Protection and Relay Division

Substation and Power System Maintenance Department

 Content

1. Busbar Protection Theory

2. CB Failure Protection
3. Voltage Protection
4. Q&A

Protection and Relay Division

Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 1. Busbar Protection Theory

Protection and Relay Division

Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 Busbar Protection

Objective :
Clear a fault inside a substation as quickly as possible
To Protect :
-The operator and workers
-HV equipment
-Global Network Stability
A B C

Protection and Relay Division

Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 Busbar Protection
Zone protected XX

by distance protection X
21

Zone protected
X
By the busbar
Zone protected By protection
the Transformer X
Differential

X
X
XX
protection
87T

The final protection

The distance protection will see a busbar
method will depend
fault in reverse zone ( time delayed )
on the substation
the transformer differential protection will not
see the busbar fault, except by back-up topology and
protection complexity

Protection and Relay Division

Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 Busbar Protection

B1 B2
Zone 1
L1
X
Zone 2

L2
X

L3
X

L4
X

L5
X

Protection and Relay Division

Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 Busbar Faults Are Usually Permanent

Causes of Busbar Faults :

● Falling debris
● Insulation failures
● Circuit breaker failures
● Current transformer failures
● Isolators switchs operated on load or outside their ratings
● Safety earths left connected
Therefore :
● Circuit breakers should be tripped and locked out by busbar
protection (reclosing must be done after installation check)
Protection and Relay Division
Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 Busbar Protection must be…..

•� RELIABLE
•• Failure can cause widespread damage to the substation
•� STABLE
•• False tripping can cause widespread interruption of supply
•� DISCRIMINATING
•• Should minimise the section(s) of bar cleared
•� FAST
•• To limit damage and possible system instability
Protection and Relay Division
Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 Methods of Providing Dedicated Busbar Protection

There are three well-established methods used for busbar protection:

 DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
• High Impedance
• Low Impedance
 BUSBAR BLOCKING SCHEMES
• Directional Comparison Protection
 FRAME LEAKAGE PROTECTION
• Frame Leakage to Earth Protection

Protection and Relay Division

Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

•� HIGH IMPEDANCE
•• Simple technique with well-known performance
•• Requires high quality, well matched, equal ratio CTs
•• Stability ensured by the introduction of stabilising resistance,
even for saturated CTs
•� LOW IMPEDANCE
•• More complex technique
•• Different ratio CTs permitted
•• Stabilised using percentage biasing techniques, but special consideration
required for saturated CTs
•• Ideal for Retro-fit applications
Protection and Relay Division
Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 Biased Differential Scheme

I1 I2 I1 I2

I1 - I2 I1 - I2

Differential Differential
Current HiZ Current LoZ
I1 - I2 I1 - I2

Trip

no Trip Mean Through

Mean Through Current
Trip Current
I1 + I2 I1 + I2
no Trip
2 2

Protection and Relay Division

Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 Protective Zone definitions

Bus Section / Bus Disconnector

BS
Zone 1 Zone 2

Zone 3 Zone 4

BC1 BC2

F1 F2 F3 F4

Protection and Relay Division

Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 High Impedance Busbar Protection

Protection and Relay Division

Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 Single Bus Substation

Main Bus

Protection and Relay Division

Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 Single Bus Substation

Main Bus

Protection and Relay Division

Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 Single Bus Substation

Main Bus

Protection and Relay Division

Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 Single Bus Substation
Main Bus

Protection and Relay Division

Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 Double Bus Substation

Protection and Relay Division

Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 Double Bus Substation

Protection and Relay Division

Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 Double Bus Substation

Protection and Relay Division

Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 Double Bus Substation

Protection and Relay Division

Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 Double Bus Substation

Protection and Relay Division

Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 Double Bus Substation

Caution : Interposing CTs are not acceptable !!

Protection and Relay Division

Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 Double Bus Substation

Caution : Interposing CTs are not acceptable !!

 Main CT must be identical
 Current switching via auxiliary relay is not acceptable
 Requirement of number of position contact (Disconnector switch) is high

Protection and Relay Division

Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 Double Bus Substation

Caution : No auxiliary contact

must be used for
current switching !!
 Supplementary delay on
current switching
 Reliability

Protection and Relay Division

Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 Double Bus Substation

Caution : Auxiliary relays must

be designed so that :
 They get closed before the bus
disconnector is closed
 They get Opened before the
bus disconnector is Opened

Protection and Relay Division

Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 Check Zone Supervision

Protection and Relay Division

Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 Check Zone Supervision

Protection and Relay Division

Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 Check Zone Supervision

Protection and Relay Division

Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 Protection Sensitivity

Stability for
External Faults

Protection and Relay Division

Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 Protection Sensitivity

External Fault
with CT Saturation

Protection and Relay Division

Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 Protection Sensitivity

External Fault
with CT Saturation

Protection and Relay Division

Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 Impact of CT Saturation - Remind
High
Increase
of IM
VS

Knee point
Voltage

Small increase
of IM Above Knee Point Voltage :
 IM increase highly
 => Zm can be considered equal to zero

IM
Protection and Relay Division
Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 Numeric High Impedance

 The voltage measured by the relay during CT saturation is

non sinusoidal
 The resulting measurement depends upon the analogue
circuitry and digital algorithm
 As part of type testing a Dimensioning factor K is determined
 Vs = [Link](Rct+Rl)

Protection and Relay Division

Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 Knee-Point Requirements

+10% Vk For High

Impedance
Vk
+50% Iek Vk > 2Vs
Exciting Voltage

 Fast operation
 Dependant upon maximum
through fault
(VS)

Iek
Exciting Current (Ie) 35
Protection and Relay Division
Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 Primary Operating Current (P.O.C)

Protection and Relay Division

Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 87B HiZ Circuit

P2 P1

S1

P2 P1

S1

86B

P2 P1 Rsh 87B 95B

S1
Metrosil

P2 P1

S1

Protection and Relay Division

Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 How to Calculation 87B HiZ

Calculation of Relay Setting :

1. Prepare data Max. 3 phase fault current, Max. SLG fault current,
RCT, RL, IE and CT Ratio
2. Calculate VR
3. Choose VS nearest VR
4. Check CT Not Saturated compare VS by Vk
5. Calculate ISH
6. Calculate RSH
7. Calculate Power of RSH

Protection and Relay Division

Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 Example For Calculation Setting 87B HiZ

1. Prepare data Max. 3 phase fault current, Max. SLG fault

current, RCT, IE and CT Ratio
If Data are :
- Max. 3 phase fault current is 1250 A
- Max. SLG fault current is 751 A
- RCT is 10.13 Ohm. (Nameplate CT)
- RL is 0.425 Ohm. (Measure Length and cal R=ρ(L/A))
- IE is 0.003 A (Test Report CT)
- CT Ratio is 1200:1 (Wiring Diagram)

Protection and Relay Division

Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 Example For Calculation Setting 87B HiZ

2. Calculate VR
2.1 Case of 3 Phase Fault
VR = (IF3PH/N) x (RCT+RL) x Safety Factor x Factor of System Growth
= (1250/1200) x (10.13+0.425) x 1.5 x 1.5
= 24.74 V
2.2 Case of SLG Fault
VR = (IF3PH/N) x (RCT+2RL) x Safety Factor x Factor of System Growth
= (751/1200) x (10.13+(2x0.425)) x 1.5 x 1.5
= 15.46 V
So, Choose VR = 24.74 V For Select VS
Protection and Relay Division
Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 Example For Calculation Setting 87B HiZ

3. Choose VS nearest VR
From the table of Instruction Manual Relay MFAC34 show that :

From Calculate VR = 24.74 V,

Select appropriate VS = 25 V (b)

Protection and Relay Division

Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 Example For Calculation Setting 87B HiZ

4. Check CT Not Saturated compare VS by Vk

From Nameplate of CT, Vk = 460 V
And Safety of CT Saturate is Vk >= 2VS
460 >= 2 x 25
So, Can Select Relay Setting is VS = 25 V

Protection and Relay Division

Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 Example For Calculation Setting 87B HiZ

5. Calculate ISH
Imin

IE IE IE IE ISH IR IM

RSH RL Metrosil

Protection and Relay Division

Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 Example For Calculation Setting 87B HiZ

5. Calculate ISH
Equation For Calculate ISH
Imin = N x (nIE + ISH + IR + IM) 0
From Data; 240 = 1200 x ((4x0.003) + ISH + 0.019 + IM)
0.20 = 0.012 + ISH + 0.019 + 0
So; ISH = 0.169 A

Remark : Assume that Imin = 20% of Rated CT

Protection and Relay Division

Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 Example For Calculation Setting 87B HiZ

6. Calculate RSH
Calculate RSH by equation : RSH = VS / ISH
RSH = 25/0.169
So; RSH = 147.93 Ohm
Select Rshunt 200 Ohm

Protection and Relay Division

Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 Example For Calculation Setting 87B HiZ

7. Calculate Power of RSH

Power of Rshunt Calculate by equation
P = ISH^2 x RSH
= (0.169)^2 x 200
So; = 5.17 W

*** Select Power of Rshunt 60 W

Protection and Relay Division

Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 Example For Calculation Setting 87B HiZ

## Final Check ##
P = ISH^2 x RSH
60 = ISH^2 x 147.93
So; ISH = 0.637 A
From equation; Imin = N x (nIE + ISH + IR + IM)
= 1200 x ((4x0.003)+0.637+0.019+0)
= 1200 x (0.668)
= 801 A so > 240 A ## OK ##

Protection and Relay Division

Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 Low Impedance Busbar Protection

Protection and Relay Division

Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 Low Impedance Busbar Protection

Kirchhoff’s Principle applied to a healthy system

I=0

IA IB IC

I A = I B + IC
IA - IB - IC = 0

Protection and Relay Division

Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 Low Impedance Busbar Protection

Kirchhoff’s Principle applied to a system with a fault

I0

IA IB IC

IA  IB + I C
IA - IB - IC  0 = IF
Protection and Relay Division
Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 MiCOM P746 - Architecture

●The P746 or the 3 P746 are mounted

in only one cubicle.
●This architecture is ideal for the
refurbishment of existing substations

Centralised Solution

Protection and Relay Division

Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 MiCOM P740 Architecture

●The Peripheral Units are installed in individual switchgear bays

distributed around the substation
●The maximum fibre optic length between the Peripheral Units
and the Central Unit is 1 km
●That leads to wiring cost reduction
Distributed Solution
Protection and Relay Division
Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 High Impedance Principle

•Stability is entirely due to introducing a stabilising resistor in- circuit.

•It is a simple, reliable and circulating current scheme
(CT must have same ratio & must be high accuracy - Class PL)
•The knee point voltage of the CTs needs to be relatively high
•Metrosil may be required
•The CTs are usually not shared with other protection
•The magnetising current can desensitise the scheme
•The scheme is very fast
•Isolator contacts are needed to switch the full CT secondary current
between the zones
•Extending the scheme is quite simple
•Buswire supervision can be offered with Bus wire supervision relays
Protection and Relay Division
Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 Low Impedance/Biased Principle

•Stability is due to the bias characteristics of the scheme

•CTs can have different ratios,
•Scheme bias characteristic can cater for lesser accuracy CTs (class 5P)
•CTs with moderate knee point voltages can be used
•Metrosils are never required
•It is easier to share CTs with other protection
•Number of // circuits does not affect the primary operating current
•Tripping is fast
•Isolator contact are not needed to switch heavy currents.
•Expanding the scheme can be complex
•Self supervision and breaker fail protection is easier to integrate
Protection and Relay Division
Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 Low Impedance Requirements

•Key Requirements of Low Impedance Bus Protection

•Stability for External Faults

•Biased Differential Characteristic
•CT Saturation Detection

•Accurate Modelling of the Primary Plant

•CB Status Contacts

•Security and Reliability

•Multiple Tripping Criteria

Protection and Relay Division

Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 Bias Differential Characteristic
Phase and Earth Fault Elements
idiff (t)

Tripping area

X X
i1 i2
X
X X ID>2 RESTRAIN AREA
i3 in IS
ID>1
ibias (t)

Differential current: idiffnode (t) = i1 + i2 + i3 + … + in

Bias current: ibias(t) = |i1|+ |i2|+ | i3| + … + |in| = |i|

Protection and Relay Division

Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 CT Saturation Internal Fault

3000
3000 / 5/ A5 A 3000 / 5 A
9000 A 3000 / 5 A 9000 A
X 10500 A X
20600 A
X
X X X
X
150 / 5 A 1500 / 5 A 500 / 5 A 150 / 5 A
100 A 1400 A 1000 A 100 A

Protection and Relay Division

Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 CT Saturation External Fault

3000
3000 / 5/ A5 A 3000 / 5 A
9000 A 3000 / 5 A 9000 A
X 10500 A X
X
X X X
X
500 / 5 A
150 / 5 A 1500 / 5 A 19600 A 150 / 5 A
100 A 1400 A 39.2 x In 100 A
Saturation

Protection and Relay Division

Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 Typical conditions for CT saturation

●Large offset waveform

●Dependant upon fault level and X/R ratio

IA IB

Protection and Relay Division

Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 CT Saturation

●Time-to-saturation is important in the design and application of protective relays

●The time-to-saturation of a CT is determined by the following parameters:
●Fault current magnitude
●Remnant flux in the CT core
●Degree of fault current offset
●Secondary circuit impedance
●Saturation voltage
●Turns ratio

Protection and Relay Division

Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
Low Impedance Topology Processing

Protection and Relay Division

Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 Topology Processing
BB1

Isolator closed Isolator closed

CB opened CB opened
Dead Zone Dead Zone

PU 1 PU2
not connected not connected

Protection and Relay Division

Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 Topology Processing
BB1

Trip Zone - Isolator Closed

both breakers Isolator Close
closed to BB 1
Zone 1 = PU1 + PU2
CN1 = Zone 1 only
CB Closed CB Closed

PU 1 PU 2
connected to BB1 connected to BB1
BUS BAR PROTECTION
Protection and Relay Division
Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 Topology Processing

BB1

Trip Zone 1 -
one breaker
closed
Zone 1 = PU1
CN1 = Zone 1 CB Closed CB Open
only

Trip Other End

Intertrip
PU1 PU2 not
connected Local CN=
connected
to BB1 dead zone
Additional Tripping Zones
Protection and Relay Division
Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 Check Zone Supervision

Protection and Relay Division

Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 Check Zone Supervision

●Check Zone element must operate for a bus bar trip command
to be issued

Total Idiff = Sum of current node idiff

idiff(t) CZ =  ( i) 

●Any in-zone fault will be seen as zone differential current

●Any fault will also be seen as a check or total zone differential current
●Under plant discrepancy conditions there will be an equal but opposite
current in an adjacent zone cancelling this error in the check zone value
and prevent mal- operation

Protection and Relay Division

Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 Check Zone Supervision

idiff (t)

Tripping area

X X
i1 i2
X
X X ID>2 RESTRAIN AREA
i3 in IS
ID>1
ibias (t)

Differential current: idiffnode (t) = i1 + i2 + i3 + … + in

Bias current: ibias(t) = |i1|+ |i2|+ | i3| + … + |in| = |i|

Protection and Relay Division

Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 2. CB Failure Protection

Protection and Relay Division

Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 2. CB Failure Protection(115kV)

Protection
Main, Backup & I<, IN< 200 msec.
Trip
Protection

Protection
Main, Backup & I<, IN< 200 msec.
Trip
Protection
86B
OR

Protection
Main, Backup & I<, IN< 200 msec.
Trip
Protection

Protection
Main, Backup & I<, IN< 200 msec.
Trip
Protection

Protection and Relay Division

Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 2. CB Failure Protection(22kV)
Single Bus Single Breaker
22, 33 kV Bus1 BVB-01 22, 33 kV Bus2

50/51
1CVB- 1BVB- 1VB-01 50N/51N 2BVB- 6VB-01 2CVB-
01 01 50BF, 95 01 01

50/51 50/51 50/51 50/51

50/51, 50N/51N, 50/51, 50N/51N,
50N/51N 50N/51N 50N/51N 50N/51N
79, 25 79, 25
50BF, 95 50BF, 95 50BF, 81, 95 50BF, 95 50BF, 81, 95 50BF, 95
27/59 27/59 27/59 27/59

Protection and Relay Division

Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 3. Voltage Protection

Protection and Relay Division

Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 4. Q&A

Protection and Relay Division

Substation and Power System Maintenance Department
 Thank you

Protection and Relay Division

Substation and Power System Maintenance Department