Part 1:

Binary and Hexadecimal Calculation

1
 Number system
(represent quantities by some)
symbols)
Difference?
a) IIIIIIIIIIII
b)

c) XII

d) 12

2
 Numeration system
parADDITION
Onadditionnela valeur des différents
symbols

a) IIIIIIIIIIII = 12 where I = 1

b) =12 where I = 1 and = 5

3
 Number system
parADDITION
● Roman numerals: a system of
numbering by complex addition:

Example: MCMLXXXIX = 1989

4
Number systems
parPOSITION

1306= ?

5
 Number systems
parPOSITION
1306=
1 thousand+
3 hundred
dozens
6 units

6
 Numeration systems
parPOSITION
130610=
1x103+
3 times 102+

0x101+
6x100
10 is the base

The special role of Zero (0)!

7
 The number zero
● Last digit entered:
– Represents the null quantity (abstraction)
● 0= NOTHING
– Allows the deviation in the notation by
position
● 1 ≠ 10 ≠ 100

8
 Positional decimal notation
ordinary writing
● How to interpret 137?
● Notation: 137 ≡ 13710
(d2d1d0)10where the "dIuse the
10 symbols, from 0 to 9 = Base 10

● Remnants of other systems here and there in our culture,

which ones?

● Other bases are sometimes used...

9
 Other Bases
In a base B, we construct the numbers with the
B digits {0, 1, 2,…, B-1}

● Example: base 2, with the symbols {0, 1}

Notation (example): 1001012
Binary system

● Example: base 8, with the symbols {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}

Notation (example): 10050178
Octal system

● Example: base 16, symbols 0....9, A,B,C,D,E,F

Notation (example): 4AF216
Hexadecimal system
10
 Binary System
base 2

B = 2 with digits the symbols {0, 1}

A digit = a Bit (binary digit) can be either 0 or 1

Vocabulary:

Octet (= byte, in general) = 8 bits (example ASCII code)

Note 1MB = 1 megabyte and 1Mb = 1 megabit
1MB = 1 megabyte

11
 General notation
In the BaseB: di {0, 1, 2,…, B-1} (the diare the numbers)

(dn-1dn-2...2d1d0)B(dn-1*Bn-1+dn-2*Bn-2+...+d2*B2+d1*B1+d0*B0)10

Example: in base 5

14235= 1 * 53+ 4 * 52+ 2 * 51+ 3 * 50

= 1* 125 + 4* 25 + 2*5 +3*1
= 23810

12
 Base B Conversion → Decimal
Base B :(dn-1dn-2...d2d1d0)B= ? 10

(dn-1dn-2...2d1d0 (d =B n-1)*Bn-1+dn-2*Bn-2+...+d2*B2+ d 1*B1+d0*B0) 10

Example: in base 10:

147310= 1 * 103+ 4 * 102+ 7 * 101+ 3 * 100

1*1000 + 4*100 + 7*10 +3*1 = 147310
Example: in base 3:

2123= 2 *32+ 1 *31+ 2 * 30

= 2* 9 +1* 3 + 2*1
= 2310

13
 exercise
● 124=?10
● 133=?10
● 1235=?10
● 11012=?10
● 107=?10

14
 exercise
1 0
● 124=(1.4 + 2.4 )10= 610
● 133=impossible if B=3 ; digits = {0, 1, 2}
2 1 0
● 1235=(1.5 + 2.5 + 3.5 )10= 3810
3 2 1 0
● 11012(1.2 + 1.2 + 0.2 + 1.2 )10= 1310
1 0
● 107= (1.7 + 0.7 )10= 710

15
 Decimal conversion → Base B
Our tool will be the Euclidean division

16
 The Euclidean division
If x, y are integers and that
x=q.y+r
The division of x by y is noted:

Example: 7 = 3 . 2 + 1 and

y = divisor
q = quotient
r= remainder, r {0, 1, 2,…,y-1}

17
 Cascaded Euclidean divisions
● Example 1: 7 divided by 2

● Example 2: 330 divided by 5

18
 Decimal to Base B
How to write the number X in base 10 in base B?

Let X10=(dn-1dn-2...2d1d0)Bwe are looking for (dn-1dn-2...2d1d0)

n-1 n-2 2 1
X10 = dn-1*B+dn-2*B+...+d2*B+d1*B+d0=B+d 0
.

Div parB=>X/B=d
10

19
 Decimal conversion → Base B
How to write the number X in base 10 in base B?
Let X10= (dn-1dn-2...2d1d0)Bwe are looking for (dn-1dn-2...2d1d0)

X10 = dn-1*B+d
n-1 *B+...+d
n-2
n-2 *B+d *B+d
2 1
2
0 =B+d
1
0 .

Div parB =>d

2 n-3 n-4
Div parB => DivB => dn-1*B +dn-2*B +...+d2
...
n-1
Div parB => DivB =>dn-1

In a table:

20
 Decimal conversion → BaseB
=>Cascaded Euclidean division
● Example 1: 710(111)2

● Example 2: 33010(2310)5

21
 exercises
● 510= ? 3
● 1910= ? 3
● 11710= ? 5

22
 solutions
● 510= 12 3

23
 solutions
● 1910201 3

24
 solutions
● 11710= 432 5

25
 exercises
● 510 = ? 5
● 210= ? 2
● 710= ? 7
● B10= ? B

26
 reminder
1) Base B conversion → Decimal

(dn-1dn-2...d2d1d0)B(dn-1*Bn-1+dn-2*Bn-2+...+d2*B2+ d 1*B1+d0*B0)10

2) Decimal to BaseB conversion

Euclidean division by cascaded

27
Conversion: baseB → baseC

Method?

28
 Conversion: baseB→ baseC
Method: (in 2 stages)
1) Base B conversion → Decimal

(dn-1dn-2d2d1d0 )B = (dn-1*Bn-1+dn-2*Bn-2+...+d2*B2+ d 1*B1+d0*B0)10

2) Decimal to BaseC conversion

Cascaded Euclidean Division

29
 example
123=?5
● 123= 1 . 3 + 2 = 510

● 2) 510= 105

30
 exercise
● 1123=?5
● 124=?2
● 143=?9

31
 solutions
● 1123= 1410245
● 124= 610=1102
● 143=?9impossible

32
 The binary system
1- Binary to Decimal

2- Decimal to Binary Conversion: 2 Methods

M1: successive divisions by 2

M2: subtraction of powers of 2

33
 1-Binary to Decimal
Binary Conversion B=2 -> Decimal
10110011012=?10

=71710

34
2 - Conversion Décimal -> Binaire
Method 1: successive division by 2

Practical example of converting decimal to binary:

Conversion de2410in binary = 110002

35
 2 - Decimal to Binary Conversion
Method 2: Subtraction/Summing of Powers of 2

● Subtraction/Sum of Powers of 2

EXAMPLE: 5310= ?2

53 10= 32 + 16 + 4 + 1 = 25+24+22+20= 110101 2

Question: How many bits are needed to write 53? 10

36
Exercises: Binary to Decimal Conversion

Convert to decimal (base 10):

101110102= ?10
10102= ?10
20102= ?10
110010012= ?10
000000112= ?10
111112= ?10

37
 Binary to Decimal
Solutions

10111010218610
10102= 1010
20102impossible
2012= 20110
000000112= 310
111112= 3110

38
 Exercises: Decimal to Binary Conversion

Convert to binary (base 2):

1010= ?2
11710= ?2
25510= ?2
74210= ?2

39
 SOLUTIONS: Decimal to Binary Conversion

Convert to binary (base 2):

1010= 10102
11710= 11101012
25510=111111112
7421010111001102

40
 Magnitudes and number of digits
● Min(n)Bthe smallest number with n digits in
baseB
● Max(n)Bthe largest number of n digits in
baseB

● All numbers with n digits are located in

the interval: [Min(n)BMax(n)B]

41
 Magnitudes and number of digits
In base 10: => range of numbers to
Min(1)10= 1 digit = ?
Max(1)10=
Min(2)10= 2 digits = ?
Max(2)10=
Min(3)10= 3 digits = ?
Max(3)10=
Min(n)10= in numbers = ?
Max(n)10=
42
 Magnitudes and number of digits
In base 10: => interval of numbers to

Min(2)10= 10 2 chiffres = [10 , 99]

Max(2)10= 99
Min(3)10= 100
3 chiffres = [100 , 999]
Max(3)10 = 999
Min(n)10= ? in numbers = ?
Max(n)10= ?
43
 Magnitudes and number of digits
In base 10: =>interval of numbers to

Min(2)10= 10 2 digits = [10, 99] = [101, 102-1

Max(2)10= 99
3 digits = [100, 999] = [102, 103-1
Min(3)10= 100
Max(3)10= 999 n numbers = [10n-1 , 10n-1
Min(n)10= 10n-1 n≥2
Max(n)10= 10n-1
44
 Magnitudes and number of digits
In base base2: => interval of numbers at

Min(2)2= ? 2 digits = ?

Max(2)2= ?
3 digits = ?
Min(3)2= ?
Max(3)2= ?
in numbers = ?
Min(n)2= ?
Max(n)2= ?
45
 Magnitudes and number of digits
In base base2: => interval of numbers to

Min(2)2= 102= 210 2 chiffres = [2 , 3]

Max(2)2=112= 310
3 digits = [4, 7]
Min(3)21002410
Max(3)2=111=
2 710
in numbers = ?
Min(n)2= ?
Max(n)2= ?
46
 Magnitudes and number of digits
In base 2: =>interval of numbers to

Min(2)2= 102= 210 2 digits = [2, 3]

Max(2)2=112= 310
Min(3)2= 1002= 410
3 chiffres = [4 , 7]
Max(3)2=111=
2 710

Min(n)2= (2n-1)10 n bits = [2n-1 , 2n-1]

Max(n)2= (2n-1)10 n≥2
47
 In binary if ...
Min(n)2=(2n-1)10
Max(n)2=(2n-1)10

What is 1111 worth?2in decimal (?)10)

Réponse : 11112is the largest 4-bit number
Max(4)2
(24-1)10(15)10

48
 exercises
● 11112=?10
● 1111112=?10
● 111111112=?10
● 11111111112=?10

49
 solutions
● 11112Max(4)2= (24-1)10= 1510
● 1111112Max(6)2= (26-1)10= 6310
● 111111112Max(8)2(28-1)10= 25510
● 11111111112Max(10)2= (210-1)10= 102310

50
 In binary if ...
Min(n)2(2n-1)10=> Min(n+1)2= (2n)10Max(n)2-1
Max(n)2=n-1)10
=> 2nis the smallest number of n+1 bits

51
 In binary if ...
Min(n)2=(2n-1)10
Max(n)2=n-1)10
=>2nis the smallest number of n+1 bits
all the numbers between [2n , 2n+1-1]
They are written with +1n bits

Method: to calculate the number of bits needed to represent X10:

find in the series of 2nthe greatestnwho is less than or equal to X10

example: how many bits are needed to represent 4710in binary?

Look for the biggest onenwho is less than or equal to 4710
25= 32 < 4710<26= 64
Réponse: 6 bits
52
 exercises
● How many bits are needed to write in binary:
– 1210
– 7310
– 12710
– 31210
– 25710
– 102410

53
 solutions
● How many bits are needed to write in binary:
– 8 ≤ 1210requires 4 bits in binary writing
– 64 is less than or equal to 7310 requires 7 bits in binary writing
– 64 is less than or equal to 12710requires 7 bits in binary writing
– 256 is less than or equal to 31210requires 9 bits in binary writing
– 256 ≤ 25710requires 9 bits in binary writing
– 1024 ≤ 102410requires 11 bits in binary writing

54
 Decimal to Binary Conversion
● Convert to binary
● 25410=
● 10910=
● 110010=
● 22110=
● 3410=
● Note: For each calculation, indicate the number of bits.
necessary.

55
 Decimal to Binary Conversion
● Convert to binary
● 2541011111110
● 10910= 110 1101
● 110010= 100 0100 1100
● 22110= 1101 1101
● 3410 = 10 0010
● Note: For each calculation, indicate the number of bits.
necessary.

56
 Hexadecimal System

Comparison between binary, decimal, and hexadecimal systems

57
Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversion
● Example

● FB316=F*162+B*16 + 3*160
15 * 256 + 11 * 16 + 3
= 3840 + 176 +3 = 4019

58
Decimal to Hexadecimal Conversion
Method 1: Successive divisions by 16

● Example: conversion of 91810in base 16

Résultat =39616
59
Decimal to Hexadecimal Conversion
Method 2: Search for the highest
powers of 16

Example
67510= 322+ A * 161+ 3 * 160= 2A316

60
 Hexadecimal <-> Binary Conversion
These are "easy" conversions
● Binary → Hexadecimal: with 4 bits of a binary
corresponds to a hexadecimal number:
1010-0111-10012= A -7- 9 = A7916
● Hexadecimal → Binary: to each digit
hexadecimal corresponds to 4 bits of a binary
F 9 6 B16= 1111 1001 0110 10112

61
Exercises: Hexadecimal ↔ Decimal
● Convert
F0016=?10
A1C16=?10
1BB16=?10
1 AD16=?10

2710=?16
7410=?16
23810=?16
25510=?16

62
 solutions
F0016=384010

BD16=18910

10B16=26710

1 AD16=42910

63
 Solutions
27101 10112=1B16

7410= 100 10102= 4A16

23810=111011102EE16

2551011111111=
2 FF16

64
Exercises: Hexadecimal <-> Binary
● Convert
1A16= ?2
AA16= ?2
1A116= ?2

100001012=?16
101111101012=?16
10000112=?16
11110101112=?16

65
 solutions
1A16=110102=0001 10102
AA16101010102
1A116=1101000012=0001 1010 00012

1000 01012=8516
101 1111 01012=5F516
100 00112=4316
11110101112=3D716

66
 exercises
● When switching from one encoding
(= representation of values) on 'n' bits to one
coding on 'n+1' bits what is the effect on the
number of values that can be represented?

67
 solution
The number of representable values doubles
when we add 1 bit
– N bits = 2n numbers in [0 ; 2)n-1]
– N+1 bits = 2n+1 =2 x 2nnumbers in [0 ; 2n+1-1]

68
 Exercises
● Conversion to decimal
● 12016=
● FE16=
● A1C16=
● 1BB16=
● A616=
● BB16=

69
 Exercises: solutions
● Conversion to decimal
● 12016288
● FE16= 254
● A1C16= 2588
● 1BB16= 443
● A616 = 166
● BB16187

70
 Exercises
Convert to binary or decimal:
For conversions to binary, how many bits do we need?

29410= ?2(?bits)
11002= ?10
10910= ?2(?bits)
1100001102= ?10
110010= ?2(?bits)
22110= ?2(?bits)
3410= ?2(?bits)

71
 Solutions
Convert to binary or decimal:
For conversions to binary, how many bits do we need?

294101001001102(9bits)
11002equals 1210
10910= 11011012(7bits)
1100001102 = 390 10
110010= 100010011002(11bits)
22110= 2212(8bits)
3410= 1000102(6bits)

72