ELECTRIC MACHINES II -FIME 2012

PRACTICE NO. 00-ECGA- UNIQUE- FIME- 2012.

SCHOOL: VII – 1 ME.

SUBJECT: SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

FECHA:ICA, 02 DE AGOSTO DEL 2012

INTRODUCTION.
Synchronous generators or alternators are synchronous machines.
that are used to convert mechanical power into electrical power from
alternating current.
Synchronous generators are also the main responsible for the
electricity generation from primary energy sources. The
figure1-1 describes a simple synchronous generator.

1.
2.
3.
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4.
5. SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR.

DEFINITION:

The Synchronous Generator, also called Alternator, is a type of

rotating electric machine capable of transforming energymechanics(en
rotation form) in electric. They are also known as
like synchronous machines, the reason it is called a generator
synchronous is the equality between the electrical frequency and the frequency
angular means that the generator will rotate at the speed of the magnetic field at
this equality of frequency is called synchronism.

The synchronous generator is one of the most important elements of a

power system, since it is responsible for generating energy
electricity that will be transmitted over long distances to be
subsequently used by the users.
Synchronous generators operate under the principle that in a
conductor subjected to amagnetic field variable creates tension
induced electric which polarity depends on the direction of the field and
onvalueof the flow that crosses it. They are responsible for generating the most
part of the electrical energy consumed in the red, and her
responsedynamicresult determinant for the stability
ofsystemdespués de una perturbación. Por ello, para simular la
the dynamic response of an electrical system is essential to model
adequately the synchronous generators.
This machine works by feeding the rotor or field circuit through
the middle of a battery, that is to say, through this winding will flow DC. while
In the stator or armature circuit, the current is alternating AC.
When a synchronous generator is under load, the induced voltage
changes occur so auxiliary equipment will need to be used that
ensure optimal operation of it.

2.- CONSTRUCTION OF A GENERATOR

SYNCHRONOUS.
The generators they are built in different ways to satisfy
different loads and customer needs.
In synchronous machines, the field windings are on the rotor.
what the rotor winding and field winding terms are used
indifferently. On the other hand, the windings of the armature are located
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in the stator, so the stator winding terms and windings

the induced are used interchangeably.
The rotor of a synchronous generator is essentially a large electromagnet.
Rotors can be constructed with either protruding or non-protruding poles.

A DC current is applied to the winding of a synchronous generator.

rotor, which produces a magnetic field in the rotor. Immediately, the rotor
the generator rotates by means of a primary motor, and produces a field
rotating magnetic inside the machine. This magnetic field
rotating induces a set of three-phase voltages within the windings
of the generator stator.
Two terms that are commonly used to describe the windings of
a machine has field windings and armature windings. In
In general, the term 'field windings' refers to the windings that
they produce the main magnetic field in the machine and the term
"wound from the induced" applies to the windings where it is included
main voltage. In synchronous machines, the field windings
they are in the rotor, so the terms 'rotor windings' and
"field devans" are used interchangeably. Similarly, the
the terms 'stator windings' and 'rotor windings' are used
indistinctly.
The rotor of a synchronous generator is essentially a large electromagnet.
The magnetic poles on the rotor can be either protruding or not.
protrusions. The term protrusions means "projected" outward or
"prominent" and a protruding pole is a magnetic pole projected towards
outside of the rotor surface. On the other hand, a non-protruding pole is a
magnetic pole built at the same level as the rotor surface.
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Figure 5-1 shows a non-salient pole rotor and in figure 5-

You can see a salient pole rotor. Usually, the rotors of
non-protruding poles are used for two or four pole rotors, while
that salient pole rotors are normally used for rotors with
four or more poles. Because the rotor is subjected to fields
variable magnets, this is constructed with thin sheets to
reduce losses due to parasitic currents.
A DC current must be supplied to the field circuit of the rotor.
Since the rotor is spinning, a special arrangement is required to
that the power of the DC reaches the field windings. There are two
common ways to supply this power of cd:

a) Supply the rotor with DC power from an external DC source.

through rubbing rings and brushes.

b) Supply DC power from a DC power source

special mounted directly on the axis of the synchronous generator.

The sliding rings are metal rings that completely circle the axis.
from a machine, but they are isolated from it. One end of the
The rotor's cd winding is connected to each of the two rubbing rings.
on the axis of the synchronous machine and a stationary brush slides
about each rubbing ring. A 'brush' is a block of a compound
carbon similar to graphite that conducts electricity freely but
it has very low friction, so it does not wear out the rubbing ring. If the
the positive terminal of a DC voltage source is connected to a brush and
the negative end connects to the other, then the same will be applied
DC voltage to the field winding at all times, regardless of the
angular position or rotor speed.

In larger generators and motors, exciters or

brushless exciters to supply the machine with current
Field cd. A brushless exciter is a small AC generator with
a field circuit mounted on the stator and an armature circuit
mounted on the rotor shaft. The three-phase output of the exciter generator is
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rectifies to direct current through a three-phase rectifier circuit

(which is also mounted on the generator shaft) and then is fed
to the main cd field circuit. Through the control of the small
field current cd of the exciter generator (located in the stator)
It is possible to adjust the field current in the main machine without rings.
brushes or scrubbers. This arrangement is shown schematically in the
figure 5-3 while in figure 5-4 the rotor of a
synchronous machine with a brushless exciter mounted on the same shaft.
Due to the fact that there is no mechanical contact between the rotor and the
stator, brushless exciters require much less
maintenance of the rubbing rings and the brushes.

So that the excitation of a generator is completely independent

from any source of external power, a small one is often included
pilot exciter in the system. A pilot exciter is a small
AC generator with permanent magnets mounted on the rotor shaft and
a three-phase winding in the stator. It produces power for the circuit of
exciter field, which in turn controls the field circuit of the
main machine. If a pilot exciter is included on the shaft of the
generator, so no external electrical power is required to
activate the generator (see figure 5-5).

Many of the synchronous generators that include exciters without

brushes also have rubbing rings and brushes, so there is a
auxiliary direct current field power source in case of emergency.
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Normally the stators of synchronous generators are made of

stator coil preforms in a double layer winding. The winding
it is distributed and twined in such a way that the content is reduced
harmonics in the output current and voltage, as described in the
apéndice B.

In figure 5-6, a cross-section diagram of a large can be observed.

complete synchronous machine. This drawing shows an 8-pole rotor.
outgoing, a stator with distributed double layer windings and a
brushless exciter.

3.- ROTATION SPEED OF A GENERATOR

SYNCHRONOUS.

Synchronous generators are by definition synchronous, which means

to say that the electric frequency is produced and intertwines or synchronizes with the
mechanical rotation rate of the generator. The rotor of a generator
synchronous consists of an electromagnet supplied with current
direct. The magnetic field of the rotor points in the direction it turns
the rotor. Now, the rotation rate of the magnetic fields in the
the machine is related to the electrical frequency of the stator by
middle of equation (4-34):

Where:

electric frequency in Hz.

mechanical speed of the magnetic field in r/min (equal to speed
of the rotor of a synchronous machine.
=número de polos.
Because the rotor spins at the same speed as the magnetic field,
this equation relates the rotational speed of the rotor with the
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resulting electrical frequency. Electrical power is generated at 50 or 60

Hz, so the generator must rotate at a fixed speed depending on the
number of poles in the machine. For example, to generate a power
At 60 Hz in a two-pole machine, the rotor must rotate at 3600 r/min.
To generate a power of 50 Hz in a four-pole machine, the rotor
it must turn at 1500 rpm. The required rotation rate for a certain
Frequency can always be calculated from equation (4-34).

4.- VOLTAGE GENERATED INTERNALLY IN A

SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR.
A synchronous generator operates based on Faraday's Law, which
involves various factors and constructive parameters of the machine.
the induced voltage amplitude in one phase of the stator is:

Where:

N p is the total number of turns per phase.

K p is the step factor.
K is the distribution factor.
Total magnetic flux per pole.
frequency in Hertz.

The generated voltage depends on the flow of the machine, its frequency or
rotation speed and its construction. This equation has a form
simpler, that emphasizes the quantities available during
its operation.

Where: k constant that represents the construction of the machine.

ω is the rotation speed.
magnetic flux.

The induced internal voltage EA is directly proportional to the flux φ and to

the speed, but the flow itself depends on the excitation current
The current flowing in the rotor's field circuit.

Since EA is directly proportional to the flow, the generated voltage

internally relates to the field current Ie, as it
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shows in figure 1-6 that represents the characteristic curve of

operation of the generator at no load. Even for a current of
Excitation Ie = 0 will induce a voltage due to the remanent magnetism.
in iron.

When the intensity of excitation Ie begins to increase, the tension in

open loop EA will grow rapidly, and when it is already large,
the increases in tension will be much smaller; this is due to the
magnetic permeability µ of iron. Therefore, the tension in the circuit
open will grow linearly as the intensity of excitation increases,
while the permeability µ remains constant. When it
decrease, the tension in open circuit will increase relatively little,
even if the intensity of the excitation current continues to increase.
We know that the magnitude of the induced voltage in a certain phase of a stator
era

This voltage depends on the flow. in the machine, of the frequency or

rotation speed and the construction of the machine. To solve
problems of synchronous machines, often this equation is written as
a simpler form that emphasizes the quantities that vary during the
operation of the machine. This simpler form is:

Where is a constant that represents the construction of the machine.

If expressed in electrical radians per second, then:

While yes it will be expressed in mechanical radians per second,

then:
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5.- EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A GENERATOR

SYNCHRONOUS.

The EA voltage is the voltage generated internally and occurs in a

generator phase. However, this voltage EA is not usually the
voltage that appears at the terminals of the generator. In fact, the only
since the internal voltage EA is the same output voltage in one phase
Vφ is when there is no current from the induced that reaches the machine.
that is to say when there is no load connected to the terminals of the generator.
There are several factors that cause the difference between EA and Vφ.
The distortion of the magnetic field of the air gap due to the
current that flows in the stator, called the reaction of the rotor.

The self-inductance of the coils of the armature.

The resistance of the armature coils.

The effect of the shape of the salient pole rotor.

For the analysis of these effects, the cylindrical rotor is considered, if the
the machine is a rotor with salient poles that produces a small error that to
in the end it ends up being insignificant.
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The induced reaction effect is usually the largest. In the

Figure 1-7 allows for a better understanding of the induced reaction, in this one it ...
illustrates a two-pole rotor spinning inside a three-phase stator, to which
no load has been connected to it. The magnetic field of the rotor
BR produces an internally generated voltage EA in the windings of the
stator of the generator, whose maximum value coincides with the direction of
With the generator at no load, there is no current flow through the rotor.
EA will be equal to the phase voltage Vφ as shown in figure 1-7a.
Now, suppose a load is connected to the generator, due to the
wound stator, this is inductive; then the maximum current
there will be an angle behind the maximum voltage. This effect is visualized in the
Figure 1-7b. The current flowing through the stator winding produces
a magnetic field of its own. This magnetic field of the stator is
denomination BS and its direction is determined by the right-hand rule.
The magnetic field of the stator BS produces a self-induced voltage in the
stator and this voltage is called Estat, figure 1-7c indicates the direction
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of the BS. With two voltages present in the stator winding, the voltage
The total in a phase Vφ will be the phasor sum of the generated voltage.
internally EA and the reaction voltage of the induced Estat.

The net magnetic field Bneto is the phasor sum of the magnetic fields.
from the rotary the stator.

Since the angles of EA and BR are the same and the angles Estat and
BS as well, the resulting magnetic field Bneto will coincide with the voltage
neto Vφ. The resulting voltages and currents are shown in figure 1-
7d
The reaction of the induced can then be interpreted as a drop of
tension due to the current flow through the armature, this drop of
tension is 90º behind the axis of current and is directly proportional
to the current AI with X as the constant of proportionality; the voltage of
The reaction of the induced can be expressed as:

In addition to the reaction effects of the rotor, the stator windings

they have an self-inductance L (its corresponding reactance)
XA) and a resistance RA. The voltage in a phase is then.

The effects of the induced reaction and self-inductance of the

machines are represented by reactances and it is customary to combine them
in a single reactance, known as synchronous reactance XS of the
machine.

Therefore, the final equation that describes is:

The equivalent circuit of the generator is shown in figure 1-8, which

illustrates a DC voltage power source VF during the
feeding of the field circuit of the rotor, represented by the
inductance of the coil and its resistance in series. There is a resistance
variable Raj, in series with RF, which controls the flow of current of
field. The rest of the equivalent circuit consists of the representations
in each phase, there is an internally generated voltage with a
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synchronous reactance and a series resistance RA. The voltages and

the currents of the three phases are out of phase by 120º.

These three phases can be connected in star (Y) or in triangle (∆).

as indicated in figure 1-9.
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If connected in Y, the voltage at terminals VL is the voltage between phase and

phase, is related to the phase voltage Vφ which is the voltage between a
phase and neutral, by the expression:

Where: VL is the voltage between two phases.

You see the voltage between a phase and neutral.
If connected in ∆, then:

The phases of the synchronous generator are identical in all their values.
less in the phase angle when connected in Y; to obtain
its equivalent in the connection ∆ is obtained through
the application of equations (1.10) and (1.11).

6.- PHASOR DIAGRAM OF THE GENERATOR

SYNCHRONOUS.

Because the voltages in a synchronous generator are AC voltages,

they are usually expressed as phasors. And since phasors have
both magnitude and angle, the relationship between them should be expressed in
a two-dimensional graph. When a graph of the voltages is made
inside a phase ( , , y ) and the current in the phase of such
form in which the relationships between them are shown, the resulting graph is
call phasor diagram.
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For example, figure 5-13 shows these relationships when the generator
supplies a load with a unity power factor (a load
purely resistive). From equation (5-11) it is obtained that the total voltage
differs from the voltage at the phase terminals for the falls of
resistive and inductive voltage. All currents and voltages are
referenced to and it is arbitrarily assumed to have an angle of 0°.

This phasor diagram can be compared with the phasor diagrams of

the generators that operate with power factors lagging or in
advance. In figure 5-14, these diagrams can be observed.
Fasorials. Note that for a certain phase voltage and a certain current of
induced requires an internally generated voltage bigger for the
delays in charges compared to advance charges. Therefore, it
requires a larger field current to obtain the same
voltage at the terminals in the loads is delayed because of:

It must be constant to maintain a constant frequency.

Alternatively, for a certain field current and a certain magnitude of
current load, the voltage at the terminals is lower for loads in
delay and greater for loads in advance.
In real synchronous machines, the synchronous reactance is usually
much larger than the winding resistance , for what to
menudo is despised in the qualitative study of variations of
voltage. Obviously, to obtain exact numerical results it is necessary to
to consider.

7.- POWER AND TENSION MOMENT IN THE

Synchronous generators.
A synchronous generator is a synchronous machine that starts as
generator. Converts mechanical power INTO three-phase electrical power. The
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source of mechanical power, the primary motor, can be an engine

diesel, a steam turbine, a hydraulic turbine or other similar equipment.
Whatever the source, it must have the basic property of maintaining
its constant speed regardless of power demand. If this does not
if it meets, then the resulting frequency of the power system could
present failures (vary).

Not all the mechanical power that enters a synchronous generator is

converts into electrical power that comes from the machine. The difference
between the input power and the health power represents the
losses in the machine. Figure 5-15 shows the flowchart
the power of a synchronous generator. The input mechanical power is
the shaft power in the generator while the power
mechanical energy converted to electrical power internally is given by:

Where is the angle between And the difference between the power that
enter the generator and the power converted in the generator represents
the mechanical losses, the core, and miscellaneous of the machine.
The real output electric power of a synchronous generator can be
express in quantities line by line as:

And in phasor quantities such as:

The reactive output power can be expressed in line quantity to

line like:

Or in phasor quantities such as:

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If the resistance of the armature is neglected (due to that ,

then a very useful equation can be deduced to obtain a
approximation of the output power of the generator. To deduce this
the equation must examine the phasor diagram of figure 5-16, which
show the simplified phasor diagram of a generator in which
about the resistance of the stator. Note that it can be expressed as the
vertical segment bc how . Therefore:

And substituting this expression into equation (5-17) we have:

Since resistances are supposed to be zero in equation (5-

20), there are no electrical losses in the generator and the equation is the same for
y .
Equation (5-20) shows that the power produced by a generator
synchronous depends on the angle between and . The angle is known as
the torque angle of the machine. Note also that the maximum power
what a generator can supply is presented when To a
angle of y: ,

The maximum power indicated by this equation is called limit of

static stability of the generator. Normally, generators never
they get too close to this limit. In real machines, the
The most common angles of the pair at full load are from 15 to 20°.
Now analyze equations (5-17), (5-19), and (5-20) again. If we
it assumes that it is constant, then the actual output power is
directly proportional to the quantities y and the power
output reactance is directly proportional to the quantity .
This data is useful for drawing the phasor diagram of a generator.
synchronous when the loads vary.
We know from formulas that the induced torque in this generator can be
express as:
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The magnitude of the previous equation can be expressed as follows

way.

Where it is the angle between the rotor and the net magnetic fields
(also called coupling angle). Due to the fact that produce the voltage y
produce the voltage , the angle between and it is the same as the
angle between y .
From equation (5-20) an alternative expression can be derived for the
by induced in a synchronous generator. Due to the fact that , the
induced can be expressed as:

This expression describes the induced pair in terms of quantities.

electrical, while the equation
provide the same information in terms of
magnetic quantities.

8.- MEASUREMENTS OF THE PARAMETERS OF

SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR MODEL
The equivalent circuit derived for a synchronous generator contains
three quantities that must be determined in order to describe
completely the behavior of a real synchronous generator: 1. The
relationship between the field current and the flow (and therefore, between
the current of field Ie y
EA)2. The synchronous reactance.3. The resistance of the armature. The first
the next step is to perform the vacuum test on the generator. For this step, you
you must disconnect the load from the generator terminals and connect to
this is a voltmeter as shown in figure 1-12, then it is adjusted to
zero the excitation current, this test allows determining the voltage
internal generated for any given field current, and is described
in section 1.3.2
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The second step in the process is to carry out the short circuit test. For
it is done, the field current is reduced to zero, and it is placed
in short circuit the terminals of the generator through a
ammeter, as shown in figure 1-13a. Then the current is measured.
induced AI, as the field current Ie is increased, in the
Figure 1-13b shows the resulting graph, which is the curve.
short-circuit characteristic, it can be observed that AI varies in shape
linear to the variations of excitation current.

By short-circuiting the terminals, the armature current is

express by:

As can be seen in figure 1-13, Vφ is equal to zero, therefore the

internal impedance of the machine is obtained by:

Where:
XS is the synchronous reactance.
This is the internal impedance.
If it is assumed that XS>>RA, this equation reduces to:

The error in calculating XS due to ignoring the insignificant value of RA is

he often gets used to making the approximate calculation of X by using the
equation (1.18) Therefore, if EA is known through the test in
empty, and with the generator's short-circuited essay, at one moment
the synchronous reactance XS can be found through
equation (1.18).

Example:
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A test is performed on a 200 kVA synchronous generator, 480 V, 50Hz.

connected in Y with a nominal field current of 5A and the obtained
next information:
1. it is equal to 540 V with a nominal current.

2. it is equal to 300 A with a nominal current.

3. When a 10 V DC voltage is applied to two terminals, the value

the current is 25 A.

Find the values of the armature resistance and the reactance

approximate synchronous in ohms that would be used in the model of
generator under nominal conditions.
Solution
The generator described has a Y connection, so the
direct current in the resistance test flows through the
devenados. Therefore, the resistance is given by:

The internal field generated with the nominal field current is equal to:

The short-circuit current it is equal to the line current, since

the generator is connected in Y:

Therefore, the synchronous reactance given the nominal field current

it can be obtained through equation (5-25):
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What effect does the inclusion produce? in the estimated value of ? No

a lot. If evaluated through equation (5-26), the result is:

Due to the error in for despising it is much smaller than the error
Due to saturation effects, calculations normally of
approximations are made using equation (5-26). In figure 5-20
show the resulting equivalent circuit by phase.

9.- SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR IN OPERATION

ISOLATED.

The behavior of a synchronous generator under load varies

enormously, depending on the power factor of the load and whether the
generator is working alone or in parallel with other generators
synchronous generators that operate in isolation. The study of generators
synchronous that operate in parallel will be made in section 3.10.2. Throughout
In this section, the concepts will be illustrated with phasor diagrams.
simplified, disregarding the effect of AR. In some of the examples
numerical, the resistance RThus will be included. Unless it is expressed that
on the contrary, in this section it will be assumed that the speed of the
generators is constant and all terminal characteristics are
they will be traced assuming the speed constant. Also the flow of the rotor of
generator is supposed to be constant, unless its field current is
I changed explicitly. Effect of load changes on a
synchronous generator that operates in isolation. To understand the
Characteristics of a synchronous generator that operates in isolation.
we will study a generator that supplies a load such that it can be
See Fig. 3.29. What happens when the load is increased in this?
generator? An increase in the load increases the charging current.
obtained from the generator. As the field resistance has not been
modified, the field current is constant and consequently the flow
it remains constant. Since the primary engine also conserves a
constant speed ω, the magnitude of the voltage generated internally
Egpφ=Kφn is constant. If Egpφ is constant, then what varies at
modifying the load? The way to find out is by preparing a
phasor diagram showing an increase in the load taking into account
count the limitations of the generator. First, we will examine the
generator that works with a lagging power factor: If you
increase the load with the same power factor, then |I A| will
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it increases, but remains at the same angle θ in relation to Vtp,
as it was before. So, the reaction voltage of the induced
jXsIAes larger than before, but with the same angle. Now, since:

JXsIAse must be located between Utp at an angle of 0º and Egp, which is

limited to having the same magnitude as before the increase in load. If
a graph of these limitations is prepared in a phasor diagram, there are
only a point at which the reaction of the induced can be parallel
the original assumption when it increases in size. The resulting graph is
It is shown in Fig. 3.29. If the limitations are carefully observed,
Then it will be seen that as the load increases, the voltage Vtp
decreases drastically.

Now, if it is assumed that the generator is loaded with factor loads

of unit power, what happens if new loads are added with the
same power factor? With the same limitations as before, it
You can see that this time Vtp only decreases slightly.
(See figure 3.30-b) Finally, let's consider the generator with load of
power factor in advance: if new loads are added with the same
power factor in this case the tension of the induced reaction
remains outside its previous value and Vtp rises. (See figure 3.30 -
c). In this last case, an increase in the generator load produced a
increase in terminal voltage, such a result is not something that can
to expect, if we only rely on intuition. The considerations
general findings of this study on generator behavior
synchronous are:
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If delayed loads are added (+ Q or inductive power loads

reactivate) a generator, Vtφ and the voltage across the terminals Vt
decreases significantly.
If loads with a power factor of unity are added (not power
reactivates) a generator, there is a slight decrease in Vtφy in the
terminal voltage.

Si se agregan cargas en adelanto (-Q o cargas de potencia reactiva

capacitive) to a generator Vtp and the voltage at the terminals is
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will raise. An appropriate way to compare the behavior of the

the voltage of two generators is through their regulation of
voltage.
A synchronous generator that operates with a power factor at
delay has a fairly high positive voltage regulation;
working with a unity power factor, it has a low
positive voltage regulation and operating with a factor of
advance power, often has voltage regulation
negative. Normally, it is preferable to keep the voltage constant
that is supplied to a load even if the load itself is modified.
How and why can voltage variations be corrected in
the terminals? The most obvious way would be to vary the magnitude of Efp,
to compensate for changes in the load. Remember that Egp must
control itself by varying the flow of the machine. For example,
let's suppose that a generator is given an increased load in
delay; then the voltage at the terminals will drop, just as it
previously shown. To restore it to its previous level, s
it decreases the RF field resistance. If RF decreases, the
the field current will increase and an increase in IF will grow the
flow, which in turn will elevate Egp, which will ultimately increase the
phase voltage and the terminal voltage. This idea can be summarized
in the following way:

As the field resistance decreases, the current increases.

generator field.
An increase in the field current of the generator increases its
flow.
An increase in flow increases the internal tension Egp=Kφn.
An increase in Egp increases Vtp and the voltage at the terminals of
generator.

The process can be reversed to reduce terminal stress. It is feasible.

control the terminal voltage of a generator subjected to variable loads
graduando sencillamente la corriente de campo.

Example problems:

The two following problems illustrate simple calculations with

voltages, currents, and current flows in generators
synchronous. The first problem is an example that includes the
induced resistance in its calculations, while in
second is despised RA. Part of the first problem of
The example is dedicated to the question: How should it be graduated?
field current of a generator, to maintain Vt
constant, during the load variation? In contrast, a
part of the second problem example asks the following question:
If the charge varies and the field remains unchanged, what would happen with
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the terminal tension? The behavior of the

generators and compare them to verify if they match with the
qualitative arguments of this section.

Example 2

A four-pole synchronous generator with a Δ connection, 480 - V 60 -

Hz has the characteristic of vacuum (Fig. 3.31-a). This generator has a
synchronous reactance.
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Under full load conditions, the losses due to friction and contact with
The air is 40 kW and the losses in the core are 30 kW.
Disregard the losses of the field circuit.
What is the rotation speed of this generator? How much current does it produce?
field must be supplied to the generator to achieve the tension of the
480 V terminals in open circuit?
If the generator is connected to a load and this demands 1200.A with factor
with a power factor of 0.8 lagging, how much field current will be required?
to maintain the voltage at the terminals at 480 V? How much power
Is the generator supplying now? How much power does it deliver?
primary motor to the generator? What is the overall efficiency of the machine?
If the generator load is suddenly disconnected from the line, what
What would happen to the terminal voltage? Finally, suppose that the
generator connects to a load that demands 1,200 A with a factor of
power of 0.8 in advance. How much field current will be required?
to maintain VT at 480V?
Solution

This synchronous generator is connected in ∆, so its voltage of

phase is equal to its line voltage Vtp = VT while its current
the phase is related to its line current by the equation

The relationship between the electrical frequency produced by a generator

synchronous and the rotation speed of the axis is expressed by means of
the equation:

Therefore:

In this machine VT= Vtp. Since the generator is under no load,

IA= 0 and Egp= Vtp therefore, VT= Vtp= Egp=480 V and from the
open circuit characteristic IF = 4.5 A.
If the generator delivers 1,200 A, then the induced current
in the machine is:

In fig. 3.31-b, the phasor diagram of this generator can be seen. If it is

adjust the terminal voltage to be 480 V, the voltage magnitude
internally generated Egp is given by:
 ELECTRIC MACHINES II -FIME 2012

To maintain the voltage at the terminals at 480 V, Egp must be adjusted.

In 532 V. In figure 3.31, it can be observed that the field current
the required is 5.7 A.
The power that the generator is supplying now can be
find by means of the equation:

To know the input power to the generator, the diagram of the

power flow.

In this generator, the electrical losses are:

The core losses are 30 kW and those of friction and friction and wear with the
40 kW air, from where the total power input to the generator is:

Therefore, the overall efficiency of the machine is:

If the generator load were to suddenly disconnect from the line,

the current IA would drop to zero, making Egp = Vtp as the
the field current has not changed, |E A| has not either
changed and Vtp and VT must be raised until it equals Egp.
So, if the load were to be suspended abruptly, the tension of
the generator terminals would rise to 532 V.
If the generator is loaded with 1200 A with a power factor of
0.8 in advance, having the terminal voltage at 480 V,
then the internally generated tension would have to be:
 ELECTRICAL MACHINES II -FIME 2012

Therefore, the internal tension generated Egp must be adjusted for

deliver 451 V if VT must remain at 480 V. Using the
open circuit characteristic, the field current would have to
graduate to 4.1 A. What kind of load (in advance or in arrears)
it needs a higher field current to maintain the voltage
nominal? What kind of charge (in advance or in delay) produces greater
thermal effort on the generator? Why?

10.- PARALLEL OPERATION OF THE

SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS.
In today's world, it is very rare to find a synchronous generator.
supply your own charge independently. This situation only
find in some applications that stand out from the norm, such as
the emergency generators. In all other applications of
there are more than one generator that operates in parallel to
supply the power that the loads require. The situation in the network of
the power of the United States is an extreme example of this situation, in
the one that literally thousands of generators share the load on the
system.

Why are synchronous generators used in parallel? There are many

advantages for this:
a) Several generators can supply a larger load than
a single machine.

b) Having multiple generators increases the reliability of the system.

power, since the failure of any of them does not cause the
total loss of power in the load.
 ELECTRICAL MACHINES II -FIME 2012

c) Tener varios generadores que operan en paralelo permite la

removal of one or more of them for power cuts and
preventive maintenance.

d) If only one generator is used and it does not operate near full capacity
load, then it will be relatively inefficient. With several
smaller machines working in parallel, the possible operation
only a fraction of them. Those that are operating do so almost at
full load and therefore more efficiently.

This section studies the requirements for having AC generators.

parallel and then study the behavior of synchronous generators
that operate in parallel.

THE REQUIRED CONDITIONS TO OPERATE IN

PARALLEL

Figure 5-26 shows a synchronous generator. What supplies power

to a load with another generator at the point of accounts in parallel with
by means of the switch closing. What conditions must be met?
before you can close the switch and connect the two generators?
If the switch is closed arbitrarily at any time, it is
It's possible that the generators could be severely damaged and that the load could be lost.
power. If the voltages are not exactly the same in each of them
generators that will connect together, there will be a very strong flow of current
great when the switch is turned off. To avoid this problem, each
one of the three phases must have exactly the same magnitude of
voltage and phase angle that the conductor to which it will be connected.
words, the voltage in phase A must be exactly the same as the voltage in
the phase a' and so on successively for phases b-b' and c-c'. To achieve this
previously, the following conditions must be met for implementation
parallel
a) The RMS line voltages of the two must be equal.
generators.
 ELECTRICAL MACHINES II -FIME 2012

b) Two generators must have the same phase sequence.

c) The phase angles of the two phases a must be equal.

d) The frequency of the new generator, called generator in

approach, it must be slightly greater than the frequency of
operation system.

In the conditions of parallel operation, certain explanations are required.

Condition 1 is obvious: for two voltage groups to be identical,
They must have the same magnitude of the rms voltage.

The voltages in the phase a-a' will be completely identical throughout.

the moment if both magnitudes and their angles are equal, which explains
the condition 3.
 ELECTRIC MACHINES II -FIME 2012

Condition 2 ensures that the sequence in which the phase voltage and its
the peak in both generators is the same. If the phase sequence is
different (as seen in figure 5-27a), then even when a
the two voltage pairs (the phase a ones) are in phase, the other two voltage pairs
they will be out of phase by 120°. If the generators of this are connected
However, there will be no problems with phase A, but there will be huge flows.
currents in phase b and c, which will damage both machines. To correct
the phase sequence problem, simply the exchanges are made
connections in two of the three phases in one of the machines.
If the frequencies of the generators are not very similar when they
they connect together, great transient powers will be presented until
the generators stabilize at a common frequency. The frequency of
the two machines must be almost identical, but they cannot be exactly the same
They must differ by a small amount for the angles of
the phase of the machine in approximation changes slowly in relation to
to the phase angles of the system in operation. In this way, it is possible to
observe the angles between the voltages and the switch can be closed
when the systems are exactly in phase.

GENERAL PROCEDURE FOR CONNECTING GENERATORS

PARALLEL

Suppose that the generator is going to be connected. To the system in operation

as shown in figure 5-27. The following steps must be followed
to connect them in parallel.
First, when using a voltmeter, the field current must be adjusted
generator in approximation until its voltage at the terminals is
equal to the line voltage of the system in operation.
Secondly, the phase sequence of the generator in approximation is due to
compare with the phase sequence of the operation system. The sequence of
phase can be reviewed in many different ways. One of them is
alternatively connect a small induction motor to the
terminals of each of the two generators. If the motor spins in the
same direction on both occasions, then the phase sequence is the
same in both generators. If the motor turns in opposite directions,
then the phase sequences are different and two of them must be inverted
generator conductors approaching.
Another way to check the phase sequence is the three method.
lamps. In this method, three lamps are connected through the
open terminals of the switch that connects the generator to the system,
como se muestra en la figura 5-27b. Conforme la fase cambia entre los
two systems, the lamps will first shine brightly (a big difference
the phase) and then they will have a dim light (a small phase difference).
If the three lamps shine brightly and turn off at the same time,
then the system has the same phase sequence. If the lamp them
 ELECTRICAL MACHINES II - FIME 2012

brilliantly successively, then the systems have phase sequences

opposite and one of the sequences must be reversed.
Next, the generator frequency in approximation is adjusted
so that it is a little higher than the operating system frequency.
This is done first by observing a frequency meter until
that the frequencies are similar and then they observe the changes of
phase between the systems. The generator is adjusted in approximation to a
a slightly higher frequency so that when they connect, they are incorporated into
the line supplying power as a generator, instead of consuming it
how a motor does it (this point will be explained later).
Once the frequencies are almost equal, the voltages in the two
systems change phase very slowly in relation to each other. They
they observe the phase changes and when the phase angles are equal, they
turn off the switch that connects the two systems.
How can you tell when the two systems are finally in phase? One
A simple way is to observe the three lamps that were described.
previously in relation to the discussion of the phase sequence.
When the three lamps are turned off, the voltage difference across
They are zero and the systems are in phase. That is to say, the topic works,
but it is not very accurate. A better method is the use of a
synchronoscope. A synchronoscope in its meter that measures the difference
in the phase angles between the phase is a of the two systems. In the figure
5-28 you can see the diagram of the front part of a synchroscope. The
the quadrant shows the phase difference between the two phases a; the 0 (that
(means in phase) is located at the top and the 180° at the bottom
inferior. Since the frequency of the two systems is slightly different, the
The phase angle in the meter will change slowly. If the generator
the system in approximation is faster than the system in operation
(desired situation), then the phase angle advances and the needle of the
synchronoscope rotates in the direction of the clock hands. If the machine
the approach is slower, the needle turns counterclockwise
clock hands. When the hand of the syncroscope is at a
vertical position, the voltages are in phase and it can be closed the
switch to connect the system.
However, note that a synchroscope verifies the relationships in only
a phase. It does not provide information about the sequence of phases.

In the largest generators that belong to the power system,

the entire process of connecting a new generator in parallel is
automated and the computer carries out this task. However, in
 ELECTRIC MACHINES II -FIME 2012

smaller generators the operator manually executes the steps

previously described for parallel connection.

OPERATION OF GENERATORS IN PARALLEL WITH LARGE

POWER SYSTEMS
When a synchronous generator is connected to a power system,
the power system is so large that none of the section
The generator operator will have a great impact on the power system.
An example of this situation in the connection of a single generator in the
The power grid of the United States is so large that no action
reasonable on the part of the operator may cause an observable change in
the total frequency of the network.
This phenomenon idealizes the concept of an infinite bus. An infinite bus is
a power system so large that its voltage and frequency do not change
regardless of how much real and reactive power is demanded or supplied
supply. Figure 5-32a shows the power characteristic-
frecuencia de un sistema como éste y en la figura 5-32b se puede ver su
reactive power-voltage characteristic.
To understand the behavior of a generator connected to a
such a large system, examine a system consisting of a generator and
an infinite bus in parallel that is supplying power to a load.
Suppose that the primary motor of the generator has a mechanism
regulator, but the field is controlled manually through a
resistor. It is easier to explain the operation of the generator without considering the
automatic field current regulator if it is present
present. Figure 5-33a shows a system like this.
 ELECTRIC MACHINES II -FIME 2012

When a generator is connected in parallel with another generator or with a

large system, the frequency and voltage at the terminals of all the
machines must be the same, because their output drivers
they are united. Therefore, their characteristics the frequency-power real
Reactive power-voltage can be plotted on a graph back to back.
back, with a common vertical axis. In figure 5-33b this is observed.
type of chart that is often called a house diagram.
Suppose that the generator has just been connected in parallel with a
infinite bus according to the procedure described above.
Then the generator will be 'floating' on the line, supplying a
small amount of real power and very little or no power
reactivates. In figure 5-34, this situation can be observed.
Suppose that the generator is in parallel with the line, but instead
to have a slightly higher frequency than the system in
operation, it has a slightly lower frequency. In this case, when
the parallel connection is completed, the resulting situation is shown
Figure 5-35. Note that here the no-load frequency of the generator is
lower than the operating frequency of the system. At this frequency, the
the power supplied by the generator is actually negative. In other
words, when the generator's free frequency is lower than the
operating frequency of the system, the generator actually consumes
electric power and operate like a motor. To ensure that a
generator connects online – which must be supplying power
instead of consuming power - the frequency of the machine is adjusted in
Approximation to a value slightly greater than the system frequency in
operation. Many real generators have power triggers.
inversely connected to them, so it is imperative that they connect in
parallel with a higher frequency remains the operation system. If a
generator thus starts to consume power, will be disconnected
automatically off the line.
 ELECTRIC MACHINES II - FIME 2012

Once the generator is disconnected, what will happen if they increase?

the adjustment points of the regulating mechanism? The effect of this
increment is an upward shift in frequency in a vacuum
of the generator. Because the system frequency does not change (the
frequency of an infinite bus cannot change), the
power supplied by the generator. This is shown in the diagram
from the house of figure 5-36a and in the phasor diagram of figure 5-36b.
Note in the phasor diagram that (which is proportional to the
power supply as long as Stay constant)
increases, while the magnitude of Stay
constant due to both the field current Like the speed
of rotation they do not change. According to the adjustment point of the mechanism
the regulator increases even more, the no-load frequency increases
and also the power supplied by the generator. As the
output power increases, It maintains a constant magnitude
while continues to increase.
 ELECTRIC MACHINES II - FIME 2012

¿Qué sucede en este sistema si la potencia de salida del generador se

increase until it exceeds the power consumed by the load? If this
It happens, the extra generated power flows back to the infinite bus. A
infinite bus, by definition, can supply or consume any
amount of power without changing the frequency, so it consumes the
extra power.
After adjusting the real power of the generator to the desired level, the
The phasor diagram of the generator is like the one shown in figure 5-
36b. Note that at this moment the generator is actually operating with a
power factor slightly in advance supplies reactive power
negative. Alternatively, it can be said that the generator consumes
reactive power. How can the generator be adjusted so that
supply certain reactive power Q to the system? This can be achieved by
middle of the machine's field current adjustment. To understand
why this statement is true, it is necessary to consider the
restrictions on the operation of the generator under these circumstances.
 ELECTRIC MACHINES II -FIME 2012

The first restriction in the generator is that the power must

remain constant when it changes The power that enters into a
generator is given by the equation Now, the engine
the primary of a synchronous generator has a torque characteristic
speed for any set point of the regulating mechanism. This
The curve only changes when the adjustment points of the mechanism vary.
regulator. Since the generator is connected to an infinite bus, its
speed cannot change. If the speed of the generator does not change and
the adjustment points of the regulatory mechanism are not changed, the power
supplied by the generator must remain constant.
If the supplied power remains constant as it changes the
field current, then the distances proportional to the power
phasor diagram no puede cambiar. Cuando se
increase the field current, the flux increases and, therefore,
is increased If it increases , but should
remain constant, then the phasor must 'slide' over the
constant power line, as seen in figure 5-37. Due to
What is constant, the angle? Change as shown in the figure, and,
therefore, they change the angle and the magnitude of Note that as
the result increases the distance proportional to In other
words, the increase in the field current in a generator
synchronous that operates in parallel with an infinite bus causes the increase of
the reactive output power of the generator.
To summarize, when a generator operates in parallel with an infinite bus:
1. The system to which the generator is connected controls the frequency and
voltage at the terminals of the generator.

2. The adjustment points of the generator's regulating mechanism

they control the real power supplied to the system by the generator.

3. The field current in the generator controls reactive power

supplied system by the generator.

This situation is very similar to the way in which they operate

real generators when connected to a power system very
big.
 ELECTRICAL MACHINES II -FIME 2012

OPERATION OF GENERATORS IN PARALLEL WITH OTHERS

GENERATORS OF THE SAME SIZE
When a generator operates alone, the real and reactive power (P and Q)
supplied by the generator are fixed, they are restricted to being equal to
the power demanded by the system and the adjustment points of the
regulatory mechanism and the field current vary the frequency and the
voltage at the terminals. When a generator operates in parallel with a
infinite bus, the infinite bus restricts the frequency and voltage in the
terminals to be constant and the adjustment points of the mechanism
The regulator and the field current vary the real and reactive power. What?
it happens when a synchronous generator is connected in parallel not with a
Infinite bus, if not, but generator of the same size? What will be the effect?
to change the adjustment points of the regulating mechanism and the current
from the field?
In figure 5-38a, the resulting system can be seen if a is connected
generator in parallel with another of the same size. In this system the
the basic restriction is that the sum of real and reactive powers
supplied by the two generators must be equal to P and Q that
the system demands. The system frequency is not restricted to being
neither is the power of a generator. In figure 5-
38b shows the power-frequency diagram of such a system.
type immediately after that it connects in parallel with the
line. In this case, the total power (which is equal to ) is given
by

And the total reactive power is given by:

What happens if the governor's adjustment points are increased?

When the set points of the regulating mechanism are increased?
of the power-frequency curve of It moves upward,
as shown in figure 5-38c. Remember that the total power
The supply to the load should not change. To the original frequency. , la
power supplied by and it will be greater than the demand for the load,
so the system cannot continue operating at the same frequency
than before. In fact, there is only one frequency at which the sum of the
the output power of the two generators is equal to This
frequency is greater than the original operating frequency of the
system. At that frequency, Supplies more power than before and
Delivers less power than before.
Therefore, when the generators operate together, an increase in the
adjustment points of the regulating mechanism of one of them.
Increase the system frequency.

2. Increase the power supplied by that generator at the same time.

which reduces the power supplied by the other.
 ELECTRIC MACHINES II -FIME 2012

What happens if the field current is increased? In the

Figure 5-38d shows the resulting behavior, which is analogous to
the situation of real power. When two generators operate together and
the field current is increased by:
The voltage at the terminals of the system is increased.

2. The reactive power Q supplied by that increases.

generator, while reducing the reactive power supplied
through the other generator

If the slopes and frequencies in vacuum of the drop curve are connected
of speed (frequency-power) of the generator, then they can be
quantitatively determine the powers supplied by each
generator and the frequencies of the resulting system. In example 5-6, it
You can appreciate the way to achieve what was previously stated.

Example 5-6:
Figure 5-38a shows two generators feeding a load.
Generator 1 has a no-load frequency of 61.5 Hz and a slope
 ELECTRIC MACHINES II -FIME 2012

of 1 MW/Hz. Generator 2 has a no-load frequency of 61.0 Hz and

a slope of 1 MW/Hz. The two generators supply a
real load of 2.5 MW in total with a power factor of 0.8 lagging.
In figure 5-39, the resulting power-frequency system is observed.
the house diagram.
a) At what frequency does this system operate and how much power does it supply?
each of the two generators?

b) Suppose an additional load of 1 MW is added to the system.

power. 'What will be the new frequency of the system and how much
they will supply power now y ?

c)If the system maintains the configuration described in section b, what

it will be the system frequency and the power of the generators if
The set points of the mechanism are increased by 0.5 Hz.
regulator?

Solution:
The power produced by a synchronous generator with a given slope and
a frequency in vacuum is given by the equation (5-28):

Since the total power supplied by the generators must be equal to

the power consumed by the loads:

These equations can be used to answer all the questions

set.
a)In the first case, both generators have a slope of 1.
MW/Hz, y it has a no-load frequency of 61.5 Hz, while
it has a no-load frequency of 61.0 Hz. The total load is 2.5
Therefore, the system frequency can be found from the
following way:

The resulting powers supplied by the two

generators are:
 ELECTRIC MACHINES II -FIME 2012

b) When the load increases by 1 MW, the total load is 3.5 MW.
The new frequency of the system is given by:

The resulting powers are:

c)If the set points of the mechanism are increased by 0.5 Hz

vacuum regulator of the new frequency of the system is:

The resulting powers are:

Note that the frequency of the system increased, the power supplied
for increase and the power supplied by fell.
When two similarly sized generators operate in parallel, the change
in key adjustment points of the regulatory mechanism of one of them changes
both the system frequency and the power distribution between
them. It would be desirable to adjust only one of these amounts at a time. How
 ELECTRIC MACHINES II - FIME 2012

the power distribution of the power system can be adjusted

regardless of the system frequency and vice versa?
The answer is very simple. The increase in the adjustment points of the
regulatory mechanism of a generator increases the power of the
machine and increases the system frequency. The decrease in the
adjustment points of the regulating mechanism in the other generator decrease
the power of the machine and the frequency of the system. Therefore, for
adjust the power distribution without changing the system frequency it
they must increase the adjustment points of the regulatory mechanism of a
generator and simultaneously decrease the set points of
regulatory mechanism of the other generator (see figure 5-40a). In this way
similar, to adjust the system's frequency without changing the distribution of
power, both must be increased or decreased simultaneously
adjustment points of the regulating mechanism (see figure 5-40b).
The adjustments to the power and voltage at the terminals work in a way
Analogous. To shift the distribution of reactive power without changing
the field current of a
generator and decrease the field current in the other (See figure 5-
40c). To change the voltage at the terminals without affecting the distribution of
Reactive power must be increased or decreased simultaneously.
both current fields (see figure 5-40d). In summary, in the case
of two generators that operate together:
1. The system is registered to the total power supplied by
the two generators together equal the amount consumed by the
Ni load they are not restricted to being constants.

[Link] adjust the distribution of real power among the generators without
change, the points of must be increased simultaneously
adjustment of the regulating mechanism in a generator at the same time
that the adjustment points in the regulatory mechanism are decreased
del otro generador. La máquina cuyos puntos de ajuste del
the regulating mechanism will increase to supply more load.

[Link] adjust without changing the distribution of real power, it is necessary to

increase or decrease simultaneously the set points of the
regulatory mechanism of generators.

[Link] adjust the distribution of reactive power among generators

without changing it must be increased simultaneously the

field current of a generator while it decreases the

field current in the other. The machine whose field current
It will feed more load.
 ELECTRIC MACHINES II -FIME 2012

[Link] adjust without changing the distribution of reactive power, it

they must increase or decrease the currents simultaneously
of the field of both generators.

11.- SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS.

Synchronous motors are synchronous machines that are used for
convert electric power into mechanical power. These motors are
they are based on the reversibility of alternators.

Its operation as a synchronous motor occurs when the stator is

powered by a three-phase AC voltage causing a field
rotating magnetic and consecutively the rotors powered by a
DC voltage, producing another magnetic field, which will align with
the field of the stator that is to say it will pursue it at a known speed
as synchronous speed, which is the speed at which the flow rotates
rotating magnetic what is it:

It is said that they are constant speed motors and supply

power to loads that are basically speed devices
constant.
The equivalent per phase circuit of a synchronous motor is exactly
same as the synchronous generator, except that the reference direction
The current of the armature is reversed. Due to the change of
direction of AI, the corresponding equation to the voltage law of
Kirchhoff changes for the equivalent circuit of a synchronous motor.
 ELECTRIC MACHINES II -FIME 2012

The synchronous motor gets its name because the rotor rotates at the
same speed as the magnetic field of the stator, that is, it
they are synchronized. The synchronous motor is essentially an alternator
three-phase that works in reverse. The magnets of the field are mounted on
a rotor and are excited by direct current, the coils of the
armor is divided into three parts and powered with current
alterna trifásica.

Since there are two magnetic fields present in the machine, then
the rotor field will tend to align with the stator field, like two
Magnetic bars will tend to align if placed close to each other.

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION.
The field current IF of the motor produces a magnetic field of
steady state, a three-phase set of voltages is applied to the
stator of the machine, which produces a three-phase current flow in the
induced devanes producing a uniform magnetic field
rotationalBs.
 ELECTRIC MACHINES II -FIME 2012

So, there are two magnetic fields present in the machine, and the
the rotoric field will tend to align with the static field like two
Magnetic bars will tend to align if placed close to each other.
Since the stator's electromagnetic field is rotating (CMR), the
the magnetic field of the rotor and the rotor will constantly try to
to pair with the CMR, that is, the basic operating principle of the
synchronous motor is that the rotor 'chases' the rotating magnetic field
of the stator (CMR), without fully pairing with it.

EFFECTS OF LOAD ON SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS.

When synchronous motors are connected to power systems much
larger than individual engines, the power systems
appear as infinite barriers in front of synchronous motors. This
it means that the voltage at the terminals and the frequency of the system will be
constants, regardless of the amount of power taken by the
motor.
The rotation speed of the motor is associated with the electrical frequency
applied, so that the motor speed will be constant,
regardless of the load. The resulting characteristic load curve-
speed would be the following:

When the load applied to the shaft of a synchronous motor exceeds the load
nominal, the rotor can no longer remain coupled to the fields
static and net magnetic. In contrast, the rotor begins to decrease the
speed against them. As the rotor slows down, the field
static magnetic field intertwines with it repeatedly, and the direction
the torque induced in the rotor reverses with each step. The enormous torque
resultant oscillates first in one form and then in another causing the
the motor vibrates strongly. The loss of synchronization after that
The maximum pole has been exceeded, it is known as pole slipping.
 ELECTRIC MACHINES II -FIME 2012

TYPES OF STARTUPS OF A SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR.

There are various ways to start synchronous motors such as
example:
Starting the engine by reducing the electrical frequency.- reduce the
magnetic field speed of the stator to a value
low enough for the rotor to accelerate and engage
with it during the rotation of the magnetic field. This can be
carry out by reducing the frequency of Electric Power
applied.
As an Asynchronous Motor.- The synchronous motor needs a
special starting winding arranged in the polar wheel.
This winding is connected to the starter through rings.
slips. Once the excitation is connected, the motor enters by itself
only in synchronization.
This starting procedure requires that the starting equipment
make use of an autotransformer (Aut) and a discharge resistor
The transformer is tasked with reducing the absorbed intensity.
by the engine during its start-up, which is achieved by reducing the
nominal voltage, up to 30%. The discharge resistance has for
the purpose is to avoid harmful effects that would occur in its absence
about polar coils at the moment of starting. This resistance is
remove once the engine has been put into service.

Starting the engine using an external primary motor.- consists of

by attaching an external starting motor and taking the machine
synchronous up to its full speed with that engine. Then the
 ELECTRICAL MACHINES II -FIME 2012

synchronous machine can be paralleled with a system of

power like a generator, and the starter motor can
uncouple from the machine shaft.
Like an Asynchronous Motor, but Synchronized.- Its startup
it is done with the help of a starter, similar to that of engines
sliding rings, providing that a rotor phase circulates through the
induced by the exciter. When the motor reaches a speed
Next to that of synchronization, the exciter is excited, so that the
motor finishes synchronizing.

Starting a motor using a damper winding (rotor)

grooving).- the most popular technique for engine starting
synchronous is to use damping windings: these windings
special bars arranged in grooves carved on the surface of
synchronous motor rotor and short-circuited at each end by a
short-circuit ring. These windings have two objectives:
a) Make the motor start like an induction motor.
b) Prevent the speed or pendulum oscillation.

BRAKING OF A THREE-PHASE SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR.

The best way to stop this type of engines is to gradually vary the load until
that the absorbed intensity of the network be as low as possible, then
We can disconnect the engine.
Another way to do it, and the most common, is by adjusting the rheostat, with
Hello, we vary the absorbed intensity and we can disconnect the motor without
no risk.
One way to stop the synchronous motor is when it reaches
the critical torque, that is, when the assigned load exceeds the motor's torque
then it will stop, not being a correct form of stopping, since
overheatings occur.

STARTUP OF A SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

 ELECTRIC MACHINES II -FIME 2012

First, a three-phase power supply is provided to the motor.

synchronous, which produces a rotating magnetic field (RMF). We proceed
to spin the rotor until it reaches synchronous speed can be
through an auxiliary launch engine, then the exciter feeds
from the CC to the rotor, that is, an excitation current is provided, which
is responsible for creating a magnetic field in the rotor which will be constant.
Then it is achieved that the produced fields interact, resulting in
the correct functioning of the synchronous motor.

Advantages and disadvantages of synchronous motors.

As advantages of these types of engines, we can establish that:
It is the only machine that offers a guarantee on stability.
speed.
Good performance - They can serve as correction devices
Power Factor. The power factor is controlled by varying the
rotor excitation can be 100% or unity with the
normal excitation, with lagging current and under excitation and of
advanced current with overexcitation.

They can be connected directly to a high voltage network without

need for intermediate transformer - Possibility of functioning
as reactive power generators called in this case
synchronous capacitors - Synchronous motors supply
power to loads that are basically speed devices
constant.- The voltage at the terminals and the frequency of the system
they will be constant, regardless of the amount of power
taken by the engine. As disadvantages of these types of engines
we can establish that:
 ELECTRICAL MACHINES II -FIME 2012
They are not 100% reversible - It is preferable that they start in a vacuum - They
it must be properly put into operation as
synchronous motor.
They have only one speed, which is the synchronous speed.
The load cannot be changed abruptly as they run the
risk of losing its synchronization speed.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
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