ANDES UNIVERSITY 'NESTOR CACERES VELASQUEZ'

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND PURE SCIENCES

PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND PURE SCIENCES

CAP: CIVIL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY

ANDINA

NESTOR CACERES
VELASQUEZ

SUBJECT: SOIL MECHANICS LAB II

ASSIGNED WORK: DIRECT CUT TEST (DRAINED CONSOLIDATION)

PRESENTED BY:
ADCO CHARCA, GRIMALDO FLORES
ALANOCA MAMANI,HECTOR LUIS
ANAHUA HAÑARI, YORDAN
CHOQUE ZAPANA,WILFREDO
CHOQUECONDO GUZMAN,CRISTHIAN RODY
ARNAO WOOD, YENI
QUISOCALA BENAVENTE, JOEL JOVAN
RAMOS MAMANI, EDY JHERSON

SEMESTRE: VI
SECC: "A"

2018-II

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FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND PURE SCIENCES
SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

INDEX

INDEX

INTRODUCTION

REGULATIONS

GENERALITIES

OBJECTIVES

GENERAL OBJECTIVE

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

FUNDAMENTALS FOR ESSAY ANALYSIS

MOHR-COULOMB CUT FAILURE EQUATION

CUT RESISTANCE COMPONENTS............................

THE TYPES OF ESSAYS

DIRECT COURT

ANGLE AT REST

EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS

PROCEDURE

CALCULATION AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

CONCLUSIONS

RECOMMENDATIONS

ANNEXES

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INTRODUCTION
The direct shear test aims to determine the shear strength of
shear stress of a sample, a value that, among other things, will be very useful for
the calculation of bearing capacity.

The resistance to shear stress in the soil is due to two components. The
cohesion, provided by the soil fraction and responsible for its deformation,
plastic behavior of this and the friction between granular particles
or friction.

To know or determine that soil resistance, in the laboratory one of the

equipment used is the direct shear apparatus. The most typical is a shear box.
square or circular section divided horizontally into two halves: inside
she places the soil sample with porous stones at both ends
apply a vertical confinement load and then a gradually increasing horizontal load
that caused the sample cut.

This report will detail the direct cut report.

The direct shear test is the oldest of the tests in mechanics of

soils and, still, today, it continues to be used to study the soils in breakage,
due to its simplicity of execution.

However, their procedure has changed very little during all this time.
This procedure is governed by the "American Society of Testing".
and Materials" (ASTM).

The ASTM standard that is currently in effect for this test

it is ASTM D-3080-04, established by committee D 18.05

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REGULATION
This direct shear test is based on the Peruvian technical standard NTP:
339.171 and the standard (ASTM D3080)

GENERALITIES
The essay seeks to identify the relationship that is established between effort and
deformation considering an applied lateral load in such a way that it is generated
a shear effort, a horizontal failure plane parallel to the
applied load.

There are two systems for conducting the test, the controlled effort one and
the controlled deformation.

In the first one, the load that induces the effort is gradually increased until
that produces the failure.

This system is preferably used for very low load trials.

because it allows a load to be maintained more easily
constant during any period of time, they can also be removed more
easy and fast loading.

The issue that arises is due to excessive movement that

after exceeding the maximum resistance, it is not obtained the
true final shear strength resistance.

When a structure is supported by the ground, it transmits the forces to the soil.
foundation. These efforts produce soil deformations that can occur
in three ways:

Due to particle deformation.

Due to the change in volume in the soil as a result of the
evacuation of the liquid existing in the gaps between the particles.
Due to the sliding of the particles, which can lead to the
sliding of a large mass of soil.

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In the first case, it is negligible for most soils, in the

levels of effort that occur in practice.
The second case corresponds to the phenomenon of consolidation.
The third case. It corresponds to catastrophic type failures and for
to avoid it, a stability analysis should be done, which is required from the
knowledge of the shear resistance of soil.

The analysis must ensure that the requested shear stresses are lower.
that the shear resistance, with an adequate margin so that the work being
safe, it is economically feasible to carry out.

We see that it is absolutely impossible to separate behavior from the

structure and the soil.

Therefore, the problem of determining the shear strength

Soils can be said to constitute one of the fundamental points.
of all soil mechanics. Indeed, a correct assessment of this
The concept constitutes an unpredictable preliminary step to attempt, with hope.
of success any application of soil mechanics to the stability analysis
of civil works.

The procedure to carry out the direct test of resistance to stress

cutting as presented in this report, applies to that which is tested
the dry material.

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OBJECTIVES

GENERAL OBJECTIVE:

The test allows to determine the resistance to shear stress or

bearing capacity of the soil under study. Using the shear test.
direct

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE:

Determine the shear stress resistance

Obtain the shear stress distribution graph vs
deformation, for certain loads applied to said sample.

Determine the shear resistance parameters of∅

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

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FUNDAMENTALS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF THE ESSAY

The direct shear test imposes the idealized conditions on a soil of

essay, that is, induces the occurrence of a fault through a plan of
default location. Two forces (or stresses) act on this plane.
a normal effort due to an externally applied vertical load (Pv) and a
shear effort due to the application of a horizontal load (Ph9. These
efforts are simply calculated as:

Where A is the nominal area of the sample (or the cutting box) and usually
it is not corrected to take into account the change in area caused by the
lateral displacement of the sample (Ph). The relationship between the stresses of
failure cut and the normal stresses in the soils, is shown in the following
image and can be represented by the following equation:

MOHR-COULOMB CUT FAILURE EQUATION:

In 1776, Columb observed that if the thrust produced by a floor against a mere
of containment produces a slight movement of the wall, in the ground that is

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retained forms a sliding plane that is essentially straight. I postulate that

the maximum shear resistance 't' on the failure plane is given by:

WHERE:

= It is the total normal stress on the failure plane.

It is the angle of friction of the ground.

C = It is the cohesion of the soil

The Coulomb equation did not always lead to satisfactory designs of

soil structures. The reason for this was not made until Terzaghi published the
principle of effective stress.

It could be observed then that since water cannot withstand stresses

substantial cuttings, the shear strength of a soil must be the result
only from the resistance to friction that occurs at the contact points
between particles, the magnitude of this depends only on the magnitude of the
effective efforts that support the soil skeleton.

Therefore, the greater the effective effort is, the closer it will be to a failure plane.

potential, the greater the resistance to cutting in that plane. So, if it

Express Coulomb's equation in terms of effective stresses:

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In which the parameters c' and‫סּ‬are the property of the soil skeleton,
referred to as effective cohesion and effective friction angle, respectively.
Since the shear resistance depends on the effective stresses in the
Soil stability analyses will then be conducted in terms of stresses.
effective, total efforts and therefore, in general it will be necessary to determine the
shear strength parameters of the soil in effective stresses and stresses
totals.

That is, the values of effective cohesion, effective friction angle, cohesion and
friction angle, these are often obtained from laboratory tests of
direct cut (ASTM D-3080-72).

ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE COMPONENTS

From Coulomb's law, it follows that the shear resistance of soils in

general terms have two components:

Friction which is due to the interaction between particles and the friction between them

when they are subjected to normal stresses.

Cohesion (c): that which is due to internal forces that keep together the
particles in a mass.

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Like in the equation there are two unknown quantities

values are required ,as a minimum of normal effort and effort
cutting to obtain a solution.

Since the shear stress 't' and the normal stress have the same meaning
Given in the construction of the Mohr circle, instead of solving a series of
simultaneous equations

DIRECT CUT

With a soil sample, a certain amount is weighed for

then take it with a bucket to a box open at the top (place in
where the soil will be subjected to stresses). This will be done three times until reaching

a predetermined weight, and it is reshaped in the direct shear box

to achieve a desired relative density. As they are left behind the
sample portions are distributed evenly to leave the sample
on a plane as horizontal as possible using a geotechnical ruler.

For this, a set of 'points' is required to show the tension of

ultimate resistance of a soil under a certain normal load, which in the case of
this essay is nothing less than vertical tension, given that the fault plane is
imposes horizontally.

WHERE:

Corrected area. 2
0 =: Initial area, which in this case is 900 2.
Box width, which in this case is 30 .
ℎ Horizontal displacement. 2

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THE TYPES OF ESSAYS

The following can be carried out in this essay:

UNCONSOLIDATED TESTS - UNDRained OR TESTS (U):

The cut begins before consolidating the sample under a normal PV load. If the
soil is cohesive and saturated, an excess of pore pressure will develop. This
the test is analogous to the unconsolidated undrained triaxial test

CONSOLIDATED DRAINAGE TEST

The normal force is applied, and the application of the shear is delayed until it has been
developed the entire settlement; the shearing force is then applied so
slow as possible to avoid the development of pore pressures from the
sample.

This test is analogous to the consolidated-drained triaxial test.

CONSOLIDATED TEST - UNDRRAINED:

The normal force is applied, and the vertical movement of the deformation gauge is observed.

until the settlement stops before applying the shear force, this test
It can be placed between the consolidated undrained triaxial tests and
consolidated-drained.

ANGLE AT REST:
Two soil samples are available inside two cylinders.
different sizes uncovered on both sides and positioned vertically. The
the test consists of taking the cylinders vertically in order to
Soil sample was placed on the table like a cone.

It is done a total of two times for each cylinder, once quickly and once slowly.
Once having the different soil samples at rest, we proceed to measure

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with a ruler the height from the table to the tip of the cone, and the extension
average horizontal that the base of the cone reaches for each case.

The formula to obtain the angle refers to the Figure. The parameter b is the
average of widths that are measured.

EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS

DIRECT CUTTING EQUIPMENT
UNALTERED SAMPLE
RING
PALETTE
Balance
TARAS
STOPWATCH

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DIRECT CUTTING EQUIPMENT PALETTE

Balance RING

STOPWATCH TARA

Parts of the cutting die

1 Piston
2 Securing screws

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3 Lower part

4 Grooved base

5 Porous metal

6 Upper part

7 Filter paper

PROCEDURE
2
The main thing is to select an unaltered sample and through the
molding method.
First, the sample is carefully molded, taken from a
large size.
Using a hammer, blows are struck on the mold with the aim of making the
molded sample.
After this, a knife was used to carve the sample to size.
of the bronze ring.
Once the sample is ready, or the ring is completely filled
And in turn, we extract it from the material and proceed to weigh it.
the sample.
Filter paper (NEWSPAPER) is placed on both sides of the sample to
find the moisture content of the sample
Next, we saturate the sample; for this saturation process
varies according to the type of material to be tested.
Then we place the sample in the direct shear equipment.

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the wet porous stone is placed, then the sample and finally the
second porous stone, then we adjust the equipment and take to the
direct cutting device.

CALCULATIONS AND DATA INTERPRETATION

CALCULATION OF WET DENSITY

ℎ
ℎ=

where:

Wh: wet soil weight

V: volume of the sample

CALCULATION OF MOISTURE CONTENT

%= x 100

Where

Ww: dry soil weight

Water weight

CALCULATION OF DRY DENSITY

ℎ
=
%
1 + 100

Where

γh: wet density

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W%: moisture content

CALCULATION OF INITIAL HUMIDITY

HUMIDITY OF STEP. 1 STEP. 2 PAS. 3

CUT
Wet soil 579.72 gr 581. 41 gr 633.54 g
+cut
Mold weight 245.75 g 245.75 gr 245.75 gr
Wet soil weight 333.97 g 335.66 gr 387.79 g
Dry soil weight 241.42 g 251.71 g 306.54 g
Weight of water 92.55 g 83.95 g 81.25 gr
Humidity % 38.34 g% 33.35 % 26.51 %

CALCULATION OF FINAL HUMIDITY

HUMIDITY OF Step 1 STEP 2 PAS. 3

CUT
Wet soil 658.56 489.14 667.29
+cut
Weight of the mold 549.79 398.72 590.93
Wet soil weight 308.37 147.01 284.39
Weight of dry soil 108.77 90.92 76.36
Weight of water 241.42 251.71 306.54
Humedad % 45.05% 35.92% 24.91%

CALCULATION OF DRY DENSITY

DRY DENSITY STEP. 1 PASS. 2 STEP 3

OF COURT
WEIGHT OF THE 241.42 251.71 306.54
DRY SAMPLE (
gr)
VOLUME OF THE 200 200 200
SAMPLE (cm3)
DRY DENSITY 1.21 1.26 1.54
(g/cm³)

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specimen data
esp 01 esp 02 esp 03
initial final initial final initial final
height (h) 2cm 2cm 2cm 2cm 2cm 2cm
area 100 cm2 1oocm2 100cm2 100cm2 100 cm2 100 cm2
dry density
(yd) 1.2971 1.2586 1.5327
humidity(w) % 45.05 45.05 35.92 35.92 24.91 24.91
normal effort 1kg 2 kg 3kg

SPECIMEN 1 SPECIMEN 2

DEFORMATION dial of strength effort DEFORMATION dial of strength effort

TANGENCIAL(mm) load cutting of cut TANGENCIAL(mm) load cutting of cut
0 0 0.0000 0 0 0 0.0000 0
0.1 5.2 5.1999 0.052 0.1 8.1 8.0999 0.081
0.2 6.8 6.7999 0.068 0.2 11.2 11.1998 0.112
0.3 7 6.9999 0.07 0.3 12.6 12.5998 0.126
0.4 8.2 8.1999 0.082 0.4 14.4 14.3998 0.144
0.6 10.4 10.3999 0.104 0.6 17 16.9998 0.17
0.8 12.6 12.5998 0.126 0.8 19.1 19.0997 0.191
1 14.5 14.4998 0.145 1 22.4 22.3997 0.224
1.25 16.8 16.7998 0.168 1.25 24.8 24.7997 0.248
1.5 18.5 18.4997 0.185 1.5 27.2 27.1996 0.272
1.75 21.4 21.3997 0.214 1.75 29.4 29.3996 0.294
2 22.9 22.8997 0.229 2 30.8 30.7996 0.308
2.25 23.6 23.5997 0.236 2.25 33.6 33.5995 0.336
2.5 25.2 25.1997 0.252 2.5 33.8 33.7995 0.338
2.75 26.6 26.5996 0.266 2.75 34.9 34.8995 0.349
3 27.1 27.0996 0.271 3 38.8 38.7995 0.388
3.5 25.3 25.2997 0.253 3.5 40.2 40.1995 0.402
4 24 23.9997 0.24 4 39.1 39.0995 0.391
4.5 22.6 22.5997 0.226 4.5 37.6 37.5995 0.376
5 0 5 35.8 35.7995 0.358

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SPECIMEN3

DEFORMATION effort
TANGENTIAL (mm)loading dial shear force of cut
0 0 0 0
0.1 10.6 10.5998553 0.106
0.2 11.8 11.7998389 0.118
0.3 14.2 14.1998062 0.142
0.4 17.5 17.4997611 0.175
0.6 21.9 21.8997011 0.219
0.8 22.8 22.7996888 0.228
1 25 24.9996588 0.25
1.25 28.8 28.7996069 0.288
1.5 30 29.9995905 0.3
1.75 31.2 31.1995741 0.312
2 33.6 33.5995414 0.336
2.25 37.5 37.4994881 0.375
2.5 41.8 41.7994294 0.418
2.75 42.8 42.7994158 0.428
3 45.1 45.0993844 0.451
3.5 46.8 46.7993612 0.468
4 47 46.9993585 0.47
4.5 46.2 46.1993694 0.462
5 45 44.9993858 0.45
5.5 43.2 43.1994103 0.432

GRAPHIC:

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0.5

0.45

0.4

0.35

0.3

0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Series1 Series2 Series3

shear stress vs normal stress

0.5
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25

C=0.24 ∅ = −1 (0.24−0.47)= ∅ =4.384100262

3

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INTERPRETATION

We observe the shear stress vs. normal stress graph, I don’t know
completed due to the fact that only one trial was conducted.

CONCLUSIONS
It was reached the proposed goal of finding the soil parameters by the
direct cut method due to more reliable results, for which they are
results that can be adapted to the type of soil to be managed.
This lab essay is very interesting, since through
we can know the moisture content for which the soil
reaches its maximum dry density, it is very simple it does not need much
time

RECOMMENDATIONS
Keep the samples in a humid environment while preparing.
from the direct cutting machine.
The direct cutting machine must be operated at a constant speed.
the entire time the rehearsal lasts.
It is necessary for the material to be used to have a density and a grading.
uniform to avoid segregation during handling and use.
At the time of the laboratory test, it is recommended to avoid any
type of vibration in the area, as this can cause an excess of
show in each layer.
Take into account the proper use of the practice and be careful with the
materials and equipment.

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ANNEXES

load disposal system.

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