This is the introductory paragraph.

Please do not copy this. Provide your

own introductory paragraph for your
RRL. It must have at least three Review of Related Literature
sentences.

This section discusses the review of related literature and studies. It is

presented here in order to give a strong foundation for the study and also to give

readers sufficient information regarding the variables being studied. The

presentation and discussion follows the sequence of the variables and indicators.

This is the Independent Variable

Minimum Paragraph for IV: 2
Study Habits Minimum citation per paragraph: 1
(Citation means the author/s and year you mentioned)

Many studies have been carried out by researchers like Adeyemo (2015)

and Gbore (2016) on effective study habits. They argue that study habits have

strong relationship with the academic performance of students. A student who

cultivates certain study habit will perform differently from a student who has

another set of study habit. It is believed that student who lacks effective and

efficient means of studying would be building on shaking foundation and

consequently have weak foundation. The teachers teach all the students

collectively but all the students do not have the same grades, here we see

Use transition underachievers and high achievers in mathematics. With these the teachers get
words to
connect your puzzled with the sight of such situations and then try or push too much.
paragraphs.
Example of Moreover, study habits are the most important predictor of academic
Transition
words are: performance and global research has revealed that study habits affect academic
moreover,
additionally, performance. In this regard, medical students are faced with a large amount of
likewise, on
the other
hand, etc.
 information that is difficult to organize and learn, and requires knowledge and

application of study skills. Evidence suggests that learners who do not have

enough information about study strategies do not attain effective and stable

learning, and therefore will not have an appropriate level of academic

achievement.3 In other words, students with better academic achievement use

This is the first
indicator for IV. these skills more than those with lower academic achievement (Riaz, Asma &
Italicize it.
Niaz, 2012)
Paragraphs:
Minimum is Study Session. There have also been only a few studies which have profiled
two.
the characteristics of students participating in study session. These studies have
Citation: at
least 1 per
paragraph found that participation in study sessions vary according to students’ prior

academic ability and nationality, though there is no clear consensus on the nature

of these relationships. For example, Blanc (2013) reported that students’

participation in study sessions is negatively correlated with their prior academic

ability, whereas Lewis (2015) reported that there is a positive correlation between

academic ability and study session participation.

It has also been reported that there is no relationship between study session

and prior academic abilities (Miller et al., 2014). It found that international students

are more likely to participate in study sessions than domestic students. The use of

study sessions has become increasingly popular at universities. For example, it

has been reported that over 250,000 students from more than 30 countries

participate in study session programs. Likewise, globally, there are over 1,000

universities study session programs (University of Sydney, 2017). The programs

give university students the opportunity to study collaboratively for their units in
 This is the small groups. Students generally meet each week and discuss the content covered
second
indicator for IV in the unit’s lectures and tutorials.
Italicize it.
Review Material. Availability of review resources enhances the
Paragraphs:
Minimum is effectiveness of schools as these are basic things that can bring about good
two.
academic performance in the students. Maicibi (2013) opined that review materials
Citation: at
least 1 per
paragraph serve as a channel between the teacher and the students in delivering instructions.

They may also serve as the motivation on the teaching-learning process. It is use

to get the attention of the students and eliminate boredom. Review materials are

highly important for studying. Students often rely on review materials in every

aspect of teaching. They need material for background information on the subject

they are studying.

Use transition
words to Additionally, Basssey (2012) described instructional materials media as
connect your
paragraph.
system component that may be used as part of review process which are used to

disseminate informative message and ideas or which make possible

communication in the teaching-learning process. However, experience over the

years has shown that teachers have been depending on excessive use of words

to express, convey ideas or facts in the teaching-learning process. This process is

termed the ‘chalk-talk’ method. Today advances in technology have made it

possible to produce materials and devices that could be used to minimize the

teachers’ talking and at the same time, make the message clearer, more

interesting and easier for the learner to assimilate. This type of material is best for

review materials in which students can easily do independent study and self-review

(Onasanya, et al. (2018).

This is the third
indicator for IV.
Italicize it. Self-testing. From a student perspective, self-testing comprised of multiple-
Paragraphs:
Minimum is
choice items are perhaps one of the most commonly employed means by which
two.
individual performance is assessed, both in a formative and summative manner
Citation: at
least 1 per (eg, taking a practice examination and licensure examination, respectively).
paragraph
Examinations can be short, long, low-stakes (or no-stakes), high-stakes, and can

be called by several names, including quizzes, tests, and assessments. Students’

have opined that testing serves primarily to assess the amount of material learned

in courses and to assign grades. While valid examinations can be used to assess

student outcomes. Additionally, research indicates examinations serve another

purpose less commonly perceived by test givers and test takers alike:

examinations can improve learning (Card & Guiliano, 2015).

Use transition
words to Despite the ubiquitous nature of examinations in schools and colleges, to
connect your
paragraph. our knowledge, no research has been conducted to evaluate the relationship

between self-testing attempts and course outcomes in curricula. Hagemeier and

Mason (2015) examined students’ perceptions of testing and found that only 7.3

percent of respondents perceived tests as events that improve learning. The same

students, when given scenarios to gauge the extent to which they would employ

self-testing strategies as opposed to restudying strategies, indicated a lack of

awareness in their responses that self-testing can improve learning more than

restudying can. Overall, their research indicated many students did not employ

strategies that optimally promoted learning

Moreover, structuring student opportunities to self-test through

development of a practice self-test item bank is one method of promoting

 strategies that optimize learning. Frequent testing can mediate student learning by

providing students with formative feedback from the examinations and can result

in material retention for longer periods. Therefore, self-test banks allow students

to test frequently and simultaneously encourage the use of retrieval techniques

This is the
fourth indicator that promote retention (Madaus, 2010).
for IV.
Italicize it. Study Environment. According to Hills (2010), a very good and conducive

Paragraphs: learning environment encourages students study habit and might have positive
Minimum is
two.
impact on their academic performances but students reading in an unfavorable
Citation: at
least 1 per environment might find it difficult to study which may affect their academic
paragraph
achievements. Students with financial constraints might also find it difficult to

perform excellently well in their academics. However, students study habit should

contribute to their academic performance. Some students do not attend classes,

do not take down notes, do not do their assignments, do not read their books or

make use of the library. These attitudes may negatively affect their academic

performances especially in mathematics. This study intended to identify various

study habits used by the students and the relationship with their academic

performances. The distressing phenomena: scholastic underperformance and

failure have caused serious concern to educationists, guidance counsellors and

educational planners for several decades as this amount to colossal wastage of

resources available for education. This necessitates serious probe into the causes

that underlie and factors that lead to underachievement and failure, so that means

could be devised to grapple with this enormous problem.

Use transition
words to Also, according to previous studies, good study habits include studying in a
connect your
paragraph.
 quiet place, studying daily, turning off devices that interfere with study (such as TV

and mobile phones), taking notes of important content, having regular rests and

breaks, listening to soft music, studying based on own learning style, and

prioritizing the difficult contents. Some of the worst study habits include

procrastination, evading the study, studying in inappropriate conditions, and loud

sound of music and television during studying (William & Dillan, 2016)

DO THE DAME FOR OTHER VARIABLE/VARIABLES

This is the Author

references Year in
parenthesis
All citations References and ending
above are in in period
this list. Title in
Adeyamo, A. (2015). Relationship between study habits and academic italics with
Please follow achievement of higher secondary school students. Retrieved on only the first
the correct September 10, 2020 from letter in
format in capital and
[Link]
writing the then ending
references. with a
Bassey, K. (2012). The educational value of online mastery quizzes in a human period
anatomy course for first-year dental students. Retrieved on September 9, Date the
2020 from [Link] article was
opened
Blanc, W. (2013), Exploration, experience and evaluation. Retrieved on URL copied
September 9, 2020 from from
[Link] address bar
[Link].

Card, D., & Giuliano, L. (2015). Reliability and validity in educational assessment.
Retrieved on September 9, 2020
from [Link]

Gbore, H. C. (2016). Effective of guidance services on study attitudes, study

habits and academic achievement of secondary school students.
Retrieved on September 9, 2020 from
[Link]
Hagemiey, K. & Mason Y. (2015). What do we mean by re-assessment?
Retrieved on September 9, 2020 from 2009
from [Link]

Hills, K. (2010). How environment affects studying. Retrieved September 9, 2020

from [Link]
Lewis, J. (2015). The effects of formal mentoring on the retention rates for first-
year, low achieving students. Retrieved on September 9, 2020 from
[Link]

Madaus, L. (2010). Assessment in the age of innovation. Retrieved January 29,

2009 from [Link]

Maicibi, P. (2013). Using tests as learning opportunities. Retrieved on September

9, 2020 from[Link]

Miller, V., O’Shea, P., Redmon, W. & Salinitri, J. (2014), Enhancing assessment
in the biological sciences. Retrieved on September 9, 2020 from
[Link]

Onasanya P. Rupert, C. Palermo, I. & Roberts, J. (2018). Examining the testing

effect with open- and closed-book tests. Retrieved on September 9, 2020
from [Link]

Riaz, H., Asma R., & Niaz, H. (2012). Relationship of study habits with
mathematics achievement. Retrieved on September 10, 2020 from
[Link]

University of Sydney (2017). Peer assisted study sessions. Retrieved on

September 9, 2020 from [Link]

William, J. & Dillan, O. (2016). Social media and academic performance of

students. Retrieved of September 9 2020 from
[Link]