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Solar System
A Solar System is composed of a Sun and all the planets and celestial bodies that orbit around it.
star. There are cases of solar systems formed by two stars (binary) or even three stars (ternary). But in the case
In the system to which our planet, Earth, belongs, there is only one star, which is considered small in size.
In addition to the sun, there are a total of eight planets, five dwarf planets, 179 moons, and a large
number of celestial bodies, such as asteroids, comets, and others, including those present in the Kuiper Belt. The
The estimated age for the formation of this Kuiper Belt is just over 4.6 billion years.
The eight planets of the Solar System, in order of proximity to the sun, are: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars,
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. The dwarf planets are: Ceres, Pluto, Haumea, Makemake, and Eris, with the possibility
inclusion of dozens of others in this category in the coming years.
Pluto was once considered a planet, but, since 2006, it has been "downgraded" to the category of dwarf planet.
Among the mentioned planets, the first four are rocky planets, meaning they have a surface composed of
a rocky lithosphere. These planets, being closer to the sun, have a gaseous atmosphere with
different compositions. The last four planets are called gas giants because they do not have a surface
rocky and composed of a dense atmosphere, being much larger due to the low temperatures and the
distance from the sun.
It is possible, in this way, to divide the Solar System into three parts or stages. The first, hottest, consists of
the rocky planets, where Earth is located. The second, colder one, is formed by the giant gas planets. And the
the third, even more remote and frozen, is formed by the trans-Neptunian objects, that is, those that are beyond the orbit of
Neptune, which includes almost all of the dwarf planets, the Kuiper Belt, and some other celestial bodies recently.
discovered.
Galaxies and the Universe: By increasing our magnifying glass, we move to a larger scale. The solar systems
are composed of planets and celestial bodies, but galaxies are basically composed of millions, billions, or trillions
of stars that have their respective solar systems. But there are also exoplanets, celestial bodies that do not
they are not orbiting any star, cosmic dust, and other astronomical elements that remain in a common center, the
bright and energetic center of a galaxy. The force of gravity is the main responsible for the union of
components of a certain galaxy. The galaxy where our solar system is located is known as the Milky Way.
Dairy.
Until the beginning of the 20th century, it was believed that these long and diffuse spots in space with an intense brightness
in the middle were only clusters of stars, which were named 'nebulae' and were cataloged to
hundreds until in 1923, Edwin Powell Hubble managed to definitively prove that those nebulae of shape
spirals were actually extragalactic objects (outside of our galaxy). In other words, they were completely galaxies
independents.
Even back then, it was known that the diameter of our galaxy was 100 thousand light-years. Based on that, and
in the identification of a 'Cepheid variable' (a known relationship between period and luminosity of Cepheids, stars
short-period pulsars) in the Andromeda nebula (M31), he was able to calculate the distance to M31, proving
that it was located outside the boundaries of the Milky Way.
From there, Hubble himself classified galaxies according to their shape into: elliptical, spiral, and spiral.
bars. Those that do not have a defined shape are called irregular, but according to the classification
Hubble's are in a separate fourth category.

Spiral galaxies - have extensive arms of stars and clouds of cosmic dust.

Barred spiral galaxies have arms of stars and a less developed central nucleus compared to those
spiral galaxies.
Elliptical galaxies - are formed by a large set of stars and little cosmic dust.

Irregular galaxies - are named so because they do not have a defined shape.

The group of galaxies is known as a supercluster or galaxy supercluster (free translation) being
there are estimated to be around 10 million superclusters in the universe and, for example, the supercluster that our galaxy is in
located, the Virgo Supercluster contains about 50 thousand galaxies. It is estimated that there are about 200 million
galaxies in the universe.
 ACTIVITIES

What is the name of the gas giant closest to the star of our solar system?
a) Mercury. b) ( ) Earth c) ( ) Jupiter. d) ( ) Pluto.

02. Complete the text with the missing terms so that it makes sense.

DWARF PLANETS - CATEGORY - JUPITER - MERCURY - SOLAR SYSTEM

The eight planets of , in order of proximity to the sun, are: , Venus, Earth, Mars,
Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. The are: Ceres, Pluto, Haumea, Makemake, and Eris, with the
possibility of including dozens of others in this in the coming years.

03. Which dwarf planet was once considered a planet?

04. Analyze the following statements and mark V for true and F for false.
a) It is possible, in this way, to divide the Solar System into two parts or stages. The first, hotter one, is composed of
rocky planets, where the Earth is located. The second, colder one, is made up of the giant gas planets.
b) Barred spiral galaxies have arms of stars and a less developed central core compared to the
spiral galaxies.
c) The force of gravity is primarily responsible for the union of the components of a given galaxy.
d) Elliptical galaxies have extensive arms of stars and clouds of dust
e) Pluto, in 2006, was reclassified to the category of 'Dwarf Planet' just for being very small.
f) The solar system is composed of eight planets, four of which are rocky and four are gaseous. g ( ) The largest planet of
The solar system is Jupiter.
g) The two "neighboring" planets of Earth are Mars and Jupiter. i ( ) The Earth’s moon is the only natural satellite of the system.
solar.

When we talk about the Universe and the Solar System, some concepts sometimes sound abstract to us. Despite that, and also
for this reason, it is important to identify and differentiate them. Thus, for this activity, you should match the columns to
to follow
star
b) Planet
dwarf planet
d) Terrestrial planet
jovian planet
f) Satellite
g) Asteroid
h) Comet
Meteoroid

Planet that has a gaseous surface, significant mass and volume, in addition to a complex atmosphere.
Asteroid that orbits planet.
Spherical astro, smaller in size and orbiting a star.
( ) It is a luminous star that provides light and heat to the planets.
( ) Rocky and metallic objects, smaller than the Moon, with circular or elliptical trajectories;
Recurring disease in a region, where the population coexists with it.
( ) Celestial body composed of frozen volatile material, forms gas and dust tails as it approaches the Sun.
Fragment of comet or asteroids.
Planet with a solid, rocky, metallic surface; smaller in size and closer to the Sun.

06. Mark the option that indicates only the rocky planets of the solar system:
a) Earth, Venus, Uranus, and Neptune
b) Mars, Earth, Saturn, and Mercury
c) Venus, Mars, Pluto, and Uranus
d) Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars
e) Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune