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Domestication of poultry
• The hen and the duck in Asia, the guinea fowl in Africa, the turkey in
America.

Overview of sectors • When did the domestication of the chicken begin in Asia?

poultry
Southeast thousands of years ago
• The jungle chicken, Gallus gallus, still lives in the forests or
forest fringes over a vast territory extending from India to
Indonesia, Major Ancestor of our chickens
• Gallus sonneratii (Sonnerat's Cock), South India,
• Gallus lafayetii (Ceylonese rooster) present only in Ceylon
(Sri Lanka) and Gallus varius (Java rooster) present in Indonesia.

Domestication of poultry
• Why?
• The jungle hen is small, does not grow quickly, and does not lay eggs.

not a lot of eggs.

• The motivations of early breeders: of a cultural order,
for the distraction with cockfighting, a tradition still
very present in Asia. The chickens used for
sacrifices or gifts (Africa and Asia)
• Roman era: description of chicken farming
food vocation.

The selection
• Starting from the 19ththcentury: Organized breeding of chickens and
chickens for human consumption
• Accelerated evolution at 20thcentury (selection methods
quantitative
• Specialized lines (laying or meat), reaching
unknown performances at the wild ancestor.
• Phenomenon particularly pronounced in America of
North (birth to all commercial lines)
current
• Consequences on well-being and fertility?

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• Between 1925 and 1998, the duration of production of a

A 1,500 g chicken has gone from 120 to 33 days.

Late 1960s

• Towards a rationalization of poultry farming

• UE = Production farm intended for self-consumption

Introduction a rationalized, "standardized" production

• Arrival of animals from the United States, selected for their
growth rate,
• Livestock farming in closed buildings and the implementation of measures

strict sanitary
• Advances in animal nutrition (soybean meal
American)

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• 1970-1980
•Modes of production • Internationalization of poultry sectors

• Industrial Producers Contract • Strong dependence on the rest of the world

• 1970-1980: development of EU poultry farming which is exported
• Supply to the breeder the means of production
in the global market.
(chicks and food) and the animals take back a
• Development of production and consumption everywhere
high times.
in the World due to:
• The 'farmer' production system has developed.
Economic meat, without religious prohibition, of good
• The first red label agricultural product was created in 1965 (France)
nutritional and dietary quality and for which farming is possible
• Premium product quality (Landes chicken)
on all continents.
Exports to the Near and Middle East

Poultry selectors Global market (2011)

• The global market for broiler chicken breeds: Poultry meat101 million tons

Three groups: Aviagen (belonging to Erich Wesjohann) Pork meat110 million tons
Beef69 million tons
Group), Hubbard (French group Grimaud Frères) and Cobb
Vantress.
• The turkey market is held by:
• Aviagen, before Hybrid Turkeys (Hendrix Genetics)
• In breeding selection: 2 world leaders:
Hendrix Genetics (ISA breed) and the EWG group (breeds)
HylineetLohman) followed by Novogen (French group
The main poultry producers
Grimaud Brothers.

International trade 1994 - 2011

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Main meat producing countries Production and consumption (million tons) of

poultry in the EU at 27 in 2011 poultry meat in the world (FAO 2015)

The export market

Brazil
• USA and Brazil, Thailand
Augmentation7% annual for 20 years
Adestination of PMOs (especially Saudi Arabia), EU, Japan
• 90% for only 7 countries
China, South Africa, and Venezuela.
Fragility (health, economic, political)
Between 2014 and 20241.3 million tons

Case of Brazil Comparable growth (volume) in the United States.

Value generated higher in the USA
3rd producer, 1erexporter
USA: Essentially VSM (Mechanically Separated Meat)
• Domestic market (Growth of +5% per year)
Canada: 163 million tons for 510 million dollars
Export market development strategies
Cost competitiveness
Strong diversification of product-market pairs

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2013: 68.3 million tons (+3%) FAO

Annual growth of 2.2% (205-2015)
Annual growth of + 4 % (1994-2004)
•Chine = 36% (24,5 MT)., UE à 27: 10,2 % (7 MT), USA (5 MT), Inde

(3.8 MT) and Japan (2.5 MT).

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Evolution of poultry farming

in Algeria

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1962 to 1970

• Farmer with a few micro-units without organization

particular
• Low part of consumption 250g/person/year of meat
of chicken

1969 to 1979
• Start of the animal production development program
• Creation of the ONAB in 1969 with the following missions:
The production of livestock feed
The regulation of the red meat market;
The development of poultry farming.

• Poultry cooperatives
• From 1974, six poultry cooperatives were created.
of the Wilaya that were supposed to ensure: Assessment of the decade 1969-1979
• The distribution of the factors of production; Implementation of important programs
• The technical support for producers; generate certain difficulties of mastery

• Technical support and the dissemination for fish farmers Insufficient mastery of management techniques
productions (given the importance of the centers)
• Private sector
• Largest producer throughout the decade (69-1979) Insufficiently qualified personnel

Approximately 75% of the incubation capacity Poorly managed maintenance

75% in broilers
-55% on eggs from the entire national production

Poultry plan 1980 to 1984

Global strategy:

Restructuring of the ONAB

Generalization of poultry farming in all the Wilayas

Will to privatize (private and domains)

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