consists of three control units that individually control the frequency, phase angle and
voltage magnitude. The disadvantage of this structure can be the large algorithm

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 Performance analysis of dq-PLL based controller for synchronization of
grid tied inverter

necessary to implement (3x3 controllers) and the fact that controllers involve a
moving average algorithm that is computationally heavy but very precise. Anyway,
one of the advantages is that it provides the information about each phase amplitude,
frequency and phase. This issue makes this method suitable for grid monitoring, and
thus islanding detection and safety improvement[8].

Fig.5.4 adaptive PLL comprising a voltage observer, a frequency observer and a phase angle
observer

5.2 Conclusion
This chapter gives an overview of the synchronization algorithms and their structure
for grid connected distributed systems. The ability of the synchronization algorithms
to overcome the grid fault and provide a clean synchronization signal is closely
related to its filter design. A controller design in the case of dq PLL have been made
in a way that gives access to the dynamics of the system. The low dynamic designed
dq PLL and adaptive PLL prove to overcome all the test conditions. This make them
suitable for grid connected applications, such as wind turbines, PV or fuel cell
systems.

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 Performance analysis of dq-PLL based controller for synchronization of
grid tied inverter

6. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
6.1 System configuration

Fig. 6.1 shows the grid tied inverter scheme for renewable energy system. In this
configuration, the method use for synchronization is phase locked loop. The phase
locked loop gives the angle and amplitude information of grid voltages. By using this
information the measured line currents and the DC link voltage which is produced by
wind turbine, PV, etc. are fed to digital controller for the control of the inverter. Then,
this digital controller provides the appropriate control signals to drive the switches in
the voltage source inverter. At last, the filtered synchronized inverter output voltages
supplied to the grid via a step-up transformer[2].

Fig. 6.1 Grid tied inverter scheme of RES

6.1.1 Current control strategy for inverter

In Fig 6.2, the closed-loop control structure of the grid tied inverter system is
given. Current control and phase angle control parts are given in this system. Where
𝑖𝑑 and 𝑖𝑞 values are used to control the power transferred from the renewable energy
sources to the grid. In the current control part, the line currents (𝑖𝑎 ,𝑖𝑏 and 𝑖𝑐 ) to be
transferred to the grid are instantaneously measured and converted to dq components
(𝑖𝑑 and 𝑖𝑞 ). In this way, 𝑖𝑑 and 𝑖𝑞 become DC values; So, controlling and filtering can
be carried out easily. To carry out the abc to dq transformation the phase angle of the
grid must be determined. This angle is obtained by the PLL block after the grid
voltages are measured.

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 Performance analysis of dq-PLL based controller for synchronization of
grid tied inverter

The converted 𝑖𝑑 and 𝑖𝑞 currents are compared with the reference current
values (𝑖𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑓 and 𝑖𝑞𝑟𝑒𝑓 ), then the obtained errors are entered the PI controller. To
improve the PI controller performance and reduce the grid harmonics effects, voltage
feedforward (𝑉𝑔𝑑 and 𝑉𝑔𝑞 ) and decoupling terms (ωL) are added to the output of the PI
controller. 𝑉𝑔𝑑 and 𝑉𝑔𝑞 voltages are obtained by the PLL block[1].

Fig.6.2. Grid tied inverter scheme of RES

If an effective PLL method is used, 𝑉𝑔𝑑 will be equal to the maximum value of the
grid voltage while 𝑉𝑔𝑞 will be equal to zero. As a result, the reference voltages
(𝑉𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑓 and 𝑉𝑞𝑟𝑒𝑓 ) required for the SVPWM algorithm are obtained. In the SVPWM
algorithm, appropriate switching signals are obtained for control of the grid tied
inverter using 𝑉𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑓 , 𝑉𝑞𝑟𝑒𝑓 and DC link voltages. The measurement of the phase angle
of the grid voltage is carried out in phase angle control part in such a way that the
inverter and grid can operate in synchronism with each other. For this reason, it is
necessary to use a synchronization algorithm to control the inverter. Among the PLL
methods, the dq-PLL method is preferred because its structure is simple and easy to
apply. The dq-PLL operates as a feedback system to instantaneously detect the phase

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 Performance analysis of dq-PLL based controller for synchronization of
grid tied inverter

angle (𝜃 ∗ ) of the grid voltages. The PLL algorithm that's want to synchronize the
phase of Voltage Source Inverter output voltage with the utility grid voltage at the
grid interactive operation may be a typical closed-loop servo system where the
instantaneous phase-angle of the grid voltage, θ, is detected. The block scheme of
PLL designed in dq synchronous-rotating coordinate system is illustrated in fig. 6.3.
As seen from the figure, the three-phase grid voltages Va, Vb, Vc are measured and
transformed into the stationary reference voltages Vα and Vβ, then converted to the
rotating reference voltages Vd and Vq. Vd and Vq appear as DC quantities. The PI
worked as a loop filter of PLL is typically wont to control Vq parameter, and under
ideal conditions like no harmonics, balanced grid voltages, Vq value is zero while Vd
is adequate to the utmost value of the grid voltage. On the opposite part, the output of
PI controller becomes the grid frequency by adding feedforward angular frequency of
the grid (where angular frequency, ωg=2πf and f is that the fundamental of the grid
voltage waveform). θ is decided by the mixing of angular frequency. The estimated
phase-angle is fed back to the αβ-dq transformation block. Also, the grid voltage
frequency, f are often determined during this system [1]-[2].

Fig.6.3. Block diagram of the dq-PLL

6.2. Types of solar Inverter

Solar inverters may be classified into three broad types

-alone inverters, used in isolated systems where the inverter draws its DC
energy from batteries charged by photovoltaic arrays. Many stand-alone inverters also

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 Performance analysis of dq-PLL based controller for synchronization of
grid tied inverter

incorporate integral battery chargers to replenish the battery from an AC source, when
available. Normally these do not interface in any way with the utility grid, and as
such, are not required to have anti-islanding protection.

-tie inverters, which match phase with a utility-supplied sine wave. Grid-tie
inverters are designed to shut down automatically upon loss of utility supply, for
safety reasons. They do not provide backup power during utility outages.

from a battery, manage the battery charge via an onboard charger, and export excess
energy to the utility grid. These inverters are capable of supplying AC energy to
selected loads during a utility outage, and are required to have anti-islanding
protection.

6.2.1 Grid tied solar inverters

Solar grid-tie inverters are designed to quickly disconnect from the grid if the
utility grid goes down. This is an NEC requirement that ensures that in the event of a
blackout, the grid tie inverter will shut down to prevent the energy it produces from
harming any line workers who are sent to fix the power grid.

Grid-tie inverters that are available on the market today use a number of
different technologies. The inverters may use the newer high-frequency transformers,
conventional low frequency transformers, or no transformer. Instead of converting
direct current directly to 120 or 240 volts AC, high-frequency transformers employ a
computerized multi-step process that involves converting the power to high-frequency
AC and then back to DC and then to the final AC output voltage.

Historically, there have been concerns about having transformerless electrical

systems feed into the public utility grid. The concerns stem from the fact that there is
a lack of galvanic isolation between the DC and AC circuits, which could allow the
passage of dangerous DC faults to the AC side. Primarily, residual or ground current
detection is used to detect possible fault conditions. Also isolation tests are performed
to ensure DC to AC separation.

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 Performance analysis of dq-PLL based controller for synchronization of
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Many solar inverters are designed to be connected to a utility grid, and will not
operate when they do not detect the presence of the grid. They contain special
circuitry to precisely match the voltage, frequency and phase of the grid.

6.3 Inverter types and classification

Now that we understand why we need an inverter for PV systems, it is time to

introduce the different types of inverters that exist in the market and discover the
advantages and disadvantages of each type. Inverters are classified based on their size,
mode of operation, or configuration topology.

6.3.1 Inverters based on PV system type

Considering the classification based on the mode of operation, inverters can be

classified into three broad categories

1. Stand-alone inverters (supplies stable voltage and frequency to load)

2. Grid-connected inverters (the most commonly used option)
3. Bimodal inverters (usually more expensive and are used less often)
6.3.2 Types of Grid-connected Inverters

Aside from the modes of operation, grid-connected inverters are also classified
according to configuration topology. There are four different categories under this
classification.

[Link] Central inverters, which are usually around several kW to 100 MW range.
[Link] String inverters, typically rated around a few hundred Watts to a few kW.
[Link] Multi-string inverters, typically rated around 1 kW to 10 kW range. [Link]
And finally, Module Inverters or Micro Inverters, typically rated around 50 to 500 W.

[Link] Central Inverter

Let's start with the central inverter, as shown in fig.6.4. This is a PV array that
consists of three strings, where each string has three series connected modules. Before
these strings are connected to the utility grid, a power conditioning unit is required as
an interface between the array and the grid. Designers can use one central inverter as
illustrated in fig.6.4, where all strings are connected to the DC side of the inverter and
the single AC output is connected to the utility grid.
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 Performance analysis of dq-PLL based controller for synchronization of
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Fig.6.4 Central inverter topology

Advantages of a Central Inverter

1. The most traditional inverter topology
2. Easy system design and implementation
3. Low cost per Watt
4. Easy accessibility for maintenance and troubleshooting
Disadvantages of a Central Inverter
1. High DC wiring costs and power loss due to Voltage Drop.
2. Single MPPT for the entire PV system
3. System output can be drastically reduced in case of partial shading and string
mismatch
4. Difficult to add strings or arrays for future expansion
5. Single failure point for the entire system
6. Monitoring at array level
7. Huge size! (It is a disadvantage because the bigger size requires more land and
creates a shading issue for the PV array.)
[Link] String Inverter
Now, we are moving to the String inverters as shown in fig.6.5. Assuming the same
PV array that consists of three strings, another way to connect it to the grid is using

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 Performance analysis of dq-PLL based controller for synchronization of
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three string inverter as illustrated in fig.6.5. In this case, each PV string is connected
to a single string inverter at the DC side, and all AC outputs of inverters are combined
and connected to the utility grid.

Fig.6.5 String inverter topology

As the name indicates, each string of PV modules has its own inverter. In this case,
we are moving closer to the PV modules level.

Advantages of a String Inverter

1. Smaller in size when compared to central inverters
2. Better MPPT capability per string
3. Scalability for future expansion by adding parallel strings
4. Short DC wires
5. Monitoring at string level
Disadvantages of a String Inverter
1. The installation requires special racking for the inverter for each string
2. Poor flexibility at partial shading
3. Higher per Watt cost than central inverter
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 Performance analysis of dq-PLL based controller for synchronization of
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[Link] Multi- string type inverter

There is another topology of string inverters called the multi-string inverter. It utilizes
string DC-DC converter for MPPT and then central inverter. This type is not very
common and is beyond our discussion for this class.

[Link] Micro Inverter

Finally, let's look at the micro inverters. These are also referred to as module
inverters. In this case, each module has one dedicated inverter connected on the back
of the module. The module DC terminals are connected to the DC side of the inverter
and then all AC wires of all terminals are combined and then connected to the utility
interconnection point as illustrated in fig.6.6.

Fig.6.6 Micro inverter topology

As the name suggests, each module has a dedicated inverter with an MPP tracker.
Advantages of Micro Inverters
1. Resilience to partial shading effects as compared to the central and string inverters.
2. MPPT at module level
3. Highest system flexibility for future expansion
4. Minimum DC wiring costs
5. Monitoring at module level
Disadvantages of Micro Inverters
1. High per Watt cost
2. High maintenance costs
3. Difficult access for maintenance since the installation is under the PV modules.

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6.4 Conclusion
This chapter discussed system description and current control strategy for
inverter. It also discuss about the different types of solar inverters and types of grid
connected inverters.

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7. METHODOLOGY
7.1 Introduction

MATLAB is a high-performance language for technical computing. It integrates

computation, visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use environment where
problems and solutions are expressed in familiar mathematical notation. Typical uses
include:

th and computation

an interactive system whose basic data element is an array that does not require
dimensioning. This allows us to solve many technical computing problems, especially
those with matrix and vector formulations, in a fraction of the time it would take to
write a program in a scalar non interactive language such as C or Fortran. The name
MATLAB stands for matrix laboratory. MATLAB was originally written to provide
easy access to matrix software developed by the LINPACK and EISPACK projects,
which together represent the state-of-the-art in software for matrix computation.
MATLAB has evolved over a period of years with input from many users. In
university environments, it is the standard instructional tool for introductory and
advanced courses in mathematics, engineering, and science. In industry, MATLAB is
the tool of choice for high-productivity research, development, and analysis.
MATLAB features a family of application-specific solutions called toolboxes. Very
important to most users of MATLAB, toolboxes allow you to learn and apply
specialized technology. Toolboxes are comprehensive collections of MATLAB
functions (M-files) that extend the MATLAB environment to solve particular classes
of problems. Areas in which toolboxes are available include signal processing, control
systems, neural networks, fuzzy logic, wavelets, simulation, and many others.

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7.2 Control technique use for inverter in project

There are number of pulse width modulation techniques are available for giving
switching pulses to voltage source inverter. Out of all the available pulse width
modulation techniques use for giving switching pulse to inverter, the Sinusoidal Pulse
Width Modulation (SPWM) technique is used in this design. The voltage source
inverter uses the PWM switching techniques to have a DC input voltage (𝑉𝑑𝑐 = 𝑉𝑠 )
that is usually constant in magnitude. The main function of inverter is to convert this
DC input into AC output, in which the magnitude and frequency can be controlled.
The efficiency parameters of an inverter such as the switching losses and the
harmonic reduction are principally dependent on the modulation strategies used to
control the inverter. Sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) is commonly used
in power electronics to generate voltage pulses by the on and off of the power
switches. As the PWM inverter has simple circuit and rugged control scheme it is
widely used in power electronics. The SPWM switching technique is commonly used
in industrial applications. SPWM techniques consist of constant amplitude pulses
having different duty cycles for each period. The width of these pulses should be
modulated for inverter output voltage control and harmonic reduction. SPWM is the
most used method in motor control and inverter application. In the SPWM technique,
three sine waves and a high frequency triangular carrier wave are used to generate the
PWM signal [45].

Generally, three sinusoidal waves are used for the three-phase inverter. The
sinusoidal waves are called the reference signals and have 120° phase difference with
each other. The frequency of these sinusoidal waves is selected on the basis of
inverter output frequency which is required for synchronization. The triangular
wave is the carrier wave having high frequency with several KHz.

When we compare the sinusoidal waves and the triangular waves switching signal for
inverter is obtained. The comparator gives out a pulse when the sine voltage is greater
than the triangular voltage and this pulse is used to trigger the respective inverter
switches. The switches of any leg in the inverter should not be switched off
simultaneously because if we switch of switches of any leg of inverter
simultaneously, it causes the undefined switching states and undefined AC output line
voltages in the VSI. The phase outputs are mutually phase shifted by 120° angles. The

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 Performance analysis of dq-PLL based controller for synchronization of
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ratio between the triangular wave and the sine wave must be an integer N, the number
of voltage pulses per half-cycle, such that, 2N= fc/fs. Fig.7.2 shows the conventional
SPWM signal generation technique for the three phase voltage source inverter.

If the reference voltages generated by the detection and control block are given as the
modulating waveforms for the inverter then the fundamental component of the output
of the inverter will be same as the reference voltages generated by the detection and
control block. This inherent advantage of the SPWM (which makes our design much
simpler) justifies the selection of the SPWM as the switching strategy for the inverter.
Along with this, the SPWM technique also has the following advantages: i) Inverter
implemented using SPWM will have a constant switching frequency, ii) By choosing
the modulation frequency (which is the ratio of the carrier frequency to the
modulating waveform frequency) very high, the switching harmonics can be pushed
to the high frequency side reducing the filter requirement less [45].

According to our requirement the switches in the voltage source inverter can be
turned on and off. In the simplest approach, the top switch is turned on if turned on
and off once in each cycle, a square wave waveform results. If the switch is turned on
several times in a cycle, there is a improvement in the harmonic profile. Figure 7.1
shows the three-phase VSI.

Fig.7.1. Three-phase voltage source inverter

The phase outputs of the inverter are mutually phase shifted by 120° angles. The
conventional sinusoidal pulse width modulation signal generation technique for the
three phase voltage source inverter is shown in fig.7.2.

The total harmonic distortion is not affected by the PWM process because the root
mean square value of the ac voltage waveform and the dc bus voltage is same. The
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 Performance analysis of dq-PLL based controller for synchronization of
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inductances in the ac system automatically filtered the harmonic components in the

system.

The modulation index is defined as the ratio of amplitude of the modulating signal Am
to the amplitude of the triangular carrier is Ac i.e. m = Am/ Ac . By controlling the
modulation index we can control the magnitude of the applied output voltage. Due the
presence of the inductive elements the high frequency components don't propagate
significantly within the ac network with a sufficiently high carrier frequency.
Generally switching frequencies in the range the 2-15 kHz is considered which
is adequate for power systems applications. In figure, the carrier wave signal is
denoted by Vtri, control signal is denoted by Vcontrol, inverter output line to neutral
voltages are denoted by VAO, VBO, VCO, inverter output line to line voltages = VAB, VBC,
VCA , the frequency of the Vtri = fs, the frequency of the Vcontrol is f1, fs = PWM
frequency and f1 = fundamental frequency.

The inverter output voltages are determined by (7.1)-(7.2).

When Vcontrol >Vtri,

VAO = Vdc/2 (7.1)

When Vcontrol < Vtri,

VAO = – Vdc/2 (7.2)

where, VAB = VAO – VBO

VBC = VBO – VCO (7.3)

VCA = VCO – VAO

A. Advantages of SPWM:
• Its implementation and control is easy,
• Linearity,
• It is compatible with digital microprocessors,
• It dissipates lower power,
• It has lower switching losses,

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 Performance analysis of dq-PLL based controller for synchronization of
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• Better utilization of the DC power supply that is to deliver a higher output voltage
with the same DC supply,

• Low harmonic contents in the output voltage and ac currents, especially in the low-
frequency region.

Fig.7.2: Principle of Pulse Width Modulation

7.3 Method use for synchronization

To achieve a proper synchronization, phase locked loops (PLL) are broadly used to
synchronize the inverter and the grid.
7.3.1 Basic Phase-locked Loops (PLL)
PLL is a feedback control system. It automatically matches the phase of a
locally generated signal with the phase of input signal. In grid connected system, PLL
synchronizes the instantaneous phase angle of inverter voltage with the phase angle of
grid voltage to get power factor close to unity. The block diagram of conventional
PLL is given in Fig.7.3.

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Fig. 7.3. Block Diagram of conventional PLL

• It consist of phase detector (PD), loop filter (LF), and a voltage controlled oscillator
(VCO). The PD measures the phase difference between the input signal and
reproduced output signal and then generates a voltage according to the phase
difference between the two signals. It can be analog or digital.

• The LP is a low pass filter (LPF) which blocks all higher frequency signals and
extracts DC component. The filter regulates the stability of the loop. If it is not
designed correctly, then it can build oscillations around the loop and large signals will
appear on the tune line. This will result in VCO being forced to sweep over wide band
of frequency. Hence, proper filter design is needed.

• The DC component is then amplified and passed to VCO which could be a PI

controller to generate a frequency of output signal. The frequency is then integrated to
form the phase of output signal. If the output frequency is locked with the input
frequency, the phase difference of PD is eventually driven to zero. As a result, phase
of output signal is locked with the input signal[34].

7.3.2 Mathematical Analysis

Fig. 7.4 shows the control structure of PLL. Different techniques can be used to
implement each blocks of PLL. In this case PD is implemented using a multiplier, LF
using a LPF and VCO containing PI controller, an integrator and a sinusoidal
function.

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Fig. 7.4. Control Structure of PLL

For input signal For input signal For input signal V =𝑉𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑔 , with 𝜃𝑔 = ɷ𝑔 + ф𝑔 and
output signal y = sinθ, with θ = ɷ𝑡 + ф, the output of PD is:

̃𝑣 = vy = 𝑉𝑚 sinθ𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑔 (7.4)

𝑣𝑚 𝑣
̃𝑣 = sin(θ-𝜃𝑔 )+ 2𝑚 sin (θ+𝜃𝑔 ) (7.5)
2

𝑣𝑚 𝑣𝑚
𝑣̃ = sin[(ɷ-ɷ𝑔 )t+(ф-ф𝑔 )]+ sin [ (ɷ+ɷ𝑔 )t+ (ф+ф𝑔 )] (7.6)
2 2

The first term of eq(3) is a low frequency component which contains the phase
difference between v and y and the second term is high frequency component which is
filtered out by the loop filter. Hence, the output of LF is:

𝑣
d= 2𝑚 sin [ (ɷ-ɷ𝑔 )t+ (ф-ф𝑔 )] (7.7)

which is fed to PI controller to generate estimated frequency ɷ = θ until d = 0. The

estimated frequency is then integrator to form the phase of output signal y = sinθ,
which is sent back to PD to complete the loop. In steady state, when d is driven to
zero and ɷ = ɷg with ф = ф𝑔 , the phase of output signal is said to be locked with that
of input signal y. Hence, phase of input signal and output signal is synchronized [34].

7.3.3 SRF PLL

The widely used technique for frequency in sensitive grid synchronization in three
phase systems is SRF PLL. The basic idea of PLL is the feedback system with a PI
controller tracking the phase angle. In this case, the input is a three phases of the grid
voltages and output from the PLL is the phase angle of one of the three phases. There

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are two choices, one is assuming the grid voltages are balanced and tracking only one
of the three phases and then shifting with 120o for each of the other two phases and
the second is having three PLL systems, one for each phase. In SRF PLL, three phase
voltage vector is translated from abc natural reference frame to αβ stationary
reference frame by using Clarke’s transformation and then to dq rotating reference
frame by using Park’s transformation as shown in Fig. 7.5.

Fig. 7.5. General Structure of Three Phase SRF PLL

The angular position of dq reference frame is controlled by the feedback loop to make
the d axis overlapping with the grid voltage vector. Therefore, in steady state, the q
axis component represents the amplitude of the voltage vector and the output of the d
channel feedback loop represents the frequency and the phase of voltage vector.

[Link] Stationary reference frame αβ

To track the phase angle, the three phase of the voltage signals 𝑉𝑎 , 𝑉𝑏 , 𝑉𝑐 are
transformed to two phases of stationary system 𝑉𝛼 and 𝑉𝛽 using Clarke transformation
as shown in fig. 7.6[34].

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Fig. 7.6. Clarke Transformation

The three grid voltages are given as:

𝑐𝑜𝑠ɷ𝑡
va 2𝜋
𝑉𝑎𝑏𝑐 =[vb ] = 𝑉𝑚 [cos(ɷ𝑡 − 3 )] (7.8)
vc 2𝜋
cos(ɷ𝑡 + ) 3

The αβ-transformation matrix by Clarke’s Transformation is:

𝑉𝛼𝛽 = [𝑇𝛼𝛽 ]. 𝑉𝑎𝑏𝑐 (7.9)

Where, 𝑉𝑎𝑏𝑐 is three phase utility voltage and 𝑇𝛼𝛽 𝑖𝑠 Clarke’s Transformation matrix

1 1 va
𝑣𝛼 2 1 −2 −2
[𝑣 ]= 3 [ v
] [ b] (7.10)
𝛽 √3 √3
0 − 2 vc
2

𝑣𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
[𝑣 ] = 𝑉𝑚 [ ] (7.11)
𝛽 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

This is two signals (Fig 7.7) carrying information of phase angle of one of the two
phases i.e. 𝑉𝑎

Fig. 7.7. Two Phase Reference Signal

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 Performance analysis of dq-PLL based controller for synchronization of
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So, reference frame with 𝑉𝛼 and 𝑉𝛽 as co-ordinates is called Stationary reference

frame.

[Link] Rotating reference frame dq:

The phase angle θ is tracked by synchronizing the voltage vector along d axis. The
two-axis stationary reference frame are transformed into rotating reference frame
using Park transformation as shown in Fig. 7.8[34].

Fig. 7.8. Park Transformation

The dq-transformation matrix by Park’s Transformation is:

𝑉𝑑𝑞 =[𝑇𝑑𝑞 ] ∗ 𝑉𝛼𝛽 (7.12)

Where, [𝑇𝑑𝑞 ]= parks transformation matrix

𝑉𝑑 cos(𝜃 ′ ) sin(𝜃 ′ ) 𝑣𝛼
[𝑉 ] = [ ][ ] (7.13)
𝑞 −sin(𝜃′) cos(𝜃 ′ ) 𝑣𝛽

𝑉𝑑 sin(𝜃 − 𝜃′)
[ 𝑉 ]=𝑉𝑚 [ ] (7.14)
𝑞 −cos(𝜃 − 𝜃′)

At steady state, the phase error (𝜃 − 𝜃′) is small and the sine term is approximated as:

𝑉𝑑 = 𝑉𝑚 sin(𝜃 − 𝜃 ′ ) ≈ 𝑉𝑚 (𝜃 − 𝜃 ′ ) (7.15)

7.4 Simulation Model in MATLAB

Simulation of the complete system that is the power electronics interface of
renewable energy with grid and the control methodology is done using Simulink.
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 Performance analysis of dq-PLL based controller for synchronization of
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The renewable energy is modeled by a DC voltage source which is converted into

AC voltage using a Voltage Source Inverter. To remove high frequency switching
components from the inverter output LC filter is used. The filtered output of inverter
is completely synchronized with grid and is therefore connected with grid. Grid is
modeled using a three phase programmable source available in Simulink Simpower
library. Phase locked loop and dq current controller using PI controller are also
implemented in Simulink. The system parameters used in simulation are given in
Table 7.1.
Table 7.1. Simulation Parameters

[Link]. Parameters Value

1. Three phase peak voltage 330V
2. Grid voltage 230V
3. DC supply 650V
4. Supply frequency fs 50HZ
5. Filter Inductance Lf 3mH
6. Inductor internal resistance rf 0.05Ω
7. Filter capacitance 30μF
8. Capacitor resistance 0.5Ω
9. Load 1 R=30Ω, L=75mH
10. Load 2 R=10.29Ω, L=25.86mH

Simulation diagram of existing system is as shown in fig 7.10. To verify the

performance of conventional circuit, its corresponding circuit diagram has been drawn
in Simulink library with the help of MATLAB software and simulation results are
obtained.

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 Performance analysis of dq-PLL based controller for synchronization of
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7.4.1 MATLAB simulink model of basic inverter load change circuit

Fig.7.9 MATLAB simulink model of basic inverter load change circuit

Fig.7.9 shows the basic inverter load change circuit. The input voltage to the inverter
is 650 volt D.C. and the third terminal is the gate pulse. This gate pulse is given by the
PWM generator. After the inverter the 3 phase V-I measurement block is connected
which measures the voltage and current output from the inverter. Two series RL loads
are connected. One is connected through breaker. The breaker is initially in open
condition. The switching time given to the breaker is o.4 sec. So, initially only one
load is connected in the circuit. That time the load current is low which is shown in
the current waveform. After 0.4 second the second load is also connected in the
circuit. So from 0.4 second the load current increases.

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 Performance analysis of dq-PLL based controller for synchronization of
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7.4.2 Matlab simulink model of grid tied inverter

Fig.7.10 Matlab simulink model of grid tied inverter

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8. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS

8.1 Introduction

In previous chapter, the proposed work is discussed. This chapter gives the simulation
MAT LAB results about the work that has been done. The MATLAB simulation
modules are useful for the actual design of the proposed work. MATLAB software is
used due to its extensive scope of application in research and analysis zone.
MATLAB software is used to simulate whole system. This software allows
assembling the circuit, running the simulation, analyzing the results, and managing
the data in a completely integrated graphical environment. This dissertation is focus
on the synchronization of the inverter with grid using dq PLL method. It gives the
results about the voltage and current characteristics of the inverter and grid. It
describes about the voltage magnitude of inverter and grid. It also gives the values of
active and reactive power.

8.2 Simulation result

The MATLAB Simulink model of grid tied inverter scheme is shown in previous
chapter. So how the dq-PLL method is effective for inverter grid synchronization is
verified by observing simulation results. This results are as shown in following
waveforms.
8.2.1 Simulation result without filter

Fig.8.1 Inverter output (non-filtered) (a)Voltage (b) current

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Fig.8.1 shows the voltage and current of the inverter without using any filter. It is seen
from figure that the waveform is not pure sinusoidal. When is connected then the
wave form will become pure sinusoidal.

8.2.2 Simulation result with filter

Fig.8.2 Inverter output (filtered) (a)Voltage (b) current

Fig.8.2 shows the Inverter output Voltage and current waveform. From the figure we
can observe that initially there are some distortions, but when filter is adopted
waveform will become pure sinusoidal as shown in figure.

8.2.3 Grid and inverter output voltages on same axis

Fig. 8.3 Grid and inverter output voltages on same axis

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 Performance analysis of dq-PLL based controller for synchronization of
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Fig.8.3 shows the inverter output and grid voltage on same axis. Yellow line
indicates the inverter voltage whereas pink line indicates the grid voltage. From
waveform it is observed that the voltage of inverter and grid are same both in
magnitude and phase. This is the condition for inverter grid synchronization.
Therefore by using dq PLL method proper synchronization can be achieved.

8.2.4 Inverter output current

Fig.8.4 Inverter output current

Fig. 8.4 shows the inverter output waveform. Initially the breaker which is connected in
series with first R-L load is open. Therefore the current is small upto 0.4 sec. But after
0.4 Sec the breaker will be closed. Therefore second load is added to the system and load
current increases after 0.4 sec.

8.2.5 Inverter output voltage and grid current

Fig.8.5 Inverter output voltage and grid current

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 Performance analysis of dq-PLL based controller for synchronization of
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Because of the tracking ability of PLL and PI controller the inverter output current is
nearly in phase with grid voltage when the q axis current reference is set to zero as
shown in fig. 8.5. In addition the synchronizing algorithm also compensates for the
phase shift caused by LC filter. The inverter output current is synchronous with
grid voltage. It can be seen that grid voltage is nearly in phase with output inverter
current, it means that the control algorithm satisfies the condition of zero value of the
reactive power.

8.2.6 THD analysis of inverter output voltage after synchronization

Fig.8.6 THD analysis of inverter output voltage after synchronization

According to IEEE standard 519 the THD value should be less than 5%[11]. Fig.8.6
shows the THD value of inverter output voltage after synchronization. The THD value is
0.76%.

8.3 Conclusion

This proposed model is implemented using MATLAB Simulink software and the
obtained resultant waveforms were evaluated and the effectiveness of the system
stability and performance of power system have been established. In this chapter the
simulation results of inverter filtered output voltage, inverter non-filtered output voltage,
Grid and inverter output voltage, inverter output current, inverter output voltage and
current, THD analysis of inverter output voltage are observed. All simulation results
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 Performance analysis of dq-PLL based controller for synchronization of
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confirmed that the output voltage of the SPWM controlled grid tied inverter are balanced
with the grid and grid synchronization is successfully achieved.

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9. CONCLUSION

9.1 Conclusion

This project represents a simulated model of three phase grid tied inverter and
closed loop current control scheme for the same. The overall simulation of system is
simulated in MATLAB through PLL based PWM technique by using DC supply. The
proposed system is capable for synchronizing with grid with little distortion as per
grid requirement. It can be easily observed from the waveforms that there is scope for
further research in improving the quality of the power. After the compensation, the
grid voltage and current are in phase with inverter voltage and current.

The SPWM technique is very useful in improving the power quality. The THD
is well below the limit 5%. The performance of the shunt active power filter is
analyzed using the SPWM technique for minimizing the harmonics, compensating the
reactive power and improving the power factor in the power system. This technique
can be used to control the VSC of custom power devices. The proposed switching
technique uses a sinusoidal reference signal and an inverted sine wave as the carrier
signal. The SPWM technique generates lower voltage THD and low switching losses
in comparison with the conventional PWM technique.

All simulation results confirmed that the output voltage of the SPWM controlled grid
tied inverter are balanced with the grid and grid synchronization is successfully
achieved.

70
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Performance analysis of dq-PLL based controller for synchronization of grid tied
inverter

PAPER PUBLISHED BY CANDIDATE

1. Miss. Prajakta R. Narkhede and Dr. Paresh J. Shah, “Performance Analysis of dq-PLL
Based Controller for Synchronization of Grid Tied Inverter,” Journal of Engineering,
Computing and Architecture, India, Vol.10, pp.70-74, 2020.
2. Miss. Prajakta R. Narkhede and Dr. Paresh J. Shah, “Synchronization of grid tied
inverter using dq-PLL” IEI (series B), Springer (20th June 2020) (Communicated).
3. Miss. Prajakta R. Narkhede and Dr. Paresh J. Shah, “Inverter grid synchronization- A
review and simulation” IET (Power Electronics) (10th July 2020) (Communicated).