AgF / Hg₂F₂ / SbF₃ / CoF₂ — Alkyl halides → Alkyl
fluorides swarts reaction
AlCl₃ / CH₃Cl — Friedel–Crafts alkylation of benzene
AlCl₃ / CH₃COCl — Friedel–Crafts acylation of
benzene
Alcoholic KOH — Alkyl halides → Alkenes
Aq. KOH — Alkyl halides → Alcohols
AIH(i-Bu)₂ / H₂O — Nitriles → Aldehydes
B
BH₃ / H₂O₂ / OH⁻ — Alkenes → Alcohols
(Anti-Markovnikov)
Br₂ / Cs₂CO₃ — Phenol → Monobromophenol
Br₂ / FeBr₃ — Bromination of benzene
Br₂ / H₂O — Phenol → Tribromophenol
C
CHCl₃ / NaOH — Phenol → Salicylaldehyde
Reimer-Tiemann reaction Cl₂ / Fe
or FeCl₃ — Chlorination of benzene
Cl₂ / red P (HVZ reagents) — Carboxylic acids →
α-Halo acids HVZ
Cl₂ / hv — Alkyl side chain chlorination
CO + H₂ (Zn–Cr₂O₃, 200–300 atm, 573–673 K) —
CO + H₂ → Methanol
CO + HCl / AlCl₃ (Gattermann–Koch) — Benzene
→ BenzaldehydeGattermann–Koch
Cu / 573 K — 1° alcohol → Aldehyde, 2° alcohol →
Ketone, 3° alcohol → Alkene
CuCl, CuBr, CuCN, KI, H₂O, H₃PO₂ — Diazonium
salts → Halo derivatives / CN / Phenol / Benzene
sandmeyer
D
DIBAL-H / H₂O — Esters → Aldehydes
Dil. HNO₃ — Phenol → Mononitrophenol
E
Ether + HI — Ether → Alcohol + Alkyl halide
H
H₂ / Ni or Pd — Reduction of aldehydes, ketones,
nitriles → Alcohols/amines
HCl / ZnCl₂ (Lucas reagent) — Alcohols → Alkyl
chlorides
HBr, HI — Alcohols → Alkyl halides
H₂O / H₂SO₄ — Alkenes → Alcohols
H₂SO₄ (conc, 443 K) — 1° alcohols → Alkenes
H₂SO₄ (conc, 410 K) — Alcohols → Ethers
H₂SO₄ / HNO₃ — Nitration of benzene
H₂SO₄ (conc) + ROH — Carboxylic acids → Esters
H₃PO₄ (85%, 440 K) — 2° alcohol → Alkene
H₃PO₄ (20%, 358 K) — 3° alcohol → Alkene
HBF₄ / NaBF₄ — Diazonium salt → Fluorobenzene
HCN — Carbonyl compounds → Cyanohydrin
HOCH₂–CH₂OH / HCl — Carbonyl compounds →
Ethylene glycol ketals
Halogenation of benzene
I
Invertase — Sucrose → Glucose + Fructose
I₂ / NaOH — (not iodoform test; reagent itself gives
alpha-iodination of methyl ketones)
K
KMnO₄ / KOH — Toluene or alkyl benzene →
Benzoic acid
KMnO₄ / acid or K₂Cr₂O₇ / H₂SO₄ — Alcohols →
Carboxylic acids (oxidation)
KOH / RX (Gabriel phthalimide reagent) —
Phthalimide → Amine
KOH / CaO — Decarboxylation of acids → Alkanes
L
LiAlH₄ — Carboxylic acids → Alcohols; Amides →
Amines; Nitriles → Amines
Lucas reagent (HCl / ZnCl₂) — Alcohols → Alkyl
chlorides
M
Mg + RX (Grignard reagent) + H₃O⁺ — Carbonyls →
Alcohols
N
Na — Alcohols or phenols → Sodium alkoxides /
phenoxides
Na / dry ether (Wurtz) — Alkyl halides → Alkanes
Na₂Cr₂O₇ / H₂SO₄ — Phenol → Benzoquinone
Na₂CO₃ / NaHCO₃ — Carboxylic acid test (excluded
from tests list? you said remove tests; already
removed from this main list)
NaOH / CO₂ — Phenol → Salicylic acid
NaOH (fusion or hydrolysis) — Esters →
Carboxylate + Alcohol
NaOH / heating with acids — Acids → Amides
NaOH + CaO — Decarboxylation of acids →
Alkanes
NaHSO₃ — Aldehydes & ketones → Bisulfite
addition salts
NaNO₂ / HCl (0–5°C) — Formation of diazonium
salts
NaOH — (pure base) used in many substitutions
(kept as given)
P
PBr₃ — Alcohols → Alkyl bromides
PCl₃ — Alcohols → Alkyl chlorides
PCl₅ — Alcohols & acids → Alkyl/acid chlorides
PI₃ — Alcohols → Alkyl iodides
P₂O₅ / P₄O₁₀ — Carboxylic acids → Anhydrides;
Amides → Nitriles
PCC — Alcohols → Aldehydes
Pd/BaSO₄ (Rosenmund) — Acid chlorides →
Aldehydes
Pd/C + H₂ — Reduction (general)
R
RMgX + carbonyl / H₃O⁺ — Carbonyls → Alcohols
(CH₃)₂Cd — Acid chlorides → Ketones
ROH / conc H₂SO₄ — Esterification of acids
S
SOCl₂ — Alcohols → Alkyl chlorides
Sn/HCl or Fe/HCl — Nitro → Amine
Sucrose enzymes (invertase) — in list above
SnCl₂ / HCl / H₃O⁺ — Nitriles → Aldehydes
SOCl₂ / Pyridine — Alcohol → Alkyl chloride (if
needed)
T
Thionyl chloride (SOCl₂) — already included
Toluene oxidation — Listed under KMnO₄
Z
Zn dust — Phenol → Benzene
Zn–Hg / HCl (Clemmensen) — Carbonyl
compounds → Alkanes
Zymase — Glucose/fructose → Ethanol
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