Science and Technology

DAY BY DAY
IN THE CLASSROOM

SECONDARY

Presentation of the project We Grow Together

The area of Science and Technology in the
editorial project
Curricular guidelines
Strengths of the area
Sequence of knowledge VI cycle
(1st and 2nd grade)
Materials for the student,
the teacher and the classroom

Digital portal for teachers

Didactic scripts for units 1 to 9:
Presentation of the unit and resources
Curricular programming
Reproduction of school text
and the Activity Book
Didactic suggestions:
Competencies, capabilities
and specified performances
Didactic suggestions
Solutions
Supplementary information
Guidelines for working resources
of the internet
Guidelines for the use of the
digital materials
Reflections for Teaching Practice
Instruments for evaluation

ProjectWeGrowTogether
 Unit

2
2 The function of nutrition
presentation Resource Bank programming

Santillana Digital
Esta unidad tiene como propósito acercar a los estudiantes al conocimiento de los procesos de nutrición que realizan los Competencies Capabilities Performances Specified performances Knowledge
living beings to obtain, transform and take advantage of the nutrients provided by the environment, and subsequently obtain the
energy needed to perform the other functions. digital sequence: The systems of the human body Explain the world Understand and use • Justify based on scientifically supported sources that the biosphere is a system. •Describe the processes involved in the nutrition of animals and the • The processes of
physical based on knowledge about beings where matter and energy flow that is utilized by living beings, and applies these plants, the types of circulatory systems of animals, the function nutrition
para empezar living beings; matter and energy;
To achieve this, a series of activities that are closely related to the proposed indicators is suggested. in knowledge knowledge to everyday situations. of the organs that make up the respiratory system and the movements
Introduce a discussion about systems. • The digestive process
about living beings; biodiversity, Earth and universe. respiratory, the processes involved in the nutrition of plants.
that allows students to develop skills that lead them to use scientific knowledge to understand What will I learn? matter and energy; in animals
the phenomena that occur around him. Show the capabilities and skills that will be achieved by the biodiversity, Earth and Explain how the digestive process occurs in some invertebrates.
and vertebrates, the process of photosynthesis and how technologies • The digestive system
student. universe. human
help diagnose digestive diseases.
check what it is Breathing in
Interactive activity: contains questions about the •Identifica los órganos que forman el sistema digestivo humano,
the animals
scheme prior knowledge of the students. the characteristics of gas exchange surfaces, the
structure of the heart, the excretory organs or structures of the being The transport of
A situation to be resolved humans and vertebrate and invertebrate animals and the similarities substances in
Network project: it presents a situation about the and differences between the major and minor blood circulation. the animals
diseases that affect human beings
The respiratory system
The blood Evaluate the implications of the Evaluate the impact of technological solutions on understanding Opine on the importance of carrying out campaigns to raise the
human
knowledge and scientific endeavor phenomena. organ donations and the need to turn to specialists
The function of nutrition Video: contains information about blood cells.
and technological. doctors to diagnose any illness. The circulatory system
digestive system human
Animation: presents a description of how it works It problematizes situations. • Propose hypotheses that establish causal relationships between the variables. • Formulate a possible response about a fact related to the
of the human digestive system and the organs that are involved. Investigate through • The excretion in
lung capacity.
scientific methods the animals
respiratory system to build
the transport of The excretory system
the digestive process The breathing in Excretion in the Animation: explains the respiratory movements. knowledge. Design strategies to make • Propose procedures to observe, manipulate the independent variable, measure the Relate the dependent and independent variables to confirm
The processes of substances in the Nutrition in human
an inquiry. dependent variable and control aspects that may modify the experimentation. or refute your hypothesis.
in animals and the the animals and the being animals and the other circulatory system Nutrition in
nutrition animals and the others the plants Animation: describe the functioning and the organs that
human being human human the plants
human they intervene in the human circulatory system. Generate and record data and • Collects and organizes quantitative data from observation and repeated measurements Records data on lung capacity.
information. from the dependent variable using instruments with property and security.
development of my disabilities
Network project: proposes research on
the diseases that affect the systems. Analyze data and information. • Interpret causal relationships between the variables and confirm or refute their hypothesis Compare the evidence from your inquiry with reliable information.
based on evidence, compares them with reliable information and draws conclusions. to draw conclusions.
the kidney and the formation of urine
Use strategies Video: explains the functioning of the kidney.
inquiry activity Skills
of the ICT Evalúa y comunica el proceso • Describe the procedure you carried out in your investigation to demonstrate the hypothesis. • Communicates orally, in writing, or graphically the result and the
We study scientific nutrition and health and results of your investigation.
Technology and the posed and explained the causes of possible errors in the results. difficulties in their inquiry into lung capacity.
lung capacity Compare Interactive activity: describe the function of food
digestive diseases and the nutrients in humans.
Defines an alternative of • Determine the scope of the technological problem and the causes that generate it, as well Analyze information to formulate ideas and questions that allow
Anorexia and bulimia Design and build technological solution. as your alternative solution based on scientific knowledge. characterize the problem.
Video: explains two disorders: anorexia and bulimia. solutions
technological for
let's apply what we learned Design the alternative of • Graphically represent your alternative solution with structured drawings and • Design graphics and include written descriptions of their parts or
solve problems
Network project: proposes the development of a product from their environment. technological solution. texts, describing their parts or stages. phases of your alternative solution.
digital.
check it out that I learned Implement and validate alternatives • Carries out their alternative solution by manipulating the materials, instruments • Select the materials and instruments for the preparation of your
Interactive activity: it contains assessment questions. of technological solution. and tools according to their functions. prototype.
closure What did I learn?
to conclude
Interactive activity: proposes reflection activities Evaluate and communicate the • Explain how you built your technological solution, the difficulties in the design • Explain how you built your prototype through a written report.
about learning. operation of the alternative and implementation process and the improvements made for the functioning.
of technological solution.
School text and Activity book Activity Book Only Libromedia
Textoescolar Activity Book suggestion for timing:4 weeks April 22:Earth Day

66 67
 Unit

school text [Link] procesosde la nutrición / [Link] losanimales/ 2

3. The human digestive system
Textbook(pages30-33) Activity book (pages 26 and 27)

Competition:Explain the physical world based on knowledge. It takes place in the intestine. It is worth noting that fish do not have salivary glands.

2
without mucous membranes, they present liver and pancreas and at the end of the intestine they have a

The function of nutrition about living beings; matter and energy; biodiversity,
Earth and universe. rectal gland for the elimination of excess salts.
Instruct the students to identify the organs that make up the system.
digestive system of birds and comment that in the stomach two are differentiated
Specified capacity and performance
areas: the glandular stomach, which secretes digestive juices, and the gizzard,
Understand and use knowledge about living beings; that grinds the food in place of the teeth. The intestine is long and
The giant anteater capacity matter and energy; biodiversity, Earth and universe. leads to a wide rectum that ends in the cloaca. For this reason, when exiting,
The anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) The feces mix with the urine.
it is one of the few mammals that do not • Describe the processes involved in nutrition of the
It has teeth. It is perfectly adapted. animals and plants. Ask each student to bring a cookie to the classroom and eat it.
to feed on insects, especially of performances Explain how the digestive process occurs in some Then, ask them to mention the journey that this food took.
ants and termites, although eventually
specified invertebrates and vertebrates. Read the questions in the box 'What memory?' and ask the students
you can consume some bird eggs.
that they find in their path. Identify the organs that make up the digestive system that they respond orally.
human.
Its anatomical characteristics allow it to Read the texts about each organ that makes up the human digestive system
breaking free from the clutches of rotten trunks, nests
and observe its location in it. Differentiate tubular digestive system
of ants or termite mounds. Thank you.
with its long snout and thin tongue, that
Didactic suggestions digestive. It should be mentioned that the former includes the tube and the glands
can move 150 times per minute, access Present the students with images of a plant and a rabbit. Then, annexes.
easily to all corners of the nest and
pose the following questions: What type of nutrition do they have? How do they Ask the students to indicate the path and name the organs by The intestinal flora is a
can swallow several hundred insects in
40 seconds, approximately. Your tongue is
What do they feed on? How do they breathe? How do they eliminate waste? the process that food goes through from the moment it enters until it is expelled. group of microorganisms
covers with a sticky saliva to which they stick that help the process of
Request the students to answer the questions and encourage a brainstorming session. Read the information about the accessory glands of the digestive system and
insects, eggs, and larvae. nutrient absorption.
from ideas based on their answers. highlight the function that each of them performs. These microorganisms
Form six groups to read the questions in the box "What do you remember?". Read the text about the human digestive process and highlight the ideas. they inhabit the intestines
Then, provide them with flip charts to write down their answers and ask them to main. forming an ecosystem.
create a graphic organizer about everything you know about the function of This population may be
nutrition. Read the information from the box 'To know more' and show it to the students. composed of bacteria (in
the diagram of the intestinal villi. Comment that each villus is lactating), enterobacteria and
Read the text about the processes involved in nutrition and highlight the ideas. formed by a layer of epithelial tissue, a network of blood capillaries and lactobacilli (in adults).
principals with the help of the students. a single lymphatic capillary called a chyliferous vessel.
WE TALK Ask the students to identify the similarities and differences that Indicate to the students to carry out the proposed activities in the
there are among the processes involved in the nutrition of animals and the pages 26 and 27. Request them to exchange and compare their answers
What does the anteater eat? plants. with the other classmates in the classroom.
What will I learn?
What structures facilitate their feeding?
Will the same happen with other animals? Why? Assign to each group the name of a fish, a reptile, an amphibian, a bird, a
Identify the processes that occur in nutrition. How does the digestion process of this begin? herbivorous mammal and a carnivorous mammal. Then, formulate the following Solution - How am I doing? - How are we doing?
• Describir los sistemas digestivo, respiratorio, circulatorio y excretor
animal? How does it end? preguntas:¿De qué se alimenta? ¿Qué recorrido sigue el alimento en su interior?
Is the digestion process the same in a bear? In animal metabolism, the nutrients that enter are used in the
in animals and humans.
Ant hill and an ant? Why? Leer la información sobre el proceso digestivo de algunos invertebrados y cell; in contrast, in plant metabolism the compounds are used
Recognize the organs involved in the digestive process, observe the displayed images.
The anteater also needs oxygen to organics resulting from photosynthesis.
respiratory, circulatory, and excretory of animals and beings live. How do you obtain it?
humans.
The cells of the anteater must receive Read the text about the digestive process of vertebrates and identify the 2. Because they need to be crushed and broken down to break them into smaller particles.
• Explain how the process of nutrition occurs in plants. nutrients and oxygen. How is this achieved? organs that make up the digestive system of the zebra. small and promote the action of digestive juices.
Show students labeled diagrams of the digestive system. 3. If the accessory glands did not exist, we would not be able to digest a large amount.
fish and birds. of food, therefore, we would deprive many nutrients from the
28 UNIT 229
Ask the students to identify the organs that make up the system. organism.
digestive system of fish and comment that the digestion of these animals is

68 69
 Unit

text school school text 2

1 The processes of nutrition

2 The digestive process in animals
3 The human digestive system
The human digestive process
Digestion occurs at the oral, gastric, and intestinal levels, and at each stage,
the food undergoes important transformations that allow for separation
Gland
the nutrients of those substances that are not useful for the body.
In the exchange of matter and energy carried out by living beings with Animals must ingest food from their environment to transform it. Think about the last thing you ate today. Most likely the apple- parotid
WHAT MEMORY? What memory? •Oral digestion. This process begins in the mouth through the
In the environment, a series of processes that are encompassed in nutrition occur. and obtain nutrients and utilize the energy they contain. The process di- Well, the sandwich or the cereal bar you ingested is no longer like that.
the digestive system allows the incorporation of food, transforming it into substances it was then after entering your mouth. crushing, which corresponds to the mechanical phase, and salivation, which
Why do you eat? In animals useful for the body and eliminate waste. How does food arrive at compete in the chemical phase.
stomach?
The digestive system is responsible for transforming food until it...
What happens to the food? After consuming food, the following processes occur: to have nutrients, those that reach each of your cells. The mechanical phase occurs due to the action of the teeth.
What do you ingest? The digestive process of some invertebrates Why is it important
The digestive process. Transformation of food into substances maintain good hygiene Chemical phases are carried out thanks to the action of saliva (produced
Sponge animals do not have a system The loscelentereans do not have a system. The anatomy of the digestive system
simpler ones, that the organism can use, which are transformed into Coanocytes oral? by the salivary glands), which hydrates and lubricates the food create- Gland
the blood from the digestive system and then to the cells. digestive. They feed by filtering the digestive. They capture their prey alive The digestive system is made up of the digestive tract and the glands. sublingual
of the food bolus. Saliva contains an enzyme called amylase.
water through its pores and channels with the help of the tentacles.
annexes. saliva, which begins the digestion of carbohydrates by breaking down the
The gas exchange. Uptake of the necessary oxygen to carry to obtain small bacteria They have some cells, called Cavity
starch molecules present in the food. Then, the process occurs.
the metabolism and removal of carbon dioxide produced present in the water. Pores cnidoblasts, with a liquid gastrovascular The organs of the digestive tract Gland
swallowing reflex. Thus, the food bolus moves to the pharynx and
as a residue. This process is carried out by the respiratory system. They possess cells called what they inject into the prey, which Cnidoblasts Tentacles submandibular
a The mouth. Structure in which the first processes occur. then to the esophagus.
• Transportation. Distribution of oxygen and nutrients to each one of coanocytes, arranged in a way of is introduced into the cavity
1 related to the digestion of food. Here it is formed Salivary glands
tapestry on the inside of the body, gastrovascular for a single •Stomach digestion. This process begins when the bolus...
the cells of the organism, and collection of carbon dioxide and the the food bolus thanks to the action of the teeth and saliva.
in charge of performing digestion opening, which works as a mouth and mendacity reaches the stomach as a result of peristaltic movements
waste substances. This process is carried out by the circulatory system.
intracellular. yes. b The pharynx. Segment shared between the digestive system- que se desencadenan a lo largo del esófago. En el estómago también
a
•Metabolism. Synthesis and degradation reactions of biomolecules Yes Hepatopancreas Esophagus Intestine It connects the mouth with the esophagus. There is a mechanical phase and a chemical phase of digestion.
Beech
frames to build structures and obtain the necessary energy. It participates in swallowing, closing the trachea and clearing.
b The mechanical phase is produced by rhythmic contraction and relaxation. TO KNOW MORE
Excretion. Elimination of waste substances produced Yes the esophagus so that the food bolus continues its journey of the muscles that form the stomach, which makes the substances
Mouth
in metabolism. This process is carried out by the excretory system. towards the stomach. Food substances move from the cardia to the pylorus. Absorption is the incorporation of
Mouth
c The esophagus. Fibromuscular conduit that transports food. nutrients to the blood. It is produced
In the plants Stomach Sweetbreads The chemical phase is carried out by the glands located in the stomach.
mentos from the pharynx to the stomach. Between the esophagus and in the sections of the small intestine
Mollusks exhibit extracellular digestion, which Lophotrochozoans exhibit external digestion. In insects, C magician, that produce gastric juice, whose main component is the called jejunum and ileum, which
The processes involved in nutrition are: The stomach is located a sphincter called the cardia, which prevents the hydrochloric acid (HCl). In addition, the stomach contains water and enzymes.
it takes place in a digestive tube provided with a mouth and anus. The The digestive system begins in the mouth, with oral appendages. they have a large surface area for absorption
The absorption of inorganic nutrients, such as water and mineral salts gastropods have a gland called hepatopancreas, Below is the esophagus, with a dilation,
reflux of the food bolus from the stomach to the mouth. but like pepsin and gastric lipase, which are involved in digestion due to the presence of villi.
that secretes enzymes that assist in the digestive process. The so-called crop, where the food is mixed with saliva 2 of proteins and fats, respectively.
the roots. d The stomach. An organ that is responsible for mixing food.
Bivalves are filter feeders and they nourish themselves with food particles. before moving on to the gizzard, where they are crushed. It continues the d Quilo (resulting papilla)
with gastric secretions until forming a semi- At the end of gastric digestion, the food substances have been of digestion)
The transport of inorganic nutrients to the green parts of the that penetrate with the current of water that passes through them. intestine, where nutrients are absorbed, and finally, the anus. liquid called chyme. The emptying of chyme into the intestine. converted into an acidic liquid, of thick consistency, called qui-
plant, through the conductive vessels. Absorption of the
The small intestine is completed through another sphincter called the pylorus.
The digestive process of vertebrates The peristaltic movements push the chyme toward the intestine. nutrients
Evapotranspiration, which is the removal of much of the water
Gland e The small intestine. Portion of the digestive tube that is located not thin. Very folded wall and
absorbed through the leaves. Vertebrates exhibit extracellular digestion, which occurs in the salival with villi, for
it is between the stomach and the large intestine. In this organ Intestinal digestion. This phase of digestion is considered the most increase the surface
The simplest plants, such as mosses, length of the digestive tube. Gland
they absorb water and mineral salts to The exchange of gases through the stomata of the leaves. the final stage of digestion and absorption occurs suitable for absorption
Pancreas saliva 3 important, since it concludes the process for it to then begin
throughout its entire surface. Stomach nutrients.
Photosynthesis is the transformation of substances Their digestive systems vary according to their type of food. absorption. The chyme that reaches the small intestine is processed in Small intestine
inorganics into organic substances using solar light. generally consist of the mouth (where food is crushed and mixed f The large intestine. Last section of the digestive tract. Here his passage through it and transforms thanks to the mechanical phase and to (jejunum and ileum)

with saliva) pharynx, esophagus, stomach (which performs digestion the greatest absorption of water and the formation of the the chemical phase of this digestion.
The transport of organic substances to all cells of the gastric), small intestine (which completes digestion and absorbs the
plant through the conductive vessels. e feces, which correspond to the residues of digestion. Mechanical digestion occurs because movement is produced in the intestine.
HOW AM I DOING? nutrients) and large intestine (where egestion occurs). Pharynx These waste products are eliminated from the body through the anus. g . propulsion movements that lead chyme through the small intestine.
• The metabolism and cellular respiration consist of the use of the In addition, there are accessory glands throughout the digestive tract, Mouth
The chemical phase occurs due to the action of substances, such as the juice of bread- HOW ARE WE DOING?
organic compounds that result from photosynthesis, to obtain energy what are the salivary glands, the liver, and the pancreas, which Liver The accessory glands
1 What is the difference between Esophagus
cost and develop own material using CO2from the air and releasing O2. they pour enzymes and other substances into the digestive tube, and collaborate bile and intestinal juice, which are produced by the
animal metabolism and the Intestine
They are glands that secrete substances that collaborate in the pro-
in digestion. the pancreas, the liver, and the small intestine, respectively. 2 Why should they be chewed?
vegetable? Elimination of waste products generated in metabolism thick digestion process.
my cell through tissues arranged throughout the body of the plant. Well, the food?
Develop page 24 of the 1 Salivary glands: secrete saliva.
Activity book. 3 Why are they important?

Nutrition is the set of processes by which living beings The digestive process of animals includes the phenomena that 2 Liver: secretes bile. The human digestive system is made up of a digestive tube and by the accessory glands?
Develop page 26 of the
Living beings take substances from the outside and transform them into their own matter. occur in the digestive system and allow the capture of food, f 3 Pancreas: secretes pancreatic juice. accessory glands that participate in the transformation of [Link] Develop page 27 of
Activity Book. Activity book.
and in energy. transform them into useful substances and expel the waste produced. g The digestive process includes oral, gastric, and intestinal digestion.

30 UNIT 231 32 UNIT 233

70 71
 Unit

Activity Book 2
4. La respiración en losanimales/ [Link] transporte desustanciasen losanimales
Schooltext(pages34and35) Libro de actividades (pág. 28)

EXPLAIN THE PHYSICAL WORLD

Competition:Explain the physical world based on knowledge. alternative air through the spiracles, which have closing mechanisms to

2 3 about living beings; matter and energy; biodiversity, prevent drying out.
The function of nutrition The human digestive system Earth and universe. Ask the students to identify the type of respiration of animals
presented in the motivation and contrast their responses.
UNDERSTAND AND USE SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE Specified capabilities and performances
Encourage a brainstorming session based on the following questions: Do you think
7 Write with which organs the following communicate Where does the digestion of carbohydrates begin and the
Is it correct to say that 'life is in the blood'? Do you know how much blood
1 parts of the human digestive system: proteins?
capacity
Understand and use knowledge about living beings;
The processes of nutrition Esophagus: ____________________________________
with the stomach and the mouth. ______________________________________________
In the mouth and the stomach, respectively. matter and energy; biodiversity, Earth and universe.
What do we have in our body? What would happen if we lost some blood like
consequence of a hemorrhage? Do you know what a heart attack is?
Large intestine:______________________________ In which organs is the highest percentage carried out
with the small intestine.
digestion? Identify the characteristics of the surfaces of
UNDERSTAND AND USE SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE Read the information about the transport of substances in animals and
Stomach: _c on el is ófago y con el youode no______
____________________ tis t ino _______
dthegad o).
______________________________________________
In the stomach and the small intestine. performances gaseous exchange. highlight the elements of the circulatory system. Ask the students to
1 Complete the table about the processes of nutrition. 2 Explain why the nutrition function is necessary Mouth: ___ con
_________ __o_________________________
e n el esófag necessary Describe the types of circulatory systems in animals. differentiate.
for all living beings. 10 Write in the blank boxes the name of the
Where is Small intestine: ________________________
con ethessmall
magopond stino thick. ____
y eI nyou organs of the digestive system and the accessory glands.
Processes Functions Organisms
carry out
Byrq ue__pe
____ rm it_e_____________________
___ que there
s seres vivos obyou e ria__pa
__at
ngan them __ ra con stru to go
________
Ask the students to create a conceptual map about the
Distribution of Plants and Circulatory system 8 Respond. elements of the circulatory system.
Transport
substances. animals and conductive vessels str uctura s y los compuestos nec esarI s para su óp ti_un
__________________________________ ___________
mo _
f cI nam ie nto.
Peristaltic movements mix the food
Mouth
Didactic suggestions Hemoglobin is a
Incorporation Read the box "To know more" and ask the students to explain.
of nutrients Plants and
Roots and intestines
_______________________________________________
and they make them move along the digestive tube. What Presentar los siguientes organismos y diferentes tipos de respiración a los protein that contains iron,
Absorption (or cells They also receive the necessary energy to perform their functions. why the closed circulatory system is more efficient than the system
inorganic and animals
specialized)
What would happen if they didn't exist?
students and ask them to relate them. substance responsible for
organic. open circulatory system.
_______________________________________________
vital No oseerthe
______ youriverdeg
___the_ci
________ r,_el___
ón es deyes bo local im c I no
_____
enyou pod riverpas
_____ ___ar _ Salivary glands red color of blood.
Transformation
_of the bo
__coffee__
smug eslake
___________
mago. Si there
gara sa r,_no
__a__pa
___ ______________
pof rI was
realizarse the Read the text about the open circulatory system and highlight its characteristics. When they are not consumed
Process of food
Animals Digestive system 3 Write V if the statement is true or F if it is false. Butterfly Cutaneous respiration
digestive in substances
_of the
__ ón mec an ica__ni_
s _______ _ transp orta rs e a lo ther go__de__lo
______________ ________
s inyou n os._____
syou Pharynx
It is worth noting that open circulatory systems are very slow; that is why, iron-rich foods,
simple. F Excretion consists of the distribution of oxygen. Hen Branchial respiration the blood does not transport oxygen, it only serves to transport nutrients and like legumes and vegetables
Transformation V The digestive process allows for the transformation of the What does absorption in the digestive system consist of? Esophagus
of substances Green parts Earthworm Tracheal respiration waste. In insects, for example, oxygen is transported through greens in sufficient quantity,
Photosynthesis Plants foods into simpler substances. ______________________________________________
In the transfer of nutrients from the digestive system to the blood,
inorganics in from the plant. from the tracheas from the outside to the cells themselves. there is less hemoglobin
organic. V The gas exchange in plants occurs at ______________________________________________
that will lead them into the interior of the body's cells.
Cushion Pulmonary breathing
in our red blood cells;
through the stomata. Read the text about the closed circulatory system and highlight its
______________________________________________ so, we suffer from
Formar grupos y pedir a los estudiantes que elijan uno de los tipos de characteristics. Better observe the images of simple circulation and
2 9 The following graph illustrates the estimated percentage of breathing and expand the information about it. double. Ask the students to explain the blood flow in
anemia.
The digestive process in animals Liver Stomach
digestion that corresponds to the different segments of both cases.
digestive tube. Observe and respond. Invite a student to read the questions in the box "What do you remember?"
UNDERSTAND AND USE SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE Then, motivate them to give their answers orally. Explain to the students that reptiles and amphibians have circulation.
60
incomplete because the venous blood mixes with the arterial in the only
Read the information about breathing in animals and highlight it.
4 Describe what happens in the 5 Explain why animals need to digest Pancreas
importance of oxygen in cellular respiration, as well as where it comes from
ventricle. This type of circulation is also inefficient; for this reason, the
image. Then, identify foods they consume. 40
animals that present it cannot generate internal heat and have blood
what type of digestion is originates.
_______________________________________________
Because they must transform them into simpler substances that can
small intestine cold (poikilotherms).
represented. 20
Read the texts about the types of respiration in animals. Highlight the
_______________________________________________
to cross the cell membranes and be useful for the cell. Segments Large intestine Indicate to the students to carry out the proposed activities on the page.
of the tube main ideas and ask students to create a concept map.
0
digestive 28. Request them to exchange and compare their answers with others
6 Difference between extracellular digestion and intracellular digestion.
Mouth Esophagus Estómago Intestino
thin
Intestine
thick
Front
Indicate to the students to differentiate cutaneous respiration from the classmates.
Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids gill respiration.
__________ athislul_ar
_____
En thedigeslogn extr , thes ___
__ enz I am________________
son liberayess al esp ac io______
It should be noted that the external gills do not have a ventilation mechanism. Supplementary information
______________________________________________
The image shows extracellular digestion in a cnidarian.
_______________________________________________
extracellular and break down food molecules which allows their
what forces the animal to move in search of oxygenated places. This
______________________________________________
In which segments of the digestive tube is it produced? aerial sac
(polyp). Food enters through the osculum and the cells of the cavity
_______________________________________________
entry into the cell. In intracellular digestion, enzymes are found digestion? Front
this characteristic is typical of some marine worms, mollusks, crustaceans,
______________________________________________
gastrovascular fourths in it digestive enzymes. The waste material in the larvae of insects and amphibians and in some fish. They are organs that birds have, which fill and empty with air with each
_______________________________________________
inside the cell, stored in digestive vacuoles or lysosomes. _______ __ag
Boca, lake
m te s you_no__slim
o e__in
__ ___ ___________________________
inspiration and expiration. In them, there is no gas exchange. Their functions
______________________________________________
the food spills out to the outside through the same opening. Indicate to the students to differentiate between tracheal respiration and the
increase the lightness of the bird, help with breathing, and prevent a
pulmonary respiration.
26 UNIT 227
excessive increase in temperature caused by flight.
It is worth noting that, to facilitate ventilation, insects make movements.
with the abdominal muscles of your body that facilitate the entry and exit

72 73
 Unit

school text Activity Book 2

we observe the anatomy of the lungs
4 5 4
Breathing in animals The transport of substances Breathing in animals
in animals Materials
In the mitochondria of cells, nutrients are transformed. 2 lungs of calf or beef in good condition, that retain a part of the UNDERSTAND AND USE SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE _____________________________________________________________
WHAT MEMORY?
into simpler substances through cellular respiration. To do this,
The simplest animals, such as sponges and cnidarians, do not have trachea (in meat markets, they are known as beef lungs) 11 Underline the correct term in each case. Skin respiration
needs oxygen in order to produce energy and substances of TO KNOW MORE
Why do fish die when circulatory system, as nutrients and oxygen reach directly Insects/Porifera/Mammals present
waste, like carbon dioxide, that must be eliminated. 1 PVC tube 20 cm long with a diameter similar to the trachea. _____________________________________________
Gas exchange occurs through the skin.
take them out of the water? mind all the cells. tracheal breathing.
Oxygen comes from the external environment, towards which carbon dioxide is expelled. Open circulatory systems The lungs of mammals
What is the blood of the
of carbon. In this gas exchange, both the system participate
In the rest of the animals, there is a circulatory system that carries the they are very slow. That's why, the blood 1 tray Amphibians/insects/mammals have lungs
insects? nutrients and oxygen to all cells, and removes carbon dioxide from __________________________________
Posein numeros os alvehello parallel
os qu e aumenta n la I perfici.e.
piratory like the circulatory system. does not transport oxygen; only more efficient.
carbon and the waste products resulting from metabolism. The nutrients and waste. 1 scalpel
The circulatory system consists of the following elements: Gills are part of the respiratory system of the _____________________________________________
gas exchange.
Types of respiration in animals Insects take in oxygen
2 dissection needles mammals/cnidarians/fishes. 14 Complete the chart with the type of respiration that
Direct respiration Cutaneous respiration Branchial respiration •The circulating liquid. It is the fluid that transports the different sus- through the tracheas
located along the abdomen. A magnifying glass 12 Explain why an organism with lungs cannot corresponds.
It is produced through the membranes It is done through the skin, which is very It is produced through the gills or tissues. It is mainly composed of water, proteins, and various
cells. Depending on the animal group, there are different fluids of oxygen does not enter directly into breathe in the water.
of the cells on the surface of the fine and humid, with numerous vessels gills, which are made up of a Animals Types of respiration
transport: the hydrolymph, the hemolymph, the blood, and the lymph. the cells of the insect's body. Rubber gloves
organism. Oxygen and carbon dioxide blood cells located on the surface for a series of slices that contain many _______________________________________________
Because the structure of the lung is suitable for receiving oxygen.
In many invertebrates and in the Pretty Branchial
carbon is transported by diffusion facilitate the exchange of gases. These blood vessels in which it occurs the The heart. It is a muscular organ that pumps blood throughout vertebrates, the closed system
(cellular exchange form that does not Respiration occurs in worms and gas exchange. This respiration
the system. _______________________________________________
gaseous form and not diluted in water. Dog Pulmonary
requires energy). This respiration is in adult amphibians, although it is typical of aquatic animals, such as has obtained a transport of
substances faster and more effectively.
Procedure Dove Pulmonary
performed by poriferans and cnidarians. In the latter, it is complemented by the some annelids, mollusks, crustaceans, The conducting vessels. They are tubes of different calibers through which 13 Indicate the most outstanding characteristics in each.
Cells pulmonary respiration. echinoderms, amphibian larvae Transport liquids circulate to all parts of the organism. 1. Place the lungs on a tray so that they are easily case: Shark Branchial
and fish. These vessels are of three types: arteries, veins, and capillaries.
Blood vessels O2 observables like the trachea, which is a ringed and cartilaginous tube. Tracheal breathing Spider Tracheal
Skin
Membrane
cell phone Types of circulatory systems in animals
Then, fit the PVC tube into the trachea and blow, but without sucking. Observe. Frog Pulmonary and skin
Skin _____________________________________________
Oxygen goes directly to the cells.
O2
O2 what happens and describe the effect.
O2
CO2
O2dissolved Open circulatory system Closed circulatory system
CO2
2. Gently press the lungs to deflate them.
5
CO2 in the water
Diffusion CO2 It is characteristic of many mollusks and It is typical of annelids, cephalopods, and vertebrates. It is characterized by the circulation of blood.
Diffusion CO2
of gases of gases
Cell
arthropods. It is characterized because always through the interior of the vessels, which are relatively long and exit from the
3. Lift the pleura slightly with the dissection needles. Observe it with the magnifying glass and The transport of substances in animals
Glasses the glasses do not form a circuit heart, they travel throughout the body and return to it.
Gill lamellae
capillaries closed, but the blood or Simple circulation The double circulation make a brief description.
hemolymph comes out of them and soaks The blood passes through the heart twice
Tracheal breathing Pulmonary respiration The blood only passes through the heart once. UNDERSTAND AND USE SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE
some cavities with which they are traversing two circuits: circulation
4. Observe the outer part of each lung and count how many large sections there are.
It is a characteristic of terrestrial arthropods (insects, arachnids) It occurs through the lungs, which are cavities. in a complete journey. From the heart it
and myriapods). It is done through tracheae, branched tubes. internal walls very thin and humid filled with vessels
in contact the cells and where it is
it directs towards the gills, where it collects lesser, that is established between the heart lóbulos tiene.¿Cuántos lóbulos tiene el pulmón derecho?, ¿y el pulmón izquierdo? 15 Compare the images and respond. How many chambers does the heart have in each case?
performs gas exchange and and the lungs, and the systemic circulation, that
that reach almost all the organs of the animal. blood. It can be sack-shaped (amphibians, reptiles and oxygen and release carbon dioxide. From Left atrium
nutrients. From there it returns again it is carried out between the heart and others 5. Observe the path of the trachea until it divides into two bronchi, one _____________________________________________
Reptiles: tres cavidades (dos aurículas y un ventrículo). Aves: cuatro
These ducts open to the outside through some orifices. mammals) or tubular (birds). Mammals have lungs the gills, the blood flows to the rest
toward the heart through some openings
called spiracles, which are located along the more developed ones. It is typical of some vertebrates, such as of the body. It is typical of fish. organs. This type of circulation is specific for each lung. With the scalpel and with the dissection needles, remove the tissue _____________________________________________
cavities (two atria and two ventricles).
called ostioles. of the rest of the vertebrates.
the surface of the body, through which air penetrates and exits. amphibians, birds, reptiles, and mammals; although also of
Rich blood
Sense of
circulation of the
that surrounds the alveoli, that is, the small cavities of the right lung.
Depending on whether or not there is a mixture of blood, a distinction is made.
Spiracle some invertebrates, such as land snails. in oxygen blood Major circulation Observe with a magnifying glass the subdivisions or bronchioles of each bronchus. Describe. Ventricle Auricle
Auricle
Exchange Heart right left incomplete circulation and another complete one. Find out which
Exchange of gases in
Dorsal aorta
each bronchus and the appearance of the bronchioles. It corresponds to reptiles and birds.
of gases the tissues
O2 O2 Ventrículo
O2
Auricle left _____________________________________________
Reptiles have incomplete circulation: venous blood is
O2
CO2
CO2 CO2 CO2 Conclusions right
mezc thecon the__to
______ rial en el ún ic_o ________
__________
you vin trichu the.The__ci_rc
_______
uthethat
ón en the birds
Ostioles
Branch Heart Circulation What structural differences did you observe between the trachea and the bronchi? Between the ... Ventricle
_____________________________________________
It is complete: venous blood does not mix with arterial blood.
Trachea Lung minor law

Cell Trachea
Poor blood
in oxygen
bronchi and bronchioles? 16 Differentiate the open circulatory system from the closed one.
Heart
How is the circulatory system of reptiles and the
What is the difference between the tissue that forms the lungs and that which forms the airways? birds? What type of circulation do they have? _In the sisyou
ma circu to _____
_________ rio ab ie_rt_o
thes vasos no form an un circu ito
____________________
Animals have a respiratory system adapted to the environment where Circulation allows for the distribution of nutrients that have been respiratory?
_____________________________________________
Closed. Double circulation: it takes place in two circuits (major and _______________________________ ra do yeslo forma n.________________
whatr is itd o, mientras que en e l cer
They live. Five types of respiration can be distinguished in animals: obtained in the digestive processes, and the distribution of substances that Develop page 28 of the
direct, cutaneous, branchial, tracheal, and pulmonary. the organism produces and that contribute to its proper functioning. Activity book. What relationship do they establish between the characteristics of the airways and those of the minor).________________________________________
_____ _______________________________________________
lungs and the functions that these structures perform?
34 UNIT 235 28
What common function do the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles have?

74 75
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school text 2
6. The human respiratory system
Schooltext(pages36and37) Activity book (p. 29)

Competition:Explain the physical world based on knowledge. To mention that mucus production is a way that the airways have
about living beings; matter and energy; biodiversity, respiratory systems to purify the air that enters. 6 The human respiratory system
The respiratory mechanics
Earth and universe. Observe the structure of the alveoli and comment on how they connect at the end. It is the process by which gases are exchanged between the atmosphere.
and the blood from the capillaries through the alveoli. According to the
each bronchiole forming clusters called pulmonary lobules, sequence of events in which it occurs, can be divided into three phases or Inspired air
Specified capacity and performance which are surrounded by a network of blood capillaries. Through the WHAT MEMORY?
The anatomy of the respiratory system moments: inspiration, gas exchange, and expiration. Thoracic cage
thin walls of one and the other, gas exchange occurs between The human respiratory system is made up of the airways. •The inspiration or inhalation. During inspiration, the muscles in-
expanded
Understand and use knowledge about living beings; the atmospheric air and the blood. Why when you catch a cold
and through the lungs.
intercostal muscles contract, just like the diaphragm, which causes the au-
capacity matter and energy; biodiversity, Earth and Universe. Diaphragm
Do you have difficulty breathing? The respiratory pathways. They are ducts through which air moves. increase in the volume of the thoracic cavity. As a consequence, the pre-
Read the text about respiratory movements and ask the students to The pressure inside the thorax decreases and is less than atmospheric pressure.
Why is mucus produced? air into the lungs. Their walls are lined with a thin
performance Describe the function of the organs that make up the system. highlight the main ideas. Observe the images of inspiration and the membrane formed by cells covered with thousands of cilia and others Due to this pressure difference, air enters through the respiratory pathways.
needed respiratory and respiratory movements. expiration. It should be noted that the total capacity of the human lungs is in charge of producing a sticky fluid called mucus. This Increase of
ventilators and the lungs enlarge, which causes the diaphragm
about five liters, but generally, there are only 3.5 liters of air inside. filters out bacteria, dust, and all kinds of harmful agents that descend.
volume of the
lungs
Normally, with ventilation movements, 0.5 L enters or exits. there is in the environment to prevent them from reaching the lungs. The cilia
Gas exchange. It is a diffusion process between the air.
Teaching suggestions Ask the students to take normal inspirations and expirations
they move carrying the mucus out of the nose or into the pharynx.
If it reaches the pharynx, it is swallowed and carried to the stomach, where it is degra- inspired that is found in the pulmonary alveoli and the blood
Breathing air with carbon monoxide given by the digestive juices and, finally, eliminated from the body. that circulates through the capillaries that surround the alveoli. Diaphragm
Form groups to build the following setup and perform the movements. and forced. Relate to the setup constructed in the motivation. contracted
according to the graph. of carbon (CO) during The lungs. They are made up of a set of bronchioles, al- After inspiration, the air reaches the alveoli, and oxygen (O2) Inspiration or inhalation.
Read the information about gas exchange and ask the students that transports diffuses into the blood, which circulates through the capillaries
a time and in an environment veins and blood capillaries. So that these organs receive air from the
that identify the difference between gas exchange in the lungs and medium, they present two fundamental physical properties: the distension- that surround them.
closed can cause
in the cells. asphyxia due to the following: to
compressibility, which is the ability to expand based on its pressure,
At the same time, carbon dioxide (CO2) spreads from the blood towards
and the elasticity, which refers to the tendency of the lungs to recover
the air present in the alveoli. Subsequently, this CO2climb up the
It is worth noting that the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs. combine CO with the to regain its original size after having been stretched.
airways until it is eliminated from the body in exhalation.
by a phenomenon called diffusion, which consists of the movement of the hemoglobin during higher Nasal cavities. They are two cavities. Pharynx. It is a tubular duct that has a mixed function: For gaseous exchange to occur efficiently, it is essential Exhaled air
particles from a region where they are more concentrated to another where they are time, the molecules of separated by a partition, upholstered link the respiratory system with the digestive system and it is essential that the air in the lungs is constantly renewed,
internally by a membrane it is a resonating chamber for the voice. In the pharynx there
the concentration is lower. hemoglobin cannot mucosa. The nasal cavities are rich find the epiglottis, a cartilage flap that
that is to say, that the air intake and outflow or pulmonary ventilation is
fulfill its mission of in blood vessels, which warm the prevents food from reaching the trachea, as it produce continuously.
Instruct the students to complete the proposed activities in the to transport oxygen. blood, and they have secretory cells of folds back when we swallow. Diaphragm
page 29. Request them to exchange and compare their answers with the mucus, which traps dust particles, Alveoli Cells and tissues
Blood rich in CO2
for example. Larynx. It is a tubular conduit. In
other classmates in the classroom. there are the vocal cords,
CO2
membranes that vibrate when air passes through CO2 O2
O2
Bronchioles and that allow the emission of sounds. CO2
Formulate the following questions: What causes balloons to inflate or Solution manual How are we doing? The larynx connects the pharynx with the O2
CO2 O2
Decrease
Do they deflate? Which organ of the respiratory system do they represent? trachea and helps prevent the passage of the O2 of volume
Epiglottis food towards the lungs through CO2 of the
4. Because they need oxygen to break down nutrients through the Oxygen-rich blood2 lungs
Invite a student to read the questions in the box 'What do you remember?'. the cough reflex.
cellular respiration and thus obtain energy.
Then, give them colored cards to write their answers on. Trachea. It is a flexible conduit,
Diaphragm
relaxed
In this way, we ensure the participation of those students who do not whose walls are formed • Exhalation. During exhalation, the muscles
Inhalation or exhalation.
by cartilaginous rings that intercostal muscles and the diaphragm relax, "pushing" the lungs.
They usually do it orally. they keep it open for So, the pressure of gases inside the thoracic cavity is
learn to experiment: We simulate the filtration the air intake and exhaust. The
greater than atmospheric pressure and, due to this pressure difference
Read the information about the human respiratory system. Then, ask them to the trachea ends by dividing
Ask the students to obtain a chicken lung and a liver. session, the air is exhaled.
differentiate the airways of the lungs. in two bronchi. It is responsible
to receive the air that comes from
At this moment, both the thoracic cavity and the lungs are diminished.
Stick the image of the human respiratory system on the board and ask Place identical pieces of lung and liver in a glass of water. Capillaries the larynx to pass it to the
It increases your volume. How are we doing?
Press both organs underwater. blood subdivisions of the bronchi
to the students to observe the organs that make up this system. Alveoli which are called bronchioles.
Then, tell them to read the information on page 36 of the textbook. To conclude the activity, ask the students to respond to the Endothelial tissue
4 Why is it necessary that the
Lungs. They are two organs
Finally, relate the structure of the organs to the function that following questions: Bronchi. They are the first conical, fluffy, oxygen reaches the cells
desempeñan. Por ejemplo, fosas nasales muy vascularizadas para calentar divisions of the trachea. They penetrate into located within the cavity All living beings breathe. In the case of human beings, the system of the organism?
Which of the two organs has lower density? the lungs, where they subdivide thoracic. Each lung the respiratory system is responsible for taking oxygen from the air and at the same time, Develop page 29 of the
the air, respiratory pathways with mucous glands to trap dust and the forming various branches contains about 350
What do you observe when pressing the organs? What do you think it is due to? expel carbon dioxide through specialized organs. Activity book.
microbes, trachea with cartilage rings to prevent the duct from collapsing calls in the bronchial tree. millions of alveoli.
close or double, etc.
36 UNIT 237
Ask the students to breathe through their mouths and to comment on the
temperature differences of the incoming air.

76 77
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Activity Book 2
me t sys yrot a lucr i c namuh eht . 7
Schooltext(pages38and39) Activity book (p. 30)

We verify how much it widens.

EXPLAIN THE PHYSICAL WORLD
Competition:Explain the physical world based on knowledge (venous blood). On the other hand, most veins carry blood
6 about living beings; matter and energy; biodiversity, venous, except for the pulmonary veins, which carry arterial blood.
the thorax to breathe The human respiratory system Earth and universe. Form groups and give each one a lamb heart.
Then, ask the students to cut it in half and observe its
Materials UNDERSTAND AND USE SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE
Specified capacity and performance internal structure. Raise the following questions: What are the walls like?
17 Write V if the statement is true or F if it is false. 20 Complete the boxes with the names of the organs From the heart? What color does it present? How is the heart divided?
1 centimeter F The diaphragm separates the lungs. of the respiratory system.
Understand and use knowledge about living beings; Emphasize that the valve on the right side is called tricuspid and
capacity matter and energy; biodiversity, Earth and universe
1 notebook and 1 pen V The epiglottis separates the pharynx from the larynx.
is formed by three fibrous membranes. The one on the left side is called
F The trachea branches into bronchioles. Nasal cavities
performances Recognize the characteristics of blood vessels. bicuspid or mitral and is made up of two membranes. There are also valves.
Procedure F The alveoli are inside the larynx.
specified Describe the structure of the heart.
semilunar or sigmoid calls that are found at the exits of the
18 Response. Pharynx two large arteries. Their function is to prevent the backflow of blood when
1. Hold the measuring tape around a partner without tightening it too much in order to it comes from the heart.
that can slide between the fingers What is the advantage of having lungs formed?
through numerous alveoli instead of being a single one
Larynx Trachea
Teaching suggestions Read the information about the heartbeat to see how it occurs.
2. Ask him to take a deep breath and measure his chest. Record the value in bag?
Then, with the help of a cone or a stethoscope, try to listen to the
centimeters. Request the students to gently place the pads of their fingers.
_____________________________________________
The increase in the surface area where gas exchange occurs.
index and half on the radial artery and that count the number of pulses heartbeats.
3. Instruct him to exhale and repeat the measurement. Record the new result. _____________________________________________ per minute. Form groups for students to investigate the following
Bronchi
4. Compare the values of both situations and calculate the difference in What would happen if the trachea did not have discs? Pose the following question: What would happen if you counted your pulses? circulatory system diseases: cardiovascular accidents
(hemorrhages), hypertension or high blood pressure, arteriosclerosis, and arrhythmias
centimeters. open cartilaginous? after having run 2 km?
(tachycardia). Ask the groups to create informative brochures based on
5. Repeat the measurements with other classmates. _____________________________________________
By inhaling and exhaling, the trachea would expand and compress.
Diaphragm Lungs
Present the information about the human circulatory system based on from the research conducted.
_____________________________________________
alternative could collapse, as it would not be sustained by the the question in the box 'What memory?'. Then, ask them to copy it Blood is a fluid tissue
6. Complete the following table in your notebook: Instruct the students to carry out the proposed activities on the page. that transports oxygen,
21 Differentiate the respiratory movements of inspiration
next diagram in your notebook and write what at each vertex
_____________________________________________
rigid cartilage rings distributed along its length. 30. Ask them to exchange and compare their answers with others.
They know about the circulatory system. carbon dioxide
measure of the measure of the and expiration.
classmates.
cage at the difference If the diaphragm were to malfunction, what effect would it have on the nutrients and substances of
name coughs up _______________________________________________
in cm breathing? Inspiration and expiration differ in the movement of the
waste. It is red in color.
inspirar (cm) exhale (cm) circulatory system
_____________________________________________
If the diaphragm were to break down, it would cause serious damage to the _______________________________________________
intercostal muscles and the diaphragm. During inspiration, it increases Solution manual How am I doing? thanks to hemoglobin.
_______________________________________________
the volume of the thoracic cavity; during expiration, on the other hand, it decreases.
_____________________________________________
breathing, since it is one of the main muscles that helps 5. The veins transport blood rich in CO.2, while the arteries
Read the text about the human circulatory system and ask the
_____________________________________________ _______________________________________________
size of said box. During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts, they transport oxygen-rich blood2and capillaries are very thin vessels
to increase or decrease the size of the thorax (inhaling or exhaling air). students the meaning of the words or phrases highlighted in bold.
7. Create a bar chart with the obtained data. formed by a layer of cells.
_____________________________________________ mien as much
____ e as goón el diafragma se relax_a.
_________________________
en la esp toayes For better understanding, ask the students to form sentences.
8. Establish which is the mode, that is, the data that repeats the most. 19 Write I if it refers to a process of _______________________________________________ with each one of them. 6. The difference between systole and diastole is the type of muscular movement.
inspiration or an E if it is a process of 22 Read and respond. that they perform. Systole contracts the heart to expel blood, while
Show the image of the circulatory system on the board and ask the
Conclusions expiration. Diastole relaxes it to receive blood.
In a normal respiratory movement, a students who identify the location of the main veins and arteries
I Increase the volume of the lungs. volume of 500 mL (500 cm3) of air. Of this amount,
When is the measure greater and when is it lesser? Explain why. of the human body. Ask them to describe the characteristics of the
E Decreases the capacity of the lungs. 150 mL are not suitable, that is, it is residual air. Knowing
that at rest, 16 breaths are taken per minute and
blood vessels.
What relationship exists between the thoracic perimeter and the processes of inspiration and I The diaphragm contracts and flattens downward.
that 20 cm are expelled in an exhalation3 of dioxide of
Supplementary information
To comment that the veins, especially those that run through the limbs
expiration? E The diaphragm and the rib muscles relax. carbon, respond.
Lasvenastienen valves
I Inhale air into the body.
inferior ones have valves at intervals inside that facilitate
How big is your chest circumference? What does it mean at the pulmonary level if it is greater? What is the volume of air inhaled in one minute? the return of blood to the heart. When these valves do not function well,
I The thoracic cavity expands. The veins, especially those that run through the lower limbs, present
the smallest than that of your colleagues? the blood has the possibility of retreating and stagnating in certain
E The muscles of the ribs contract, pulling them.
_____________________________________________
Inspired air volume in one minute: 500 mL - 150 mL = 350 mL inside, valves at intervals that facilitate the return of the
In addition to inspiration and expiration, what other characteristics do you think
areas, giving a swollen appearance to the veins. These swellings are called blood to the heart.
upward. _____________________________________________
350 mL x 16 breaths/minute = 5600 mL = 5.6 L/minute
What influences the value of the thoracic perimeter? varicose veins, which cause problems in blood circulation, lead to
E Breath out of the body. pains, in some cases, it is necessary to operate on them. When these valves do not work well, the blood has the possibility
What diaphragm movement increases thoracic capacity? to recede and stagnate in certain areas, giving an appearance
UNIT 229 It is worth noting that most arteries carry oxygenated blood. vein swelling. These swellings are called varicose veins.
What results would you expect to obtain if you repeated the activity with an adult? (arterial blood), except for the pulmonary artery, which carries deoxygenated blood.
And with a small child?

78 79
 Unit

school text Activity Book 2

Comparamos sistemas circulatorios
7 The heart 7
The human circulatory system It is an organ that functions as a pump that propels blood. The human circulatory system
Materials
Vena cava
it contains cavities that temporarily store blood before superior Aorta artery
aortic arch
to be expelled: two upper chambers called auricles, and two lower ones
Circulation is the process by which nutrients and oxygen are distributed. Artery Artery 1 beaker UNDERSTAND AND USE SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE _____________________________________________________________
WHAT MEMORY? called ventricles. The atrium and ventricle on each side are pulmonary pulmonary
gene to all the cells of the body, while waste is collected 23 The graph represents the speed of the journey of the 25 Observe the diagram and complete as appropriate.
connected by a valve that prevents the return of blood from the pri- Veins 3 pieces of aquarium hose
produced by cellular activity to carry them to the structures Sigmoid valve
my second cavity. pulmonary aortic blood in the blood vessels. Observe and respond.
Why when doing exercises of the organism that is responsible for eliminating them. This process is carried out
does the heart beat faster? Veins
2 suction pumps with 2 outlets Lungs
by the circulatory system. The structures of the heart and their function are the following: Arteries Capillaries
pulmonary
The superior and inferior venae cavae transport oxygen-rich blood.
Water with a few drops of dye Arterioles Veins ______________
Pulmonary arteries ____________
Pulmonary veins
The circulatory system transports nutrients that are absorbed from
the small intestine, and gases coming from the respiratory system. A CO2and waste from the upper and lower parts of the body, respect- Color accounts that can enter the hose Heart
since the body tissues use these substances, they are produced actively. Atrial
left
waste that passes into the blood to be eliminated, whether by the system- The right atrium. It receives blood from the venae cavae. ____________
caval veins ____________
Aorta artery
my excretory or respiratory system. Auricle Valve Procedure Rest of the body
The right ventricle. When the blood from the right atrium right mitral
The anatomy of the circulatory system it passes to this cavity, is expelled into the pulmonary arteries, which Valve 1. Assemble the open system with the beaker, a
they carry the blood to the lungs. Blood speed
The circulatory system is made up of blood vessels and the heart.
sigmoid
pulmonary
Ventricle
left
suction pump and two small hoses (see fig. 1). Place 26 Observe the image of the heart and write the name of
The pulmonary veins. After the gas exchange that occurred in Valve in the precipitate glass the colored water and the beads of How does the speed of blood vary in the vessels? the parts that are indicated.
The blood vessels the lungs, the oxygen-rich blood returns to the heart through tricuspid represented blood types?
Caval vein
Ventricle Partition
interventricular
colors.
these vases are stored for a moment in the left atrium. right
They constitute the main pathways through which the system circulates. inferior _____________________________________________
The speed of blood is greater in the arteries, it becomes more 1
Tissue transports blood. Blood vessels are tubes of different Figure 1. Model of
The left ventricle. It receives blood coming from the atrium. 8
diameter, through which the blood circulates that reaches all parts it moves to the left and contracts to expel it through the aorta artery towards everyone 2. Assemble the closed system with the other suction pump circulatory system _____________________________________________
slow in the arterioles, but in the capillaries it is very slow. Then, the
of the organism. There are three types: arteries, veins, and capillaries. the tissues and organs of the body. and the third small hose (see fig. 2). Do not forget to fill the open
_____________________________________________
speed slowly increases in the veins.
The arteries. They carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the 2 small hose with colored water not to put inside the 4
The heartbeat _____________________________________________
different organs of the body, except for the pulmonary artery, accounts.
that carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs. Its pairs- To pump blood throughout the body, the heart moves in a way What factor favors the circulation in the arteries? 5
3
The sounds are very thick, strong, and elastic; therefore, they can withstand the the coordinated alternating contractions (systole) and relaxations (diastole) blood at higher speed? 6
high pressure with which blood circulates propelled by the heart. both movements constitute a cycle, defined from the beginning Pump both systems with the same strength and equal 2
_In the _______________________________
ar you
rias, l yesn gre ctocula pido por e vit in the sense
go más it was _____
The veins. They transport deoxygenated blood and substances from from one heartbeat to the beginning of the next. In the diagram 1
speed. Observe what happens in each case.
From the right, the stages that are part of a cardiac cycle are observed. _____________________________________________
of gravity and receives the impulse of the heart.
secretion product of cellular metabolism, from different organs Figure 2. Model of
and structures of the body up to the heart, except for the pulmonary vein- 1Atrial diastole. The atria relax and blood enters. circulatory system _____________________________________________
monar that transports oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart. it comes from the vena cava. 4
4. Note the observations in the following table: closed 3 7
The walls of the veins are thinner and less elastic in comparison. Why does the speed of blood increase in the
connection with the arteries and through them circulates blood at lower pressure.
2 Atrial systole. The atria contract and blood passes to the veins?
ventricles. open circulatory system closed circulatory system
The capillaries. Communicate Valve _In the _____
andn as se__in
cre menta la andloc idad de the__sa
_________________ _____________
ngre debido a que el__
3 Ventricular diastole. The ventricles relax and blood enters. Cardiac cycle.
the small arterioles and
in them. _____________________________________________
the heart drives this substance and there are valves in the veins that
venules with which they form
capillary networks. The pa- 4 The ventricular systole. The ventricles contract and propel _____________________________________________
they avoid its setback. 1 _________________________________________________
Superior vena cava
The circulatory system in humans is
closed, that is to say, the blood circulates only through the from the capillaries are blood outside the heart through the arteries. With the contraction, it blinds-
blood vessels, without leaving them. very fine, for that reason, facilitate the valves that separate the atria from the ventricles run. Thus, _____________________________________________ 2 _________________________________________________
Right atrium

the exchange of subst- it prevents the return of blood to the atria. 24 Read and respond.
How am I doing? 3 _________________________________________________
Right ventricle
They are filtered through them. The movements of systole and diastole are simultaneous, so that Conclusions At rest, the heart rate
ArI will a r_____________________________________
transfers the nutrients and O2, 4 _____r pu __ __
at the same time that the atria contract, the ventricles dilate, It is about 70 times per minute. Why could its value be
just like the CO2and others 5 What are the differences? In which of the two systems do the accounts circulate more easily? Why?
and vice versa. duplicate in conditions of intense exercise? _________________________________________________
METACOGNITION waste substances. the blood vessels? 5 Pulmonary veins
Venules
Arterioles 6 What is the difference between In which of the two systems do the accounts "escape" from the hoses to then
Is it easier for you _______________________________________________
Because this way ensures the supply of oxygen and nutrients for 6 AurI don't
____ understand.
u _ _____
qu a_____________________________________
systole and diastole? Re-enter? Why?
understand the topic when having The circulatory system is responsible for transporting through the
Develop page 30 of the _______________________________________________
to produce the necessary energy. Ven this_________
____ uis not
I u rd o___________________________________
information in images? Why blood the oxygen and nutrients to all the cells of the body, and from Which of the two systems do you think is more efficient for the transport of substances? 7
Activity book.
what?
Blood vessels.
collect carbon dioxide and waste. inside an organism? Why? _______________________________________________ 8 Arte ria_rt
_____ to___a

Which system will work better for invertebrates? Why?

38 UNIT 239 30
What system will work best for vertebrates? Why?

80 81
 Unit

school text 2
["8. Excretion in animals","9. The human excretory system"]
Schooltext(pages40and41) Activity book (pages 31 and 32)
Competition:Explain the physical world based on knowledge
about living beings; matter and energy; biodiversity, Form groups and read the information about each of the organs of
Earth and universe. excretory system, highlight its main characteristics. Ask the 8 9
students to create a concept map on a poster board. Encourage to Excretion in animals The human excretory system
some volunteers to present their work.
Specified capabilities and performances All animals have mechanisms to expel substances from Excretion is the function by which living beings eliminate their
Motivate students to research the structure of the kidneys and WHAT MEMORY? LIVE HEALTHILY
waste. According to their evolution, they present a more advanced excretory system. waste strains. This way they are able to maintain internal balance,
Understands and uses knowledge about living beings;
ask them to make a model that represents its internal structure.
complex and specialized. also called homeostasis. To carry out this process, they have
matter and energy; biodiversity, Earth and Universe. What happens when we retain? various organs and specialized systems. A large part of the function Water is the physical medium through
capabilities Read the information in the box 'Live Healthily' and invite some
for a long time the urine? Excretion in invertebrates Excretion in humans is performed by the excretory system. that all waste is
Evaluate the implications of scientific knowledge and practice. volunteers to respond to the question raised. It could be mentioned that expelled from our body. The
What organ is responsible for filtering This system and its organs are responsible for filtering the blood and eliminating
technological. that sweat is diluted urine; that's why athletes drink beverages Most marine invertebrates excrete nitrogen in the form organism disposes daily
the waste of the blood? the body's waste.
of ammonia through diffusion mechanisms into seawater. The water in the form of urine, and when
Identify the excretory organs or structures of the being
rich in minerals after intense exercise. invertebrates that live in freshwater and terrestrial environments have we do sports, he/she loses it in
The anatomy of the excretory system
humans and vertebrate and invertebrate animals. It is worth noting that the urine formed in the kidneys is a colored liquid. developed different excretory organs whose basic principle is the sweat form. This must be
performances Express your opinion on the importance of conducting campaigns to yellowish, transparent and clear, slightly sour and salty. Its color is
filtration of body fluids, their secretion and the reabsorption of certain The excretory system is made up of the kidneys and the urinary tract. response during the day for
specific substances. The structures used by invertebrates which in turn include the ureters, the bladder, and the urethra. maintain homeostasis of
necessary increase organ donations and the need for It is due to the pigments urochome and urobilin, which come from the liver. they are the flame cells, the nephridia, and the Malpighian tubules. body.
consult medical specialists to diagnose something Present the following urine composition table: 1 The kidneys. They are two organs located in the back of
How do athletes recover?
disease. the abdominal cavity, on both sides of the spine. The
Flame cells Feces and urine the mineral salts after
Coelomic cavity kidneys purify the blood to maintain homeostasis, and as an intense exercise?
Water 95 % Sodium chloride-Phosphates-Sulfates 1.2% Nefrostoma
Tubesof
the result of this process is the urine which, according to the conditions-
Intestine
Although the water and the
Teaching suggestions Urea 2.5% Uric acid 0.05%
excretory canal
Nephropore Malpighi Personal actions of each individual vary in quantity and composition.
mineral sales are not Tubuleor 2The ureters. They are two slender ducts that are responsible for transporting
nephroduct
Form two groups in the classroom. Ask one to collect images of the system. considered products Poro
Stomach to carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder, thanks to the
excretor in invertebrates and the other in vertebrates. Place the images in Instruct the students to carry out the proposed activities in the that should be eliminated for
excretor Planaria earthworm peristaltic movements of its walls.
the blackboard and pose the following questions: What similarities or differences pages 31 and 32. Request them to exchange and compare their answers with its toxicity, they are secreted
Grasshopper
The urinary bladder. It is a bag.
Flame cells. They expel to Nephridia. They are rolled structures. Malpighian tubules. They are channels with 3
Do they observe? How does the evolution of an animal influence its excretion? the other classmates in the classroom. muscular, elastic, and hollow located in
to regulate an amount and exterior through the excretory canal the with two opposite openings: the one closed end and one open end
waste products that pass the pelvic cavity. It is responsible for al-
Presenting information about excretion in animals starting from the adequate concentration in nefrostoma and the nephropore. The tube for the connected with the intestine. They capture
from one cell to another until reaching the Reabsorption is known as nephron. substances of the internal cavity and the store between 600 and 800 mL of ori-
Solution Manual How are we doing? the internal medium.
questions from the box 'What memory?'. Then, generate a brainstorming session. flame cells. The flatworms Mollusks, annelids, and some expelled into the intestine. The insects no, which comes from the ureters. In
they present this type of cells. Arthropods have nephridia. they present Malpighian tubules. at its lower end are the
around the responses and write them down on a flip chart, so that when 7. We would not be able to store a large amount of urine and we would have to
sphincters, muscles that control the 1
end the session they can contrast it with what they learned. urinate at every moment because the kidneys work on time Excretion in vertebrates urination or urine evacuation.
Read the text about excretion in invertebrate animals and highlight complete. Urogenital tract In vertebrates, different organs participate in excretion. The 4The urethra. It is a duct responsible for
the meaning of excretion and waste products. the main ones are the kidneys, which form urine, through which 2
8. Because feces are the remnants of food not absorbed by Kidney
they expel waste products, such as urea.
to drive the urine from the bladder
the digestive system; on the other hand, excretion is the waste of the towards the outside. The female urethra
Comment that the main substances that animals eliminate are Urine flows from the kidneys through the ureters, which empty into the measures between 3 and 4 cm, and the male urethra
nitrogenous derivatives, mineral salts, water, and carbon dioxide. This cellular metabolic activity. urinary bladder, where it is stored. From there it is expelled to the outside by lina, between 20 and 25 cm. In women, 3
Cloaca
the last one is expelled through the respiratory system. Bladder the urethra. the exclusive function of the urethra is the 4

Excretory system in fish. Ureter urine expulsion, while in

Read the text about excretion in vertebrates and observe the organs that Kidney
Bladder Kidney the men are in charge both of the ex-
they form the excretory system in each group of vertebrates. learn to experiment: We simulate the filtration Ureter urine urge as well as secretions
How are we doing?
functions of the reproductive organs.
It is worth mentioning that marine fish have another adaptation. As they swim in a • Mezclar agua, un poco de harina y sal.
Daily, the body’s blood passes through the kidneys about 300 times.
ocean rich in salts, they eliminate the excess of these through their gills and urinate Filter the mixture into a flask. Kidney Urethra to ensure the best possible filtration. In people who have 7 What would happen if the bladder does not
very little. Cloaca elastic out?
To conclude the activity, ask the students to respond. your kidneys functioning properly, the composition of your san-
Ureter GRE will be more stable. 8 Why does excretion not
Ask the students to mention the method of excretion or the organ. the following questions: Excretory system in birds. Excretory system in mammals.
Does it include feces?
Cloaca
excretor de los siguientes animales: malagua (excreción directa), loro (riñón), What organ performs the function of a filter? Bladder Excretion is the process by which substances are eliminated. Just like in other mammals, the human excretory system is Develop pages 31 and 32
earthworm (nephridia), shark (kidney), cockroach (Malpighian tubules) and waste that results from the metabolic activity of cells. the person in charge of cleaning the blood from metabolic products from the activity book.
What happened to the flour and salt? What is the reason for that? All animals have mechanisms to expel waste. cellular. A large part of this function is performed by the excretory system.
snake (kidney). Excretory system in amphibians.

Formulate the following questions about the human excretory system: 40 UNIT 241
Why does excretion not include feces? Are the kidneys the only ones?
responsible for excretion? Why?

82 83
 Unit

Activity Book 2
10. Nutrition in plants
Schooltext(pages42and43) Activity book (p. 33)

EXPLAIN THE PHYSICAL WORLD

Competition:Explain the physical world based on knowledge Present the following formulas to the students and ask them to
8 9 about living beings; matter and energy; biodiversity, relate to the processes of nutrition in plants. Then, indicate to them
Excretion in animals The human excretory system Earth and universe. that identify which corresponds to photosynthesis and which to respiration.

a glucose + oxygen energy + carbon dioxide + water

UNDERSTAND AND USE SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE UNDERSTAND AND USE SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE_____ EVALUATE THE IMPLICATIONS OF KNOWING________________
Specified capacity and performance
27 Identify the excretory organs of the following 30 Write the name of the excretory organ that corresponds
33 Answer the questions based on the illustrations. 35 Read the text and respond.
organisms to each animal. • Understands and uses knowledge about living beings; chlorophyll
what represents the functioning of four kidneys It is common for doctors to request a urine test. capacity matter and energy; biodiversity, Earth and universe. b water + carbon dioxide glucose + oxygen
Snail Nephridiums different. to diagnose a disease. This is because light
I had Flame cells a wide variety of disorders have repercussions
a c • Describe the processes involved in nutrition Ask the students to make a list of foods that are
Silverside Kidneys
about urine. performances the plants.
needed products of photosynthesis such as fruits and vegetables. Emphasize that
Millipede Malpighiantubules For example, if glucose is detected in the • Explain how the process of photosynthesis occurs. in all of them there is starch that is formed from the union of several
urine, it can be a sign that the patient has
Wolf Kidneys
Nutrient
glucose molecules. Then, extract small samples of the food The plant organisms
diabetes. Blood in the urine can occur due to the
Butterfly Malpighiantubules Waste
formation of stones in the kidneys or some infection, Didactic suggestions what makes up the school lunchbox and check for the presence of starch. they lack an excretory system,
28 Complete.
b d
either in the bladder, in the ureters, or in the renal pelvis. but they present strategies
Malpighiantubules Flame cells Assemble the following setup: place a pot with a plant and a glass of Comment to the students that most of the food they consume to expel and store
They do not have specialized excretion organs: Asimismo, pueden encontrarse restos de proteínas, lo que precipitate with lime water inside a plastic bag. It is recommended they frequently contain starch. waste substances.
indicate that there is a deficiency in the reabsorption of substances
_____________________________________________
jellyfish, sponges and hydras. 31 Explain the following statement: 'Animals, as they prepare the setup a few days in advance so that it can be Ask the students to review the answers they gave at the beginning of the For example, the plants
what the body can recover or a deficiency in the
its evolution, they present a more advanced excretory system
filtration process.
observe the results on the day of the class. session. It is worth mentioning that through experience it was possible to verify that of the group of conifers
They have flame cells: flatworms. complex and specialized.
the plant breathes, as droplets of water appeared on the inner surface of the (pine, fir) store the
Which of the illustrations represents the operation
Why is it important for a specialist doctor Plantear las siguientes preguntas:¿Qué pasó con la planta? ¿Qué sustancias
They have excretion through nephridia: _______________________________________________
In invertebrates, excretion can be direct, through cells did you analyze a urine test? the bag and the lime water turned white due to the CO2. waste substances in
from a healthy kidney? Why? Did they occur inside the bag? Why?
_____________________________________________
mollusks, annelids, and arthropods. _______________________________________________
some special channels
flamebearers, through nephridia or through Malpighian tubes. In contrast, all the
_____________________________________________
The illustration, because it eliminates waste.
_____________________________________________
Urine tests contain many technical terms and must
Present the information about nutrition in plants based on the Instruct the students to complete the activities proposed on the page. forming the resin.
Structures that connect the excretory system with the brados tienen s is it_____________________________
______________
andryou thelis__has
mas excretore s formados por rñ onis . The _ _____________________________________________
to be interpreted by a qualified doctor and specialist in the subject. questions from the box 'What memory?'. Then, generate a brainstorm 33. Ask them to exchange and compare their answers with others.
_____________________________________________
insect intestine:_________________________
Malpighian tubes
_______________________________________________
allowed to adapt to many different environments. around the answers and write them on a flip chart, so that when classmates.
If the kidney represented in the illustration were functioning in _ _ro__mo
__do you think
ede incur in a_____
_______ diagnosis error.
__________________
The _________________
kidneys are the main organs
_______________________________________________ the body of a person for a long time, what conclude the session so they can compare it with what they learned.
of excretion in vertebrates.
Why do you think doctors request an exam? Develop the digital sequence of the portfolio with the students.
What would be the consequences for their body? urine to diagnose a disease?
32 Describe the excretory system of each animal. Put a diagram on the board about the nutrition processes of the
29 Write the names of the organs in the boxes _____________________________________________
The blood that comes out of the kidney contains waste that would cause
_____________________________________________
Because various chemical compounds can be detected and measured. plants. Then, give some volunteers ribbons with the name of Solution manual How am I doing?
of the excretory system as appropriate. each process. Ask the students to write the name of the process
Thepathem a care ce d e_____
_____________ _____________________________________________
damage to other organs of the body.
_____________________________________________
biological substances that are excreted through urine and whose presence in it
Urogenital duct
Kidneys
in the appropriate place on the layout of the shown floor plan. 9. The roots, the conductive vessels, and the leaves and green parts of the
Kidney __________________
bladder, from the kidneys come out
34 Write the names of the organs in the boxes _____________________________________________
it could indicate some alteration or disease. plant.
of the excretory system as appropriate. Read the text about nutrition in plants and highlight the main ideas.
__________________
directly the ureters
_____________________________________________
Ureter Give the students a poster with a drawing of a plant. Then, In gas exchange, plants capture oxygen from the air to
__________________
that flow into the A kidney transplant is a surgical procedure. ask them to write a brief description of each of the processes that realizar la combustión de la glucosa producida en la fotosíntesis, y así
that is carried out to replace a kidney that does not
cloaca.
__________________ They intervene in the nutrition of the plant. Contrast the name and the description. they release energy to grow, carbon dioxide and water.
it works appropriately. Do you think it is necessary
Cloaca Bladder Cloaca
conduct campaigns to increase donations of performed by the students with the information that appears in the school text.
organs? Why?
Coelomic cavity It should be noted that the conduction of sap is a very complex process, as in
Kidney
Tubuleornephron
Ureter __________________
The rabbit does not have a cloaca, _____________________________________________
Model answer: because there is a shortage of organ donations; In many cases, this must rise several meters in height. However, there are two learning to experiment: we study the influence of light
Kidneys
_____________________________________________
therefore, awareness must be raised in public opinion about the
mechanisms that help fulfill this function: capillarity and transpiration. in photosynthesis
__________________
a completely urethra
Ureters
__________________
separate from the year. _____________________________________________
importance of becoming a donor. Capillarity is the property that liquids have to be able to rise. Choose two similar plants. Cover one of them with a box or
Yes through thin tubes; in this regard, the xylem is precisely black bag (that doesn't let light through) and propose a hypothesis.
__________________ _____________________________________________
formed by very fine capillary tubes.
Urethra
Bladder • Compare the differences between both plants after 3 or 4 days and
Nefrostoma Nefroporo Bladder Urethra
The transpiration of the leaves has a suction pump effect that elaborate the conclusion (in the absence of light, it is not possible to carry out the
it sucks the raw sap in the same way that a soda rises when it photosynthesis.
UNIT 231 32
tomamos con una cañita. El agua que se evapora origina un vacío que
allows the water to rise to occupy the free space.

84 85
 Unit

school text Activity Book 2

We check photosynthesis
EXPLAIN THE PHYSICAL WORLD

10 Photosynthesis 10
Nutrition in plants From the raw sap, which reaches the leaves, and carbon dioxide,
The nutrition in plants
Subject Sales
captured by the stomata, photosynthesis takes place, through which, by means of chloroplast organic minerals Materials:
the energy of sunlight, organic molecules are synthesized.
Vegetables are autotrophic organisms, that is, capable of producing Light
2 elodea plants 2 funnels UNDERSTAND AND USE SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE
WHAT MEMORY? Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts of cells, where it solar
its own matter from inorganic molecules (carbon dioxide- O2 CO2 36 Look at the image and write how the process is carried out What happens to the stomata of plants that inhabit
no, water and mineral salts) that they take from the environment. find chlorophyll, a pigment capable of absorbing light energy 2 glass containers 1 stopwatch of photosynthesis. in dry climate areas?
How do they obtain energy? We come from the sun. During the process of photosynthesis, oxygen is produced.
Unicellular photosynthetic organisms take directly from the
plants? and organic matter, which constitutes the elaborated sap. Part of the oxygen 2 lamps Water ____________________________________________
Under these conditions, the plants that inhabit dry areas or with
God, through its membranes, the nutrients they need. Estoma
Why is light important? produced is used in the cellular respiration itself; the rest is expelled into the
sun for the plants? The algae and mosses, which live in aquatic and humid environments, exterior and used by all living beings for their respiration. 2 test tubes Baking soda 5 ____________________________________________
water scarcity closes the stomata or reduces the leaf area, with
Savia O2 2
they do not possess specialized organs for the absorption and transport of nu-
thirties, and they take them through their entire surface.
Photosynthesis is an essential process for maintaining life on Earth. elaborate •2 energy-saving bulbs of 20 W and 10 W ____________________________________________
the end of preventing water loss through transpiration.
Raw sap
since it is the source of oxygen and essential organic matter CO2 H2O
Plants, on the other hand, have developed specialized organs in the for all living beings. Plants are the food of herbivores. ____________________________________________
Nutrition: the roots absorb water and mineral nutrients, the tall ones- ros, and these, in turn, are of the carnivores, so that matter Procedure: What would happen if we completely covered with wax?
4
it has the plant and transports nutrients as well as waste, and the organic is passing from one to another. 3 the leaves of a plant?
hojasactúan como órganos encargados de la fotosíntesis. Fill a glass container with water.
The transport of elaborated sap tapa ría_n ________
______
Se thes est oma s,_con theque no en rían d carbon_________
__________________ dioxide
The absorption of nutrients 2. Add a diluted solution of baking soda.
The elaborated sap must be distributed from the areas where it has been produced.
____________________________________________
oxygen to the plant, nor would the oxygen generated come out in the
It is the passage of water and mineral salts from the I went to all the places in the plant. This transport is done by a 3. Immerse an elodea plant in the preparation and place a funnel over it.
soil towards the interior of the root. This process a set of conducting vessels, called phloem, that are for- ____________________________________________
photosynthesis and the carbon dioxide produced in respiration. To
it takes place in the numerospellos absor- remade by living cells. 4. Fill a test tube with water and cover it with your thumb. Then, invert the 1

bents, some fine ramifications that en- tube over the end of the funnel. ____________________________________________
At the same time, we would prevent the transpiration of that plant.

they recount in the root. Metabolism and cellular respiration in plants ____________________________________________
5. Illuminate the assembly using a lamp with a 20 W energy-saving bulb placed at
The water penetrates into the root directly from Once the different cells of the plant have received the nutrients _______ e lo:________________________________
__od
Respue sta m ___ 38 Match with an arrow as appropriate.
the soil. Mineral salts enter dissolved the substances derived from the processed sap are used by these cells 20 cm from the container.
in water. The set of inorganic nutrients to carry out cellular metabolism. ____________________________________________
The root absorbs water and mineral salts from the soil. Transformationofsubstances
6. Set up another assembly exactly the same, this time lighting it with a lamp with Excretion
inorganics using solar light.
absorbed by the plant constitute the sap A part of the organic nutrients is used by the plant for ____________________________________________
raw, which serves as raw material for making
the 10 W energy-saving bulb. The sunlight is captured by the plant, thanks to the chlorophyll that
to manufacture, through anabolic reactions, their own compounds
photosynthesis. __encue
________
ntr a en __________________________________
theleaves. Removal of substances from
Nutrient absorption through the root. organic, such as starch, cellulose, enzymes, etc. Another part of the nu- 7. Take the time it takes for the first bubble to form in each setup. Evapotranspiration waste produced by the
Organic trients are degraded through catabolic reactions. ____________________________________________
3. The carbon dioxide, which is in the air, enters the plant through metabolism.
The transport of raw sap
in simpler compounds, through cellular respiration. In
time Utilization of nutrients that
Once the raw sap has penetrated inside the root, This process, which takes place in the mitochondria, requires oxygen. __de
__________
thes estomas. ________________________________
Photosynthesis they enter the cell, to build
through some conductive vessels, called xylem, which is- No, carbon dioxide is released and energy is liberated. In plants, assembly 1 structures and obtain energy.
are formed by rows of dead, elongated, and cylindrical cells. The the processes of respiration and photosynthesis are simultaneous during the _4._La glucor a y el o asshole
___________ _______________________ oxide of
l d___
no se produthisn cuan do el andu a, and ___
Xylem vessels run through the interior of the stem and transport sap. day, but during the night only breathing takes place. assembly 2 ____________________________________________
carbon and sunlight energy merge. Loss of water by transpiration and
Metabolism
brute force on the leaves and other green parts of the plant, where it is carried out evaporation.
photosynthesis. Excretion in plants _5._ox geí theno sore p thisl of___________________________
_____________
El mas y pasa a r ar parte from the air, for

The rise of sap is due to phenomena such as capillarity, In plants, a large part of the metabolic waste is utilized. Conclusions ____________________________________________
to be used by other living beings.
39 Indicate where the processes take place in the plant.
transpiration of the leaves and the water pressure in the root. again to synthesize different substances. The needs of ex- following processes:
37 Respond.
Creations are very reduced and lack an excretory system. The dioxide HOW AM I DOING?
What is observed in the test tube of the first setup after a few minutes?
The exchange of gases of carbon produced in cellular respiration and the oxygen that is linked Why? What are the common processes of nutrition in the Processes Parts of the plant
during photosynthesis, they are expelled through the stomata. The other waste plants and in animals?
Carbon dioxide is necessary for the process of photosynthesis. 9 What are the organs of plants? Absorption of water and mineral salts Root
in which oxygen is released. A part of that oxygen is used in the
generated can be accumulated in the vacuoles of cells or be are involved in the After one hour, what differences do you observe in the amount of oxygen?
excreted outside the plant depending on whether they are beneficial or harmful. ____________________________________________
The uptake of nutrients, their transformation and distribution to
cellular respiration and another part is expelled into the atmosphere. Through nutrition? trained in both assemblies? Photosynthesis Green leaves and stems

from the stomata of the leaves, carbon dioxide enters and oxygen is released 10How is the exchange carried out? ____________________________________________
all cells, and the elimination of waste substances that are Gas exchange Leaves
In this experiment, two situations that are identical in every way except for have been compared.
The stomata are composed of two oxygen produced. When the raw sap reaches the leaves, a large part of gases in plants?
Plant nutrition is the set of processes through which Conductive vessels of the
kidney-shaped cells that leave between them water evaporates through transpiration, also through the stomata, Develop page 33 of the a factor. That factor is called a variable. What was the variable that was controlled in this ____________________________________________
they are produced as a result of metabolism. Saptransport
root, stem, and leaves.
an orifice through which gases pass and plants take substances from the environment and use sunlight to
produces sweat. They are found in the while the mineral salts remain retained. to produce its own organic matter and use it as a source of energy. Activity book. experiment? ____________________________________________ Cellular respiration
Cells from anywhere
from the vegetable.
instead of the leaves.
What effects did the variable have on the results of photosynthesis?
42 UNIT 243 UNIT 233
Why must both setups be identical except for the lighting?

86 87
 Unit

texto eSCoLar Activity Book 2

Use ICT strategies
Schooltext(p.44) Activity book (pages 34 and 35)

Competition:Explain the physical world based on knowledge. USA TIC STRATEGIES USA TIC STRATEGIES
about living beings; matter and energy; biodiversity,
Earth and universe. Model response

1 Search and select information about technologies used in detection of Technologies Advantages Disadvantages
enfermedades digestivas. Escoge cinco de ellas y elabora un cuadro con la
Specified capabilities and performances Technology and digestive diseases description of each one. We recommend the following website: Carefirst - Rapid image production.
High ionizing radiation.
Diagnostic procedures of the digestive system. Model response Tomography High resolution with a lot of detail
Currently, medicine has a wide range of resources. computerized anatomical.
The contrast used could be
Understand and use knowledge about living beings; technological advancements that have eliminated the need to perform procedures Technologies Description Detection of fractures and tumors
allergenic.
(TC or TAC) Contraindicated in pregnancy.
matter and energy; biodiversity, Earth and universe. invasive surgical procedures that facilitate the diagnosis and treatment of the osseous.
capabilities diseases.
Evaluate the implications of knowledge and scientific work and It is a technique that allows for recording images from different planes or
Computed Tomography
technological. The endoscope, for example, is a tube that has at one end a (TC or TAC)
body sections. Use a special X-ray machine to create
cross-sectional images of the body. High cost.
video camera and has an optical fiber for the conduction of the Absence of ionizing radiation.
• Explain based on scientific knowledge the Image by Slow image production.
light and images. This instrument is introduced through the mouth and slides Ideal for the study of parts
Currently, the new resonance soft tissues: bone marrow and bone
technologies that help diagnose diseases slowly to explore the inside of the digestive tract. technologies allow to address
Lower resolution than tomography.
performances digestive. more precisely, It is a technique that uses powerful magnets and radio waves to
magnetic fluffy.
Contraindicated in the first
Through endoscopy, we can closely analyze the esophagus. - Presentation of structures in
required Recognize the advantages and disadvantages of the use of the
quick and appropriate the Magnetic resonance imaging create images of the body. This information is processed by (IRM)
any plan.
trimester of pregnancy and for
people with pacemakers.
stomach and the duodenum to detect tumors and ulcers, which favors digestive diseases. magnetic (MRI) computers and transformed into images of the interior of what has been
technology for diagnosing digestive diseases. the prevention of cancer in these organs. Measures can also be taken analyzed.

tissue samples for analysis.

Used to analyze the organs.
Promotion of observation of It is not useful for evaluating bones nor
The new information and communication technologies (ICT) are a set It is a diagnostic procedure that uses high-frequency sound waves. the organs in motion. the intestines.
Ultrasound or
of means that can be used in favor of learning. The ease of creating, Ultrasound
frequency to observe organs and structures inside the body Non-invasive and painless method. Their results depend on the
when capturing the echo of these waves. It creates two-dimensional images or ultrasound
processing and disseminating information has broken all barriers that limit acquisition JOB PROPOSAL three-dimensional.
Detection of congenital heart diseases experience and knowledge of
Who takes the exam and of the quality?
with greater security and precision.
of knowledge, contributing to the development of skills and abilities of the team.
communicative between teachers and students. Look for information in magazines and websites. 3. Create a digital newspaper in Editafácil or Issuu
serious and specialized to learn more about the About technologies for disease detection It is a procedure that involves the injection of contrast that
allows for the understanding of the morphology of the bile ducts, which can Easy to do. Low visibility of the ducts.
technologies used in disease detection digestive. Consider the structure that is presented to Cholangiography
to be observed through X-rays or by means of an MRI Accessible, fast, non-invasive.
Didactic suggestions digestive. continuation: nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Cholangiography Used to provide useful information
Exposure to radiation.
Risk of injury in the duct.
1. Select information about the technologies that a. Cover and editorial section for the diagnosis of obstruction
High costs.
Request the students to read the information about the technology in they help analyze organs and create a chart b. National and international news section
biliary

digestive diseases. Mention that the development of these technologies that contains at least five technologies and their
c. Interview section It is a screening procedure to evaluate motor activity.
they seek to change the way diseases are diagnosed description. Gastric manometry of the esophagus and its sphincters, through a thin probe with openings
d. Opinion section
in its final portion that can measure pressures.
to the patients, which will allow them to be treated more precisely, quickly and 2. Based on the information collected, prepare a
Develop pages 34 and 35 of the book.
Complete study of the esophagus.
High cost.
table of advantages and disadvantages of using Manometry
appropriate. activities.
gastric
Speed in obtaining the registration. Unpleasant and annoying feeling
such technologies. through the probe.
Simple and easy execution.
Form groups and encourage them to carry out the 'Work Proposal' section. 2 Elabora un cuadro de ventajas y desventajas sobre las tecnologías usadas en la
First, I ask you to seek information from specialized sources. EVALUATION RUBRIC detection of digestive diseases. To do this, we recommend the pages of
internet of the following institutions.
Then, ask them to organize the information and write it in a table. Criteria to be evaluated Excellent Satisfactory In process Started
Health system Healthcare
brief description of five technologies. Then, instruct them to carry out The advantages chart The advantage chart The advantages table The table of advantages
3 Create a digital newspaper on Editafácil or Issuu about the researched technologies
a table of advantages and disadvantages regarding its use. Finally, encourage them to Use of the that contains the following structure: cover, editorial, national news and
and disadvantages is very and disadvantages presents and disadvantages is little and disadvantages is not
information international, interviews and opinion. Consider the following:
to create a digital newspaper. understandable. minimal errors. understandable. comprehensible.
• Name of the newspaper (creative and catchy).
Comment that on the recommended websites in the Activity Book The digital newspaper The digital newspaper The digital newspaper
Structure of the The digital newspaper
you will find information about technologies in digestive diseases; newspaper
presents all the presents three presents two
present a section.
• Images according to the researched information.
sections. sections. sections.
however, it is necessary to motivate students to seek more • Clear and precise textual elements.
data from other reliable and secure sources. The presentation
The presentation The presentation The presentation
Quality of the contains information • Graphic and multimedia elements.
contains information contains ideas that address the topic
Indicate the groups that must produce the digital newspaper in Editafácil or presentation clear and precise about
incomplete. little understandable. superficially.
Issuu taking into account the proposed structure. If possible, show the theme. • Visual resources (videos).

proposed examples and indicate the sequence.

Ask students to perform a self-evaluation and peer evaluation. 44 34 UNIT 235

taking into account the proposed rubric.

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 Unit

Activity Book 2
inquiry activity
Activity book (pages 36 and 37)

We studied pulmonary capacity. INQUIRY ACTIVITY INVESTIGATE USING SCIENTIFIC METHODS

Propose to the students that they carry out the following procedure:
preparation of the spirometer
Competition:Investigate using scientific methods to build their a. Draw two circles equidistant from each other with a diameter of 3 mm on the lid of the Results
knowledge.
bottle. Make two cross cuts in the center of each circle with the We study lung capacity • Create a table to record the obtained measurements. Model response

scalpel.
Specified capabilities and performances Did you know that...?
Lung capacity
b. Cut the hose into two parts: one of 40 cm and the other of 60 cm Names
Lung capacity in Lung capacity
When you are going to learn to swim, the first thing that rest (cm3) after the exercise (cm)3)
It problematizes situations. Take one end of the hose, 40 cm long, and make a diagonal cut. they teach you to float. This action depends on
Design strategies for conducting an inquiry. Insert this end through one of the cross cuts of the plastic lid, several factors, one of them is related to
the ability of a person to expand their box
capabilities Generate and record data and information. so that the hose is snug.
thoracic with the purpose that the lungs can
Analyze data and information. Take one end of the hose measuring 60 cm and make a diagonal cut. to inflate during an inhalation and to deflate
Evaluate and communicate the process and results of your inquiry. during an expiration.
Introduce this end through the other cross cut of the plastic lid. • What are the independent and dependent variables in the conducted experiment?
so that the hose fits snugly.
Formulate a possible response regarding a related fact. What memory?
____________________________________________________________________
The independent variable is physical activity, and the dependent variable is lung capacity.
with lung capacity. e. Pour 1600 cm3water in the plastic bottle with the help of the funnel. • What does breathing consist of?
Proposes strategies to validate the proposed hypothesis Add a few drops of the vegetable dye and cover the bottle. • What effect does exercise have on expiration?
Figure 2
to the inquiry question. ____________________________________________________________________
It is a process through which gas exchange with the outside is carried out to provide oxygen to
performances f. Mark the water level in the bottle with the marker. ____________________________________________________________________
During physical exercise, changes occur in breathing and the volume of exhaled air increases.
Relate the dependent and independent variables for ____________________________________________________________________
the blood, which is necessary for cellular respiration.
specified confirm or refute your hypothesis. g. Place the end of the longest hose inside the graduated cylinder. ____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
Records data on lung capacity. measurement at rest and after physical activity • What can you conclude from the experience conducted? Compare your conclusion with that of

Compare the evidence of your inquiry with information. Ask your teacher for help to • What is the path that air takes when entering the body? other groups. Are they the same or different? Why?
a. Ask a group member to inhale and exhale normally through open the holes in the lid
reliable for drawing conclusions.
from the shortest hose. with the scalpel, this way you will avoid Fos as__na
___ __________
stoes ____e______ Laring
Faring ____e______Tr __________
áqu ea Bronq Bronchioles _____
______ ____________________________________________________________________
Every time we engage in a physical activity, continuous breathing helps to strengthen the rib cage and

b. Register the amount of water that comes out of the long hose and that is accidents. ____________________________________________________________________
Lungs ____________________________________________________________________
increases the elasticity and strength of the lung tissues, which enhances lung capacity.
Teaching suggestions Collect in the test tube. This measurement corresponds to lung capacity. ____________________________________________________________________
Write the value in the results box. What problem should we solve?
Form pairs so that students read the section 'Did you know...?'.
Martín likes to swim and has enrolled in a swimming academy. His teacher has We apply what we have learned
Ask them to describe their experience when they learned to swim and propose. c. Pour the water collected in the graduated cylinder into the plastic bottle. it is recommended that, in addition, you practice another sport that helps you improve your breathing.
the following questions: Did you have difficulty floating? Why? What is it like? • What diaphragm movement increases lung capacity?
So, he wonders: How will physical activity affect his lung capacity?
your lung capacity? How do the mechanisms of respiration intervene? d. Repeat steps a, b, and c two more times and record each volume of
____________________________________________________________________
When we inhale, the diaphragm contracts and moves downward, enlarging the chest cavity and
When is swimming practiced? collected water. How do we solve the problem?
____________________________________________________________________
increasing lung capacity.
Ask the students to answer the questions in the section 'What e. Repeat the same procedure with each of the other members In groups, formulate a possible answer or hypothesis to the proposed problem.
from the group. 2. Propose an experience that allows them to respond to the problem. Consider it
Do you remember? Indicate that they should write the answers on a sheet. When What else can we learn?
next:
they have concluded, to ask you to stick the sheets on the board to carry out f. Ask the first member of the group to run as fast as possible • When breathing, we can take air through the nose as well as through the mouth. However, it is better
a. Select the materials and equipment you are going to use. For example, dye.
a sharing of the students' prior knowledge. for 10 minutes. vegetal, agua, una botella de 2 L, un bisturí, una manguera transparente, un embudo,
do it through the nose. What is this due to?

a test tube and a marker.

Read the text from the section 'What problem should we solve?'. Then, g. Indicate to him/her to exhale through the hose upon arrival and measure the amount. ____________________________________________________________________
Our anatomy is designed for breathing to occur through the airways.
b. Build a homemade spirometer that allows you to measure lung capacity.
encourage students to answer the question: Do you agree with the of water collected in the graduated cylinder. ____________________________________________________________________
The nasal passages have mechanisms to filter, warm, and maintain the volume of air that enters.
(see fig. 1).
What recommendation does the teacher give to Martín? Why?
h. Indicate to the participant to rest for a few minutes until their c. Measure the lung capacity at rest and after a ____________________________________________________________________
to the lungs. If we breathe through our mouth, all these abilities are lost and it is possible that they enter
Instruct students to form groups to answer the question. breathing normalizes. Then, repeat step b twice. physical activity. For this, a team member will inhale through the nose and exhale
pathogenic agents to the body.
____________________________________________________________________
of the inquiry raised. through the mouth normally via the shorter hose. Record the measurement.
Indicate to the students to make charts to note down and draw their of water that comes out through the long hose and is collected in the graduated cylinder (see fig. 2).
____________________________________________________________________
Guide the students in the choice of materials or equipment by observations. Figure 1. Homemade spirometer. d. Return the water to the bottle. Repeat the measurement for each of the members.
them. Consider that the following is needed: water, vegetable dye, a ____________________________________________________________________
2 L capacity plastic bottle with cap, a scalpel, 1 m of hose Ask the students to share the conclusions they reached. 36 UNIT 237
5 mm diameter transparent, a funnel, a marker pen and a to reject or validate your conclusions. Then, compare them with those of
500 cm graduated cylinder3. other groups.

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 Unit

Activity Book school text Activity Book 2

Scientific skills
Activity book (p. 38)

SCIENTIFIC SKILLS CLOSURE CLOSURE

Competition:Explain the physical world based on knowledge
about living beings; matter and energy; biodiversity,
Earth and universe.
WE SYNTHESIZE 1 Choose one of the studied systems and create a synoptic chart based on it.
Compare information from the school text. Then, present it to the class.
Capacity and performance specified We present to you through a summary chart the key concepts you have worked on in the unit.
Model answer
Understands and uses knowledge about living beings; The comparison process consists of simultaneously identifying similarities and Animals Intracellular digestion
Mouth
capacity matter and energy; biodiversity, Earth and universe. differences between various elements, ideas or events; it implies the presence of at least invertebrates Extracellular digestion
Pharynx
two elements taken as reference points. Process Mouth, pharynx, esophagus,
Esophagus
performance Identify similarities and differences between circulation • Blood travels through the body performing two circuits known as circulation digestivo Animals Digestive tract stomach, large intestine
small intestine.
Organs
greater and lesser circulation. Observe the image and respond: vertebrates Stomach
needed older and younger of the blood. Vena cava
– What type of route corresponds to each of the indicated circuits? Salivary glands, Small intestine
superior Accessory glands
liver and pancreas.
Artery Large intestine
Artery __________________________________________________________
Circuit 1 corresponds to the systemic circulation, as it is responsible for supplying blood to the entire body.
To compare information, we can resort to a very practical tool. pulmonary
pulmonary
Direct, cutaneous,
and simple: the comparison charts. Using them allows us not only to compare Capillaries Capillaries
of the lung __________________________________________________________
the body, and the circuit2 to the minor or pulmonary circulation. Animals bronchial, tracheal
Salivary
of the lung Exchange pulmonary.
concepts, but also to find similarities and differences between them. law Aorta left
Animals gaseous Nostrils, Accessory glands Liver
__________________________________________________________
Airways pharynx, larynx
In a comparative chart, the contents are organized in such a way that 2 Human being trachea, bronchi.
Pancreas
– What is the path of the blood in the lesser circulation? Lungs DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
they can be easily visualized. This helps to anchor the new concepts, since
It is easier to remember those that are related. __________________________________________________________
It is the one established between the heart and the lungs. The blood loaded with CO reaches
2 Heart, liquid
System
Transport circulatory
circulating and vessels
To create a comparative chart, it is necessary to read the text several times and __________________________________________________________
the lungs where gas exchange takes place. Oxygenated blood returns through the Mouth digestion Food voucher
drivers.
observe the accompanying images very carefully. Then, one has Vein
pulmonary veins to the left atrium of the heart.
__________________________________________________________ Flame cells,
to select the data that seem most appropriate for comparison. pulmonary Vein
pulmonary
Invertebrates nephridia, tubes of Processes Stomach digestion Quimo
__________________________________________________________
If there is something that is not understood, consult different sources of information. Excretion
Malpighi.
Right ventricle – What is the pathway of blood in the systemic circulation?
Once the topic has been understood, one can begin to elaborate on the Vena cava
Left ventricle Aorta
Kidneys, ureters,
inferior
Vertebrates Intestinal digestion Quilo
framework: place the main topic, subtopics, and aspects of the subtopics that will be Right atrium __________________________________________________________
It is the one that is established between the heart and the different organs of the body. In this circuit, urethra and bladder.
to compare, then to point out the similarities and the differences. Hair strands of Aurícula izquierda
__________________________________________________________
the blood carries O and the necessary nutrients to all the cells so that they can carry out
2 Nutrient absorption.
the organs
and the legs Transport of raw and processed sap.
Didactic suggestions 1
__________________________________________________________
its functions, loaded with pulmonary carbon monoxide.
2
Gas exchange.
Vegetables
__________________________________________________________ Photosynthesis
Ask the students to read the introductory text. Ask them to 2 Escribe cinco ideas clave de los temas presentados en la unidad 2 del Texto
Metabolism and cellular respiration.
mention situations where you use the ability to compare and explain – Elabora un cuadro con las semejanzas y diferencias entre ambos recorridos.
Excretion in plants.
Desarrolla la página 39 delLibro de actividades. school
Remember that a picture
how they do it. Model answer synoptic should be presented
____________________________________________________________________
Sample response:
Lower circulation Greater circulation by means of keys and the
Form groups and ask the students to observe the images. WE CONSULT ____________________________________________________________________
The digestive system includes the digestive tract and the accessory glands. The digestion of food takes place subtopics must follow a
shown. Then, encourage them to respond in their notebook to the following hierarchical order.
The blood enters and exits the heart. ____________________________________________________________________
It begins in the mouth, goes through the stomach, and ends in the small intestine.
preguntas:¿Qué proceso representa la imagen mostrada? ¿Cuál es el tema, The blood travels through the blood vessels. To reinforce To expand
the subtopics and the aspects that will be compared? ____________________________________________________________________
The organism takes in oxygen and releases carbon dioxide through the respiratory system. The movements
CIDEAD 3 ESO, Nutrition I: systems British Broadcasting Corporation (2012), The
Encourage student participation based on their concerns. Short circuit that is established between the digestive and respiratory blood: composition, formation and function ____________________________________________________________________
respiratorios, inspiración y espiración del aire, son voluntarios.
FOR CONSULTATION – Circuit that takes place between the heart and
resulting from the observations made from the proposed images. heart and the lungs.
the organs of the body. On this website you will find information about the
Documentary that explains, through a journey
____________________________________________________________________
In animals, we find five types of respiration: by diffusion, cutaneous, tracheal, gill, and
fascinating, the composition, formation, and function of each
Atlas of zoology, Systems The blood loaded with CO2comes out of functions of nutrition. In addition, describe the systems
Indicate that, in groups, the students create the comparative chart. organic right ventricle by the artery
Blood with O2exits from the ventricle digestive and respiratory, as well as the functions, the
one of the blood cells that compose it. Moreover, pulmonary.
____________________________________________________________________
left by the aorta artery. it lets us know that blood is not a simple liquid
from the image shown on a flip chart. At that moment, it is necessary Educational nature, pulmonary. digestive and respiratory processes and their diseases
red, but rather it is a liquid fabric of great complexity,
each of these systems. The circulatory system transports oxygen and nutrients to all the cells of the body through the blood.
____________________________________________________________________
monitor and address inquiries or difficulties that may arise. Circulatory system
In the lungs, the blood leaves CO.2y
In all the organs, the blood leaves the O2 that flows quickly throughout the body through a
and collects the CO2Thus, the arterial blood is
• Ecured, System picks up O2, transforming into blood Remember that the content of websites may system of blood vessels, collecting waste and The excretory system is responsible for eliminating toxic substances from our body.
____________________________________________________________________
Recommend to students that, in order to prepare their answers, they can cardiovascular arterial.
turn into a vein.
change. leaving nutritious substances to every cell of the body.
consult the proposed sources of information in the box "For consultation" ____________________________________________________________________
so that their arguments are valid and consistent. 38 UNIT 245 UNIT 239

Invite some students to share their answers with others

classroom companions.

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 Unit

school text 2
What did I learn?
Schooltext(pp.46and47) Activity book (pages 40 and 41)

Didactic suggestions WHAT DID I LEARN? Solve the activities in your notebook. Then, exchange it with a classmate and review their answers.
The ant has an external digestion. Its digestion begins in
Clarify to the students the intention of the page 'What did I learn?'. Then, the mouth continues into the esophagus, with a dilation called the crop, ________________________________________________________________
EXPLAIN THE PHYSICAL WORLD
solicitarles que resuelvan individualmente las páginas 46 y 47. where food mixes with saliva before passing into the
molleja,[Link],wherethenutrientsareabsorbed. Understand and use scientific knowledge Evaluate the implications of scientific and technological knowledge and practice to take a critical position.
Instruct the students to form groups and ask them to respond to the
nutrients. Finally, they pass through the anus. 1 Indicate which nutritional process occurs in each case
proposed questions on pages 40 and 41.
The sponge has direct respiration, that is, respiration occurs
Nutrients and oxygen reach all cells directly. When life turns to smoke
Apply an assessment tool to give a grade to the product Living beings eliminate waste substances.
through the membranes of the cells on the surface. While An inside look at the body of any smoker
elaborated by the student. it would allow observing the terrible consequences that The smoke of The combustion of
In ants, respiration is tracheal, it occurs in the tracheae. Transformation of food into simpler substances.
tobacco includes tobacco affects the
tobacco provokes. The cigarette is the cause of the greatest
branching tubes that reach all the organs. Transformation of inorganic substances into organic substances. monoxide circulatory system. Nicotine makes that
number of preventable deaths. of carbon, Smoking increases the blood vessels
Solution Guide What did I learn? Use of nutrients that enter the cell. what alters the the probability of are tightened and
The ant has an open circulatory system because the vessels do not Between 80,000 and 100,000 young people from around the world.
transport cancer. the blood cells coagulate
Elimination of water absorbed through the leaves. they turn into tobacco addicts every day. Young people
Transport, excretion, digestive process, photosynthesis, metabolism, they form a closed circuit. normal of red.
smokers have a reduced lung capacity
evapotranspiration. 2 Explain why in plants, unlike animals, they are not
and a higher incidence of respiratory infections. A
oxygen.
7. The tubifex worms have cutaneous respiration. necessary digestive processes to incorporate nutrients.
2. Animals are heterotrophic organisms, that is, the food that 32.5% of women aged 14 against only 22.9% in the
tobacco is made up of organic compounds that previously As the length of your body increases, the surface area increases where it 3 Read and respond. males of the same age acquire the habit of smoking.

have been created by other living beings. In general, substances it carries out the gas exchange, essential to facilitate diffusion of Can gas and nutrient exchange occur when blood circulates? In our country, law 25357 prohibits smoking in spaces
organic substances that are part of the food consumed by animals The activities of through the arteries or veins? And through the capillaries? Justify your answer. closed to public use, but not the production or When you Tar is the Contains
these gases and allow these animals to have greater capacity of burn paper more component benzo[a]pyrene
The filter does not

they are found in complex structures or large molecules successful learning cigarette importation. Although it is known retains
oxygen absorption. What mechanisms allow the ascent of raw sap from the root?
that cigarettes contain a series of additives that and tobacco, it dangerous: prevents substance that all the
that cannot cross cell membranes to be can be registered in up to the leaves?
they can cause cancer, they continue to be sold and
they release gases that the blood predisposes substances
metabolized. Therefore, animals, unlike plants, 8. Free response documented narratives 4 During drought periods or on the hottest days of summer, consuming. Some of these additives are nicotine,
toxins that capture the oxygen to develop harmful
they irritate necessary and it is cancer to
in such a way that it shows the opening of the stomata in the leaves of plants closes, which vinyl chloride, acetone, ammonia, methanol, toluene for the
They need to previously transform the food into simpler compounds. 9. Additives are used in cigarettes to provoke in the body the It interrupts photosynthesis. What explanation does this fact have? arsenic, phenol, naphthalene, butane, cadmium, DDT, etc.
walls of the very carcinogenic. lung. health.
to the educational community bronchi.
simple ones that can be absorbed by the cells. need to continue smoking.
those practices that 5 When we buy flowers, we are advised to add some sugar.
After reading the text, answer the following questions:
Most roots are underground, so they do not receive the In our country, there is a law that prohibits smoking in closed places. contribute to the achievement of the to the vase so that they do not wilt quickly. Why do you think
Do flowers take longer to wilt if we follow this recommendation?
sunlight. The root cells, not receiving light, have no chlorophyll, and public, because the Peruvian state recognizes the people who learnings. 8 Why do people smoke despite knowing the harmful effects of it?
6 Look at the images and answer.
fundamental requirement for the plant to carry out photosynthesis. they are found near smoking people as passive smokers. cigarette?

When blood circulates through arteries or veins, it cannot perform This law prevents pollution from the toxic smoke of cigarettes. b
9 Why do you think additives are used in cigarettes?
a
exchanges, since these blood vessels have walls people who are not consuming it. 10Why is there a law in our country that prohibits smoking in places
closed and public?
strong and waterproof. On the contrary, the exchange can be made According to the type of nutrition,
to produce through the capillaries, since these blood vessels have Instruct the students to form groups and ask them to respond. living beings can
thin and permeable walls. the questions posed in the section 'Exercise your citizenship'. In that classify into autotrophs and
EXERCISE YOUR CITIZENSHIP METACOGNITION
heterotrophs.
it is necessary to monitor and address inquiries, doubts or difficulties
The transport of raw sap and elaborated sap. that can be presented. The influence of the tobacco industry is everywhere. Despite
What topics did you understand more easily?

most people are so used to this What topics did you have difficulties with? Why?
4. Closing the stomata prevents water loss from Encourage students to answer metacognitive questions. ways in which tobacco infiltrates their daily lives and to What do you do when you read about a topic that
the same, which in turn interrupts the entry of carbon dioxide During this development, promote an environment of reflection and ask them to
• Describe the digestive process of each of the animals shown in the
made it a part of our culture that its presence Doesn't it seem interesting to you?
images.
of carbon. In the absence of carbon dioxide, the plant interrupts the promote your products. go unnoticed. It is known by all that large industries
What is the difference in the type of respiration of each of them? cigarette manufacturers place on their packs: 'Smoking is When having information in images, does it help you?
photosynthesis. Is it easier to understand the topic? Why?
harmful to health.
How is the circulatory system of the animal shown in image b?
5. Because sugar provides nourishment to the flowering branches and What advantages and disadvantages do you find
reflection for teaching practice 7 Tubifex worms normally inhabit dirty or stagnant waters.
Why do you think producing industries place these?
work in a group?
keeps the leaves and flowers healthy. When there is a shortage of oxygen, they are able to stretch their body up to
phrases on cigarette packs? If they know, why?
Don't they stop producing cigarettes?
Reflecting on teaching practice invites consideration of actions. increase more than 20 times its length.
The sponge has a gastric cavity as its digestive system. The achievements of teamwork are the
educators that take place in learning environments. The teacher What type of respiratory system does it have?
What should your attitude be when seeing a person smoking in a...
tissue of cells, which communicates with the outside through the osculum, which public place? Why would you adopt this attitude? results of the combined effort of each
as a fundamental element, one must think about their students, in the process of individual.
it happens through mouth and anus. Sponges have intracellular digestion. What advantage does stretching their body in water with scarcity provide them?
teaching, in which knowledge should not accumulate, but rather be applied and oxygen?
What recommendations would you give to a smoker?
producing currents of water through its numerous pores to
turn them into meaningful learning.
capture the [Link] choanocytes, which are cells that line the
46 UNIT 247
the interior of the gastric cavity is responsible for digestion.

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 Unit

Activity Book 2
scientific work
WHAT DID I LEARN? EXPLAIN THE PHYSICAL WORLD RESEARCH THROUGH SCIENTIFIC METHODS
Below, an activity is proposed aimed at developing skills how to make predictions?
scientific abilities of students. The ability to formulate hypotheses and predictions is
Now you will learn some necessary steps to make a prediction.
It stands out in this section and is deepened with these suggestions.
UNDERSTAND AND USE SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE GENERATE AND RECORD DATA OR INFORMATION Step 1. Deduce it or extract it from a hypothesis.
1 The following are the phases of digestion in
the annelids. Organize them logically from 1 to 6.
How does the concentration of nicotine increase with It is known that the arterial pulse is the rhythmic expansion of an artery. Every time Formulate hypotheses and predictions Step 2. Describe in it what will happen under certain conditions.
regarding the number of hours per week of exposure? a contraction of the ventricles begins, a wave is transmitted through the muscles

5 In the first part of the intestine, the final one is carried out
from the arterial walls, and in some parts of the body, this wave is perceived as Once the inquiry question has been posed, a hypothesis is formulated; that is, Below we show you some predictions that were extracted from
____________________________________________
As the exposure time to smoke increases, it
a dilation of the artery, resulting from arterial expansion and hardening due to
stage of digestion and the absorption begins. a tentative statement, supported by a theory, that allows answering the question an initial hypothesis.
the ejection of blood. So, we ask ourselves: How is the pulse affected by a
2 The food passes to the pharynx, which is an organ
____________________________________________
increases the amount of nicotine in the urine.
person due to the effect of physical exercise? of investigation. It must be verifiable through a scientific procedure.
suction muscular by means of which the annelids From the hypotheses, predictions can be deduced, which are forecasts that Hypothesis predictions
3 The systems are represented in the diagrams.
toman las partículas del suelo y la materia orgánica de circulatory system of an amphibian (frog) and of a mammal 4 Formulate a hypothesis to the posed question. Then, identify the variables. they describe an event that is going to happen. A diet based on high If there is a lack of control over the types
the one that feeds. independent and dependent.
(cow). lipid levels are of the foods that are consumed, then it
3 The food then passes to the esophagus. There it is subjected to serious alterations to they will generate diseases.
the action of the calciferous glands that secrete a Frog Cow _______
Respue sta m elo: C uan do__se
__od
________ re the a __
___ icI fisico, se re quie re__un__
e _____________ _____
mayor fluj_o _______
de sa ngre a__lo_s
__ ji_do
you ________________________________
s por theque se incre menta el bo mbeo de sangre po____
r How to formulate a hypothesis?
health; therefore, it is determinant
substance called calcite, which prevents food In front of a diet that includes a balanced
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
part of the heart, and this is reflected in the increase in blood pressure.” The independent variable is physical activity or exercise, and the dependent variable is the pulse. Read the following inquiry question and then formulate a hypothesis accordingly. in the development of
become too acidic. nutrient consumption, we will obtain a
the steps described below. obesity and hypertension.
1 The food enters through the mouth, which is located ria l.______________________________________________________________________________________________
_____
aryou state of better health.
protected by a fleshy lip that it uses to dig One of the functions of hepatocytes (liver cells) is detoxification.
on the floor. 5 Before drawing conclusions, carry out the following experiment and record the information. Consider the proposed tables.
of the organism; therefore, is it likely to observe a higher concentration of
4 In the crop and the muscular gizzard, the food is • Form groups of four classmates and head to a recreational area. endoplasmic reticulum in its cytoplasm? ahora losestudiantes
crushed.
What type of circulation do both animals have? Analyze the following inquiry question and its corresponding hypothesis. Then,
6 Waste is eliminated through the anus.
• Individually, perceive how your breathing is, how you feel the muscles in your legs. Write it down in the box of Step 1. Verify that it is related to observable phenomena and with a theory.
____________________________________________
Both animals have double circulation, as the blood passes through
[Link] response check in the table if it meets the requirements you learned. Finally,
2 The graph shows the concentration of nicotine
The hypothesis is a statement that must have a real foundation that allows Write in your notebook two predictions that can be drawn from it.
Initial state
found in the urine of passive smokers; that is, ____________________________________________
twice through the heart. contrast it.
State of the muscles Number of pulses
people who do not smoke, but live with smokers How many cavities does a frog's heart have? And the Names Breathing Other features
or are in contact with them. Observe and respond.
of the legs (relaxed) per minute Step 2. Make sure that the variables are related. Inquiry question
from the cow?
Nicotine in urine (mg/mL)
____________________________________________
In the heart of the frog, three cavities can be observed: two auricles,
The hypothesis must show dependency between the variables of the question. Do women's hearts beat at the same rhythm as men's hearts?
30
inquiry. In the inquiry question posed, the involved variables of the same age group when subjected to identical physical exercises and for
24 ____________________________________________
right and left, and a ventricle. In contrast, in the heart
it is the function of hepatocytes and the concentration of endoplasmic reticulum. similar period?
18 _of the vac a se pre sin t an__cu
__________ atro c gaps or cameras: two ear pieces
________________________ Step 3. Ask yourself if it is verifiable
• Do 100 squats, then take your pulse again and count the number of beats per minute. Write it down. Hypothesis
12
____________________________________________
(right and left) and two ventricles (right and left).
the result in the results box. Open answer Ensure that the hypothesis can be tested against information obtained. The pulse in women will be higher than the pulse of men in the same group.
6 The circulation of amphibians and the majority of
One hundred squats from reality, that is to say, with observations and data obtained through "age during 30 minutes of walking."
reptiles is referred to as incomplete, while that of
0
0-1.5 1.5-4.5 4.5-8.6 8.6-20 20-80
State of the muscles of Number of beats scientific procedures.
birds, mammals, and some reptiles are called complete. Names Other features
Hours/week of exposure to smoke the legs (contracted) per minute
What do you think it is due to? Step 4. Ensure that it is predictive and explanatory Hypothesis
requirements
What is the cause of the increase in concentration? yes no
denomina incomptheta , po rque la san gre rica en oxegg_________
__________________________________ o y la sa ngre It means that from it a set of phenomena can be deduced. It's enough.
nicotine?
____________________________________________
poor in oxygen but rich in carbon dioxide mix in with which one of the predictions derived from a hypothesis is not confirmed Is it related to observable phenomena?
____________________________________________
The hours per week that the person is exposed to smoke.
to be rejected. Does it establish relationships between variables?
____________________________________________
the ventricle. In contrast, in birds, mammals, and crocodiles,
Who has a lower concentration of nicotine? Evaluate with your peers if the following explanations can be
6 Write the conclusion they reached after conducting the experiment. Is it verifiable?
____________________________________________
Those exposed to smoke for 0 to 1.5 hours per week. ____________________________________________
circulation is complete, as it is through the left half of the heart considered hypotheses through the step-by-step explanation provided earlier
Is it predictive?
How did the nicotine found in the body enter? ____________________________________________
rich oxygenated blood circulates, while on the right half ___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Model response: during physical exercise, the arterial pulse increases and, depending on the intensity of it, can rise up to three times.
Hypothesis 1 Hypothesis2
urine of the analyzed individuals? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________
increase of oxygen that the muscles need. summary of concepts
____________________________________________
poor oxygenated blood circulates; thus, there is no mixing of both types.
If an ingested food contains a high
____________________________________________
Through the nose and the airways. If the blood pressure and the pressure that A hypothesis is a tentative statement that allows for an anticipatory response.
__s_a_n_gr_e_.
_____________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ protein concentration, then
inside the glomerulus they equalize, an inquiry question. This must refer to observable phenomena,
the synthesis of proteases increases
then glomerular filtration is seen relating variables, being predictive or explanatory and being verifiable. From
40 UNIT 241 significantly in the stomach and the
significantly altered.
pancreas. a hypothesis, predictions can be made that forecast an event
determined.

96 97
 Unit

Activity Book 2
One problem, one solution
Activity book (pp. 42-45)

Prototype to compare strategies Fertile soil, water, a well-lit place.

Yes. Because they are herbivores.
e. Which vitamin is the most important for them? Vitamin C. Answers:
f. Where should they eat? On the floor and in the feeder. a. Open response
of feeding in smaller animals Fresh foods are obtained directly from nature and the
How much should they eat? They consume green forage up to 30% of their weight. b. Create a table where the aspects to improve are noted in the
balanced meals have been prepared by a specialized nutritionist in
live feeding of guinea pigs. Take the following criteria as a reference:
Competition:Design and build technological solutions to solve animals.
quality forage, use of balanced feed, among others. Start
problems in their environment. What type of herbivores are they? Post-gastric, they digest in the cecum.
Invite the students to read the section 'We Wonder' and emphasize forming small groups of animals and providing them with mixes
in what happens in the described situation. Encourage participation of we propose alternative solutions different types of foods to evaluate the weight gain of each group.
Specified capabilities and performances students based on the concerns that arise from the reading or For this, consider the initial mass of the animal to be raised and keep recording.
Form students into groups. They can be the same ones formed in
observation of the proposed image. changes over different time periods.
the relationship of some of the previous activities. Invite them to respond in
Determine a technological solution alternative. Carry out the following activity to introduce students to: in your notebook, the questions from the section 'What We Learn' on the page c. Possible answers: different aspects of guinea pig raising,
Design the technological solution alternative. 42. At that moment, it is necessary for them to monitor and address inquiries, such as diseases they may suffer from, nutritional needs, place
capabilities Implement the alternative technological solution. – Grab a poster with the following questions and answers: dudas o dificultades que se puedan presentar. where they live, etc. For this, it is necessary to inquire about the topic.
Evaluate and communicate the functioning of your alternative 1 What kinds of food Ask the students to read the information from the dialogue bubble of the Possible answer: the prerequisite for animal husbandry is to choose a
technological solution. Vitamin C.
consumer? pet and reflect on the importance of nutrition in development place where they will be raised, which must be protected from the elements and
Analyze information to formulate ideas and questions that and the survival of living beings. of pests, in addition to being clean. The groups must form brigades of
2. What types of grass
allow to characterize the problem . Postgastric, they digest in the cecum. repairs, cleaning equipment, transportation, etc. Respect the loads of
consumer? Instruct the students to read the information on page 43 and respond.
• Design graphics and include written descriptions of their parts work and organize properly.
performances Start, growth, and fattening of guinea pig.
the questions.
or phases of your alternative solution. Where should they eat?
specified Possible answer: the following food mixtures can be suggested:
Select the materials and instruments for the preparation 4. How much should they eat? On the floor and in the feeder. on the web
of its prototype. types of
5. What balanced food Consume green forage up to 30% of • Suggest to the students to enter the following link to mix 1 mix 2 mix 3
Explain how you built your prototype through a written report. foods
eat? its live weight. guide them in generating ideas for the development of their prototype.
Food
20% of sorghum 20% sorghum 20% of sorghum
6. Which vitamin is the most Food mixture with high concentration [Link] balanced
Teaching suggestions 40% corn 40% of corn 40% corn
important for them? of nutrients. (mix of
20% wheat 20% wheat 20% wheat
cereals)
Invite the students to read the section 'Did you know...?' and encourage a few. Guide students to distribute the tasks to be carried out. One of
What is a food? Alfalfa, clover, husked corn, oats, barley, 20% oatmeal 20% corn
volunteers to share their experiences regarding pet raising in they are obtaining information about community products from sources of Grass 20% alfalfa
balanced? hydroponic green forage. forage let's go
house. reliable information about the types of structure and the materials used
8. What type of herbivore is it? Grass and balanced feed. in the construction of guinea pig farms in the locality.
Formulate the following questions that help generate dialogue and debate An example to prepare 10 kg of mixture could be the following:
among the members of the class: Remind students that they can consult the suggested links in the
Ask the students to match each question with the answer.
What food do they usually give to their pets? corresponding. page 43 to support your inquiry and prototype design. types of food mix 1 mixture 2 mix 3

Is it the right one? Why? Instruct the students to consensually discuss if they related. Encourage students to write down the information in a log obtained from 2 kg of sorghum 2 kg of sorghum 2 kg of sorghum
correctly the question with its answer. the sources of technological information: Balanced food
Encourage some students to share their opinions. 4 kg of corn 4 kg of corn 4 kg of corn
Carry cards with numbers from 1 to 8 and invite some volunteers to cereal mix
Technology Information Log
Invite a student to read the questions in the "What We Know" section. get the question number in the corresponding answer. 2 kg of wheat 2 kg of wheat 2 kg of wheat
Then, give the students a card to respond to the aspect student notes
Check the answers with support from the class group. The correct relationship. 2 kg of oats 2 kg of corn
questions raised. the question-answer is as follows: Types of forage Grass 2 kg of alfalfa
forage Let's go
Ask the students to stick the card in a section of the classroom. Said Geometry: shape and dimensions
a. What kinds of food do they consume? Grass and balanced feed.
cards must be present until the activity is completed, so that, Remind the students that the amounts of food offered to the
b. What types of grasses do they consume? Alfalfa, clover, corn husk, oats, barley, Others
complete it, each student can identify their card and read their answer. A animals have no restrictions, that is, food must not be lacking in the
hydroponic green forage. feeders, but the essential requirement is that everything offered is
continuing, with a pen of a different color, correct or add some concept Suggest to the students that, depending on the locality where they are
c. What is a balanced feed? A mixture of foods with grains They must weigh and record. At the end of the day, they must weigh and note it in the record.
that she completes it. find and visit places like the National Institute of Agricultural Innovation
concentration of nutrients. (INIA), La Molina National Agrarian University or regional institutes An example for noting food consumption could be this:
Answers: where the breeding of guinea pigs is encouraged.
d. What balanced food do they eat? Starting, growing, and fattening of guinea pig.

98 99
 Unit

Activity Book Activity Book 2

Food warehouse: like the shed, it will have a corrugated metal roof. formal document or in the form of a presentation in PowerPoint or using
cereal mix (weight in lot size 1
weight (in grams) Likewise, the environments must be ventilated, but completely. flip charts and images of the prototype. Follow the next structure:
grams)
protected to prevent the entry of rodents.
Cover page, which must display the name of the prototype and the members
• Rabbit fences: they will be used within the ponds or cages to of the group.
preventing the young from being crushed by the parents. These can be
Brief introduction indicating the problem to be solved and the alternative of
of different materials, they must have a minimum radius of 15 cm and a
8:00 proposed solution.
separation between bars of 4 to 6 cm.
15/02/16 Sem 0 600 550 450 300 450 450 350 600 700 4450
List of materials and detailed procedure.
Answers: Sem 1 650 600 475 325 460 460 400 550 710 4495
Gather the animals into three groups of the same age or weight, that is, the groups Images (photos, drawings, etc.) of the prototype construction process.
Suggest the following activities: Sem 2 645 625 500 350 460 500 400 600 720 4800
they must be homogeneous.
Etc. – Results, final recommendations, and cited sources consulted
a. Food acquisition
Motivatestudentstodeepentheirknowledgeandtake correctly.
decisionsregardingyourproposalsforthepossibleprototypethrougha FeB march aBr may June Encourage students to answer the questions proposed in the section.
[Link] articulation with other areas: Mathematics We apply what we learn.
ofthestudent,andinthefaceofknowledgedoubts,suggestthattheyresolvethem sowing
harvest • Suggest to the students that they create a line graph for monitoring
consultingtheliteratureproposedonpage43ortotheguineapigbreedersofthe Response:
of the weight increase of the batch, taking the following as an example:
communityorseekingthesupportofspecialists,eitherthroughapersonaldialogue
b. Maintenance of warehouses If the student uses foods of high nutritional value, the animals
directlyorbyelectroniccommunication(email)withteachersof little foot weeks they will develop better. Furthermore, they must remain healthy and free of
[Link]. lot
Hour activities sem. 0 sem. 1 sem. 2 sem. 3 sem. 4 etc. diseases.
veterinarians,agriculturaltechniciansoranybreedingexpertintheircommunity.
7 a.m. Pool review Etc. Ask the students to answer the question posed in the section
let's design the chosen alternative
8 a.m. Cleaning 4800 What else can we learn?
Remind students that they must develop the activity schedules. 4700 learning styles of students.
9 a.m. Nutrition
and distribute the work. Use the model suggested in the student guide.
10 a.m. 4600 Answer:
Askthestudentsto,afterchoosingthefoodoption,obtain 4500 Have a ventilated and well-lit room with tables and get the
[Link],theymustdeterminethe c. Some rules and agreements Next materials: 10 trays that are 4 cm high, the length and width.
economiccoststhattheyrepresent,usingthesuggestedmodel. 4400
They can be 50 cm x 35 cm or a similar size. Have availability.
Instruct the students to create three simple plans with views. group agreement norms of barley, corn, sorghum or wheat grains. Disinfect the seeds with
a solution of 10 mL of 1% chlorine bleach per liter
frontal, horizontal, and profile views of each structure used. For the shed, – Punctuality at work Propose to the students that they strictly adhere to the controls. of water. Then, soak the seeds for 12 hours and let them air out. Carry out the
suggest the following: Constant cleaning that the results are more reliable and thus be able to track operation 2 times. Add approximately 1 kg of seed each time
HORIZONTAL Continuous control of the amount of balanced feed, weight of guinea pigs, and forage. the evolution of the lot weights. tray and sprinkle with a sprayer regularly, avoiding excesses
FRONTAL
etc. Invite the students to explain after obtaining the results. of humidity. 12 to 15 days later, the green forage will have grown.
Long the possible improvements to be made to the prototype aiming to enhance the hydroponic with a plant mass of 10 to 15 kg.
Height
we execute the chosen alternative efficiency. Motivate students to answer peer evaluation questions
Stay on the lookout and give instructions only if necessary. proposals. To this end, consider the following:
Wide Wide possible improvements
Subsequent to the development of the project, correct the reports of the Generate a trusting environment in the classroom so that students
PROFILE – Try balanced foods.
students checking that they meet the requirements described in the guide answer the questions posed.
activities. – Daily servings of foods, variations in the amount of each
Height Ask the students to exchange their answers with a
Request that for the evaluation of the results, the batches of guinea pigs must
food in the mixture.
classmate and emphasize the importance of a co-evaluation with
Long being tedious by adding the individual weights to get a total group weight. Request the students to explain to their classmates and the teachers. tolerance and respect.
Suggest the following table to record weights: the strengths and weaknesses of the prototype.
The facilities can be described as follows: Foster feedback among students, that is, enhance the
we evaluate and communicate learning through feedback, which comes from criticism
Warehouse: it will consist of a gable roof made of corrugated metal and a perimeter wall.
constructive, personal observations and points to consider.
1 meter high. The beams to support the roof will be eucalyptus. Ask the students to present the report in writing in a
similar to the structure that supports the sheets.

100 101
 Unit

Activity Book Activity Book 2

A PROBLEM, A SOLUTION DESIGN TECHNOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS A PROBLEM, A SOLUTION DESIGN TECHNOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS

Prototype to compare strategies of a. Guinea pigs are herbivorous animals, therefore they must always eat forage.
MORE INFORMATION
• Could you invite some expert from your community to optimize the diet of the b. Care for the maintenance of the warehouses.

feeding of minor animals The female guinea pig must be properly fed, otherwise it may
Guinea pigs that will be raised? Why?
c. Drafting a list of norms and agreements to sustain parenting.
lose their offspring or have weak and sickly offspring. Even the females could When they are not available In groups, discuss the ideas and questions that have arisen after inquiring. To answer the question
to risk being infertile. about the topic. Then, extract conclusions and information to note them down in your We execute the chosen alternative
There are other forages, of land for fodder, supplementary, consult the
Did you know that...? like the chaff corn, it can be implemented notebook. If you still have questions and wish to resolve them, you can consult the producers. • Indicate to the responsible parties for each task to choose the necessary tools with FAO website.
c. The guinea pigs must be fed according to their age. They cannot be combined.
oats, barley and the hydroponic green forage the guinea pig breeders of the community. anticipation, being careful with its handling.
guinea pigs of all ages in one place, as their nutritional needs
In the mountains, guinea pigs are usually raised in kitchens or underneath grass elephant, but what are forage grains
They are different. Also, adults do not let the younger ones eat. they do not contribute much • When will they carry out the project? What tasks would need to be done? Who? • Start the project by verifying compliance with the schedule; if any occur
from the stove; they are generally fed with the remains of germinated during
protein; therefore, there is two weeks and what happens
Would they be the responsible ones? setback, adjust the schedule.
food discarded during the preparation of meals. The proper absorption of nutrients will ensure that the breeding guinea pigs have offspring.
to provide it in provide with everything and
strong, to grow without difficulty and develop quickly. The above will be seen the balanced feed. To organize the development of the project, it is necessary that they first prepare a • Monitor the outcome of the consumption of food mixtures. They can
A small technological change in the raising of these roots to the animals.
reflected in a better guinea pig meat for human consumption. schedule. Here the tasks to be performed, the responsible parties, and the time are indicated take this table as a model:
animals improve the conditions for them to grow better
e. The nutrients necessary for the feeding of guinea pigs are obtained from the destined for each one. They can follow the following model:
weight and produce better meat for human consumption.
Peru breed guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) feeding. Weeks 1 Weeks 2
following sources: Tasks
Weeks
Tasks Responsible ["Blend 1","Blend 2","Blend 3","Blend 1","Blend 2","Blend 3"]
– Proteins. They obtain them from forages, such as legumes. Among these
1 2 3 4
What we know_________________________________________ we have alfalfa and forage clover. Lot 1 1 kg 1.2 kg
Food selection Students x
• What elements are necessary in the cultivation of vegetables? – Carbohydrates. They obtain them from mixtures of grasses, such as corn, sorghum, wheat, Lot 2 0.9 kg 0.8 kg
barley and oats.
• Do rabbits and guinea pigs eat the same as cows? Why? We design the chosen alternative Lot 3 1.1 kg 1,0 kg
– Minerals. They obtain them from food. They require them for their bones and teeth.
• What is the difference between fresh and balanced foods? • What do they need to carry out the project? Consider the following • Pay close attention in the first few weeks to detect any difficulties.
– Vitamins. They obtain them from forage, which provides them with vitamin C, which never ON THE WEB recomendaciones:
We wonder _____________________________________ must be missing. We evaluate and communicate
Different dishes are a. Choose three types of forage to be used as food.
prepared with meat of Jorge lives in a community in Cusco. He has just – Water. It must be clean and fresh. It should never be lacking. [Link] • Prepare a written report describing how you carried out the project.
guinea pig, rich in protein and low docrep/w6562s/w6562s04. b. Define the balanced feed that will be given with the forage. You can consider the following structure: title, theoretical foundation on the
finish studying an agricultural course in the
in fats. In addition, it contains Processed foods are also important and can be acquired in the
who has learned different techniques to improve htm#TopOfPage c. Form three groups of guinea pigs. feeding of guinea pigs, procedure to carry out the project; can include
collagen, vitamins and markets. However, they could prepare it by mixing corn bran, flour of
the raising of guinea pigs that you do with other residents. Page that presents drawings or photographs, advantages and disadvantages of the project and recommendations.
minerals. wheat and soybean flour. Get the feeders and waterers.
He knows that this activity offers the possibility of FAO recommendations
• In groups, share the report with your classmates. You can use flip charts.
to have a source of protein to consume • Before executing a project to compare which feeding strategy is more for the breeding of guinea pigs. • Once you determine the appropriate materials, make a list and calculate the
informative brochures or a PowerPoint presentation. Be careful to use the
in their home; furthermore, the sale of guinea pig meat suitable in the breeding of guinea pigs, they can conduct a study on the possibility of [Link] approximate cost according to its quantity. For example:
appropriate language.
it can be a profitable business. create another smaller animal, it will depend on the characteristics of its region and the ec/mag01/magapaldia/
means available. If you decide to raise another animal, consult the sources of SHOULDER TO Cost • What did they learn upon completing the project?
Materials Quantity Total cost
The first thing he will do is build a shed with unitary
necessary information before starting the project. SHOULDER/manuals/
Pens to separate the guinea pigs according to the following criteria: size, age, females. Feeder of
Manual for the We apply what we learn __________________________
pregnant, among others. Then, they will inquire about the foods they consume, which are • What places are available to start breeding? What should they build? 10 S/. 5.00 S/. 50.00
guinea pig [Link] guinea pigs
the most suitable, considering that their community has alfalfa, forage straw and or implement? How will they do it? Based on what you learned, respond:
Page that presents a • What will your completed project look like? Keep the following in mind
other foods in large quantities. • What foods will they select and how will they organize the groups of animals for manual for raising recomendaciones: • How would you improve the feeding techniques for smaller animals?
compare the feeding strategies? guinea pigs. MORE INFORMATION
What we learn ___________________________________ [Link] a. Make a plan of the place where you will store the food mixtures and where • Does a project like this benefit the community? Why?
• After answering the previous questions and consulting information sources
the guinea pigs will be.
We propose alternative solutions reliable, propose the aspects regarding guinea pig breeding that should be downloads/better-breeding-guinea-pigs-
What more can we learn? Guinea pigs are animals
[Link] b. Propose the possible food mixtures that could be made using the
• Form groups and discuss the situation presented. Then, answer the optimized and the resources they need in the least amount possible. They can that they naturally seek
next questions: create a table like the following to systematize this information: Page that presents forage plants and the grains they find in their community and are easy to obtain • Is it possible to develop hydroponic green forage in your community? How would you do it? refuge in holes and gaps.
information about parenting obtaining. For example: They are extremely
a. Do you know of any place where guinea pigs are raised? What is it like? of guinea pigs in Cutervo. COEVALUATION nervous, because
Aspects to optimize Resources to minimize Mix 1: alfalfa, barley, corn
b. How could one compare three different feeding strategies to improve [Link] noises should be avoided
the raising of guinea pigs in their community? [Link]/publications/pdf/ Mix 2: grass, alfalfa, sorghum Answer the questions and check what you learned. annoyances or shocks.
Forage type food source. Teachers
Crianza%20de%[Link] It should also not be allowed
c. What do they need to know to carry out this technological improvement? • Gather with all the people involved in the project and come to an agreement on the • I recognize the benefits of improving animal husbandry techniques.
Page that presents a entry of animals such as
1. Types of forage that can activities they will carry out. Consider the following: minors? Why?
• Look for information on guinea pig breeding and feeding strategies that Select a container or receptacle. consume the guinea pig. Foncodes document dogs in the warehouses of
• Did you identify the best feeding strategy? How? upbringing.
They exist in books, magazines, and internet pages. They can also interview someone. about guinea pig breeding. a. Calendar of forage crops and harvests.
experto de su comunidad. Tomen en cuenta lo siguiente:

42 UNIT 243 44 UNIT 245

102 103
 DAY BY DAY IN THE CLASSROOM

2Science and Technology

SECONDARY

Project We Grow Together