Premier Educational Institute

Ponce, Puerto Rico

COS 100
History of the profession, Image
professional, ethics and Chemistry

Graciela Yvette Ramos Colón

COS 85
 Index
Introduction

Development............................................................................................2

Conclusion..........................................................................................3

References..........................................................................................4
 1
Introduction
The following research will focus on the types of hairstyles,
makeup and clothing of women in different periods in the
time. Specifically, the periods that will be shown will be the ancient
Egypt, the Chinese Shang and Zhou dynasties, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance,
the 20th century and the 21st century. I will even give my explanation about the importance of
a good professional image. Finally, I will provide information about the
siguientes términos: solución, soluto, solvente, miscibles, inmiscible,
emulsion, surfactants, lipophilic and alkalis.
 2
Development
Egyptians

Hairstyles
It is said that Egyptian civilization was the first to
show a deep interest in hair. Back then,
like today, hairstyles were a way to express their
individuality, both in life and in the grave. And they did not only have
an aesthetic function but also practical. But it was also
the hygiene factor in play. So, they used wigs, extensions
and even resorted to natural dyes to achieve a color
equal. By the painting of the tombs and the statues, the
archaeologists claim that the ancient Egyptians were lovers of
the braids. They regarded hair as a form of
self-expression, which is why they wore elaborate hairstyles. One of
the most iconic, popular thanks to Cleopatra, is this: a series of braids in the cape
hair superior, with the ends decorated with beads and golden trinkets. Few
they know that a large part of Egyptian hairstyles included wigs or weaves to give
volume. They even used extensions. All these accessories were made in
specialized workshops, with human hair and some palm fiber fillings
datilera.

Makeup
Various findings have led to believe that the Egyptian civilization was home to
excellence in cosmetics. Unlike the Sumerians, the Egyptians had a great
respect for cosmetic practices, and they gave makeup a deep meaning
religious, so much that they contemplated two deities involved in cosmetics, one was
Bes, protector of cosmetics and the other was Thot,
God of wisdom who presided over the preparation of
perfumes and cosmetics. Makeup, therefore, does not
it was used simply for aesthetic purposes, but
that during religious ceremonies had the
specific function of connecting with the deities.
Made from natural ingredients that
They mainly served to enhance the eyes, the
eyelashes and also the lips, as well as the nails.
Various products since every Egyptian woman
she possessed beauty secrets to maintain her
charm, secrets he carried with him to the beyond. We know well that the Egyptians
they contemplated a life after death, conceived as a continuation of
uses and customs of earthly life and among the various objects found in the tombs
they include, among others, chests containing creams, lipsticks, eyeshadows,
eyes and so on. Papyrus was also found in the pyramids that
they attest to the existence of true beauty professionals even at that time,
which had very specific tasks as guardians of cosmetic pencils,
makeup artists of kings, guardians of the chest of cosmetics, and papyrus with formulas
secrets of ointments to firm tissues and combat wrinkles and the
redness.

Clothing
Product of a hot climate and various work activities in the full sun,
Egyptian clothing was usually lightweight and comfortable clothing, with linen being the primary material.

white, the most used for making garments with different qualities, that
they go from the most elaborate to others totally
wool. Although wool was widely used, it served to
to make coats and attire for hunting. As for the
silk and cotton began to be used during the
Hellenistic period of Egyptian culture. It was also
a custom of shaving the head, especially for
to avoid lice, a common characteristic is the
use of wigs. Women's clothing, in a
at first they were long high-waisted dresses that with
two straps over the shoulders left
show the breasts. Subsequently, the suits
became long, fitted to the body and
covering the breasts, they displayed a low neckline.
For the Hellenic period, the dresses
they became just as long, but more
loose. The women of the monarchy, it was
essential to show its beauty with
tight-fitting dresses, accompanied by wigs made from human hair,
Egyptian jewelry, leather sandals, and face makeup.
Chinos (Shang and Zhou Dynasties)

Hairstyles

Just a millennium ago, women's hairstyles were a complete language that

they sent silent messages to anyone who looked at them –like the profiles of
Facebook of today.

Young and single

• In ancient China, young women

they wore their hair loose or in a simple style
to prove that they were not married. The
maids traditionally styled their hair with
braids until they turned 15, when
they were going through a welcoming ceremony to the
adulthood called ji-li ( ), or Ceremony of
Hold the Hair. During the ritual, it was washed
the girl's hair, she was styling it in a bun and
he held it with a clasp called ji ( ). The
girl who was passing by the ceremony
she considered herself an adult fit for marriage. For a long time, the hair
black and shiny is a sign of health and is considered attractive. These girls, who
they had never cut it, they styled it in a way that highlighted its
shiny strands. A simple hairstyle consisted of a long ponytail.
and low, tied with a loose ribbon so that the hair framed the face on both sides
sides and the forehead will stand out. The parting was in the middle, as the ideals of
beauty preferred symmetry. Another option was to leave most of it loose.
hair and style a section with a bun or a ponytail at the back of
the head, held with clips or other beautiful decorations. This gave them an air
elegant while flaunting their hair.
Tie the knot

• Una vez que se casaban, el decoro y la practicidad eran lo primordial. Ahora

occupied with family and household matters, they had no need to display
her hair in front of strangers. Married women in ancient China wore the
hair tied up in a variety of styles, from the most practical to the
elaborate, depending on the social rank and the fashion of the moment. The most
it was a bun with hair tied at the nape of the neck. More elaborate versions
they included wigs, ornamental combs, brooches, and even fresh flowers. A
simple updo for married women
start by combing the hair in
a high ponytail, near
the crown. Then he adjusts it.
in a large and loose bun that
sits at the center of the
head, above the forehead. In the
past, Chinese women
they soaked strips of wood in
hot water to produce a sticky gel. They used it along with wires
to keep the hair in place. Nowadays, a can of hair spray
extra-strong works just as well. You can also tie a ribbon at the base.
of the wheel to give it a colorful edge. Buckles with tassels and embellishments for the
Hair is typical accessories, but use hair sticks – chopsticks for
to decorate the hair, unless you want your hairstyle to be the
next dish. Hair sticks can be bought online or in
Asian stores – or you can even pick them from a tree, if you like the style
ecological.

Maximum benefit

• Behind every efficient and wealthy home were the maids, the ladies of the
palace and other helpers to
keep things running.
From making the beds to serving tea,
these multi-talented ladies had
many skills. But with all that
hair, what should one do a
girl so that her hair doesn't
Did they fall into the soup? She can't.
 just tie it back if it is part of a distinguished family, but
neither can she style it in the manner of the ladies of the house; that would be breaking
the label. If you like to cook on a pot, a solution is the right ones
(but charming) twin buns. Split your hair in half and make two
braids. Then, arrange the braids into loops in the shape of 8 on each side of your
head and tuck them behind your ears. On special occasions, you can
interweave a ribbon to add a touch of color. Styled this way, the
girls from ancient China were ready to conquer the world – or to wash
the clothes – without a hair out of place. Nowadays they are a beautiful touch for
facing the day in the city.

Showtime

• If you're going to perform in a show, the last thing you want is for your hair to...
tape the eyes. In ancient China, the dancers were the attraction of the
imperial banquets and the rituals
ceremonial. Their movements were
delicate, their dresses were sublime
and her hair stayed firm in her
place. You can adopt a style
similar to the heavenly dancers of
Shen Yun with a simple hairstyle
double-circle. First, make a queue
high horse. Then, divide the
hair in two segments and give each a circular shape, then tie them
ends at the base of the ponytail. Use hairpins to hold them in place.
strands in place and reinforce with another hair band to be
necessary. The size and location of the ponytail may vary, and of course,
you can generously adorn it with various accessories. Stone buckles
semi-precious stones, jade combs, and delicate metal adornments were the options
popular from the past. The buyao ( ) accessories – a type of buckle with
pendants that used to be adorned with pearls or jade - were particularly
popular. Its name derives from the fact that they swayed (yao) with each step
(bu).
Not so avant-garde trends

• You have probably already noticed that all the styles described above
they require to have long hair. That's not a surprise, since the values
Confucians in ancient China believed that hair is a gift from the
parents and should be treated with great respect. Both for men and for
women, haircuts were considered a severe violation of the
filial devotion, and it was only done in special circumstances. For example, you could
offer a lock of your hair as a promise to your beloved, or shave your head
completely the head upon entering a religious order. To the prisoners and
criminals had their hair cut so that it would grow back in a disordered manner like
punishment, so unkempt hair was a sign of behavior
dishonored. Regardless of the occasion, the ancients knew the appropriate style.
for each moment, and although these varied with the dynasties, still
they can captivate hundreds of years later.

Makeup

Makeup is an ancient practice that was used in ancient cultures such as that of
Egypt, Ancient Rome, India, or the Imperial Girl. And today we are going to discover history.
from aesthetics and beauty standards through makeup in the eastern country. In the
In the Chinese Empire, cosmetics is an ancient tradition; as early as the 3rd century BC,
women used handmade makeup with natural products. Generally, the standard
of beauty was based on a delicately made-up woman, with a very
careful and delicate especially of fair complexion as it was associated with the upper classes
and to power; in addition to showing an image of
fragile woman as if she were made of porcelain. Also
it was considered beautiful to have certain features

small, some white teeth and some eyes

luminous. The makeup was based on fine
pink, red, or orange powders and the
eyes were marked with India ink. According to the
various dynasties that occurred throughout
from the empire, the makeup changed. Thus, it
began to promote the beauty standard of skin
white associated with power. In addition, a lot was given
importance to the lips, especially to make up
in intense and bright red, but drawing a
large stain on the lower lip and a smaller one
on the upper lip. The first lipstick would be born that
 it was commonly composed of colored pigments
obtained from minerals, juices or animal blood. Thus
the Vermilion appeared, made with mercury, that more
Later, wax and animal fat would be added, creating a lipstick.
bright red. Later, the lips began to be painted
in a fan shape. This is how they changed their design, the lips
they were in fashion to make them look like cherries. By
lastly, it was experimented to have black lips, but not
tuvo mucho éxito, pero si comenzó a dar importancia a las
eyebrows: sharp, pointed, and dark. In civilizations
Ancient civilizations such as Egypt and Rome already considered makeup a part of

the social life of a certain type of people. The first

They used strong and bright colors to highlight the eyes, dyeing their lips with red ochre.
and natural iron oxide and outlined their eyes with a mixture of soot and others
ingredients that were known as 'Kohl'. The
seconds also used this technique to
to apply makeup to eyes and eyelashes, while
they used gypsum, chalk, or pumice carbonate to
to whiten your skin. So it is not strange
imagine that in ancient China too
there existed methods for applying makeup. It is estimated
that in China women used makeup
made by hand since ancient times
from the Yin dynasty (1766 - 1122 BC). How is it
common in Eastern cultures, it was expected
that high-class women present their skin
whitened to give an image of
fragility. The ideal image of the Chinese woman,
especially in ancient times, always there
associated with a small proportion, pale skin,
delicate and well-cared-for skin, luminous eyes and
bright eyes. During the different
periods of Imperial China, makeup was
it was adapting to whatever dynasty was in power, but always maintaining a
almost uniform essence. Women's morality was considered very valuable, even
more than her physical beauty. It is during those times when the color of the
white or light skin with the power sectors. People considered that to be the layer
A thick layer of white makeup was necessary to hide the possible 'flaws'.
giving the woman an aura of purity and mystery.
It was also seen that women were starting to paint.
her lips; on the bottom one, they drew a large stain,
while in the upper part they were making another one of a size
menor. Para lograr este coloreado, usaban pigmentos
that were extracted from plant juices, minerals, and
even of animal blood. One of the tones most
common was vermilion, a compound with
mercury that provided a bright red color and
intense. However, due to the lack of adherence, the
Vermilion didn't last long and ended up
dissolve with the temperature of the lips. The solution
What was added to this was animal fat and wax.
mineral, generating something similar to lipsticks
current. At times when China suffered from a
strong instability due to the separation into the kingdoms of Wei, Shu, and Wu (220 - 589), it
it featured a design on the lips that took the shape of a fan, respecting the
contour and the corners of this. Later, during the Sui Dynasties (581 - 618) and
In the Tang dynasty (618 - 907), lips began to be decorated in the shape of a cherry.
and lipstick was no longer used in a stick or as a paste that was kept in the
box, but with a circular bar that facilitated its transport. During this period
eyebrows were also given great importance, which had to be sharp,
dark tones and with a pointed shape. By the end of the Tang Dynasty, the
traditional red with which lips were painted turns black. This generated a
great visual impact on the faces, but it didn't have much acceptance. The red would return to
to be again the favorite color to makeup that part of the face. In this season, the
the makeup ritual that women followed consisted of seven steps:

• Apply the powder foundation

• Outline the eye with black ink
• Draw the eyebrows with a dark tone
• Apply "gold on the forehead" or "shiny gold flowers" (these were designs that
they painted on their foreheads

• Ocultar los hoyuelos

• Coloring the cheeks
• Apply color to the lips.
Clothing

China, known as the 'kingdom of the

dresses and hats" has a long
history of the development of clothing
and adornments. The garments and adornments of
different periods reflect in a certain
level the political, economic situation,
military, religious, and the habits and
customs of their time. In society
primitive, people lived a life
simple in caves and in general nothing was put on to cover oneself. Upon entering adulthood
neolithic, our ancestors were already capable of making tools, they invented the
bone needle and they began to sew primitive dresses. About five thousand years
back, during the period of Yangshao culture, people lived a peaceful life, and
agriculture and textiles appeared. They raised silkworms and began to sew.
silk dresses, so that the dresses became more perfect each day. When
entering the class society, clothing became a symbol of status
the social structure of the people. In the Western Zhou dynasty (1066 B.C.E.-711 B.C.E.), China already had
a complete system of clothing and adornments. From the Zhou dynasty to the
elimination of the feudal society in China, the emperors, the empresses,
imperial concubines, the princes,
the princesses, the officials and the
ordinary people were identified by
her different dresses and adornments. The
clothing and adornments of China in the
various dynasties can be divided into
broad features in the following
categories: clothing and outfits of
the distant antiquity, of the dynasties
Shang and Zhou, from the Qin and Han dynasties, from the Wei and Jin dynasties, from the North and the South,
from the Sui and Tang dynasties, from the Song dynasty, from the Liao and Jin dynasties, from the dynasty
Ming, from the Qing dynasty and modern times. Clothing and adornments of the
ethnic minorities of China. China is a country composed of 56 ethnic groups, and each one has
their own dressing style with distinct characteristics, as a result of the
influence of different culture, traditions, and geographical environment. At the same time,
due to the coexistence of several ethnic groups, migration, and ethnic assimilation, the
clothing and adornments of the various ethnic groups blend and influence each other
mutually. As a result, the clothing and adornments of the various ethnic groups in China,
igual que la cultura nacional, tienen rasgos comunes, y al mismo tiempo cuentan con
pronounced ethnic, regional, and traditional traits, with effects of integration and
transformation, shaping a
brilliant panorama of culture
of clothing and adornments of the
ethnic groups of China. In terms of
general, the coats and tunics
of the ethnic minorities of the north
they are of a relaxed style and
vigorous, while the skirts and
long pants from the south are from
style is careful and refined. Under the
influence of complex geographical and climatic environment, the clothing and adornments of
The ethnic minorities of the south are richer and more diverse than those of the north.
Clothing and adornments are important symbols of national identity.
ethnic and bloodline of the various ethnic groups of China. People often
to wear special clothing and adornments of the ethnicity in important activities such as
festivals, weddings, religious events, and funerals. The changes in clothing and adornments
reflejan la vida económica, la creencia religiosa, el concepto del mundo, la ideología,
the aesthetic value, the habits and customs, and the trajectory
of the development of an ethnic group.

Qipao from China

• Qipao is the quintessence of clothing.

Chinese tradition and embodies the excellent art of the
Chinese nation with each of its designs that
represents the profound history and culture of our
country. Its basic design corresponds to the figure of
female sex from Asia, which is very much liked by
women. At the same time, it adorns life
multicolored people with their clear characteristic
ethnic, strong festive and fashionable colors, has in
yes, a special aesthetic value.
Middle Ages

Hairstyles
In the Middle Ages, hair was considered the
most sensual attribute of a woman. It has always been
recognized the erotic power of a feminine mane. By
that in the medieval era, dominated by ridiculous norms
from the clergy, the hair had to be always covered. It was covered
under a headdress whose shape and material changed depending on
the decade, the country, or the social position of women. Only the
girls or adolescents wore their hair down. The headdress
what covered the mane was also an important symbol of
status. If the woman was wealthy, her headdress was heavy and with
gemstones sewn onto the fabric. Poor women could only cover themselves with hats.
simple or with handkerchiefs made from the first thing that
A woman from the Middle Ages who did not
will take the opportunity to adorn their hair with
something was considered careless, dirty, and unattractive. The
the length of a woman's hair has always been
considerable throughout the entire Middle Ages, but only
In the Norman era of England, it was considered a
fashion to wear hair so long that it brushed the ground. There was
women who never cut their hair, not even once,
until they died. To avoid appearing indecent or
brazenly, they used jeweled veils that covered only
the top of the head. Not all of them managed to
to have it as long as the trend of the times
demanded, so they used extensions and hairpieces made
with ribbons, silk tubes with tassels and metal cylinders twisted into the strands.
The braids were a simple and comfortable way.
playing with the hair, at the same time as
they kept it gathered and controlled. The fact is
Braids are the best hair trick.
female of the history of humanity. No
there is only one culture of antiquity in which
do not appear as a hairstyle. In the Age
In the past, it was most common to wear two braids,
one on each side, or a single twisted braid
at the back of the head. The nets were common. They served to cover the
mane and reflect the idea of each woman's style. Its quality also defined their
wearing it like an elegant lady or a shabby one with no taste at all. The headdress
the least aesthetic of the Middle Ages was undoubtedly the one that became fashionable in the 15th century,
known as hennin. It was cone-shaped and measured about forty centimeters.
high. Due to their weight and the custom of hanging veils high, women suffered
of terrible headaches.

Makeup
The Middle Ages was a time of simplicity in appearance.
Well, the charged effect that women had was changed.
novels and pale skins and colorful makeup were chosen
soft, except for the lips, which were highly valued in
red color contrasting with dark eyebrows and
marked. Nevertheless, the Middle Ages was characterized by its
strong Catholic influence, doctrine that taught that the body
had been created in the image of God
and that, therefore, it should not be removed or
add nothing. So it was understood that the women who
they were made up, it was to attract men or to exert the
prostitution. Although the Church was more permissive at times
special occasions like weddings, women continued to wear
makeup for any occasion, getting treatments for
whiten the skin and create their own powder base with
soaked flour. All ingenuity to create a natural makeup. Perfumes and oils were
of common use for women and men from very different social strata. Methods for
whitening the skin: strawberry juice, rubbing the face with a wet amethyst crystal,
mix of lilac roots, wheat flour (soaked for fifteen days
forming a powder). At the end of the period, other products begin to be used,
toxic mostly, such as arsenic. For the lips and cheeks, they were used
red powders, wine, beeswax, and balms. The hair will also tend to a color
reddish, since the plant-based dyes that were used left that kind of color.
There were black paints for the corner of the eye, criticized in various religious texts.
Clothing
The medieval woman dresses influenced by the changes that clothing underwent.
masculine. The dress they used to wear consisted of three pieces: a shirt, a tunic
the dress and a cloak or cape. The dresses were long
and legs were not shown, so on occasions
they did not wear knickerbockers. The changes that clothing undergoes
of women mainly affect color and
used adornments. Throughout the centuries, the sleeves
they evolved in different ways, they took them
very wide and finished
at the tip initially
but, in the 12th century, the
manga they returned a
to adjust to the body,
although at times they were also worn puffed.
the tunic remained long and loose and they wore a kind of
of a wide cloak that fell backwards, giving
origin to a kind of tail that developed as fashion
later. The peasants wore elaborate garments
with animal skin, therefore, wool and hides were what
were used to cover themselves during colder times. Their outfits
were much simpler and more austere, although at times
they did use dyes to color their clothing. The
Men used to wear tunics and capes, just like women. Their fabrics were coarser.
and without embellishments, in comparison to those used by the aristocracy.

Main garments
• Leggings: a garment that was worn fitted to the legs, starting from the foot. They were usually
made of wool or silk and embroidered or adorned. At first, it was only used by
men. Later, in the early 15th century, it starts to be used by women.
• Skirts: it consisted of a square piece of fabric with a hole in the center, for
where it fit at the waist, leaving four points at the bottom.

• Outerwear: the toga (a long fabric that wrapped around the body) was replaced.
open at the front) by mantles, capes, bathrobes (cape closed at the chest,
but open and with great flight below). In the last centuries, the
capes and overcoats (male garment, wide, that covered the whole body and
it was worn over other garments, to protect or keep warm
 • Head garments: to cover the head, men wore hats,
cylindrical or hemispherical caps, turbans in the form of rolled scarves
the birettes (a hat of prismatic shape topped with a pom-pom/tassel/pendant or
formed by a cap and a rigid square with a tassel that hangs.
women wore a coif (a type of female headgear made of fabric, rigid, that was placed on the head)
headband mode to avoid hair falling over their faces) finished in
tip.

• Footwear: according to the social classes of each person, they used a type of footwear.
or others. Among the men's footwear were: sandals, clogs, boots
flexible and fitted footwear, made of fine leather, open at the front that rises higher
of the ankle and was tied with laces or hooks) and very pointed shoes
or shoes. Women of the upper class wore high chapines (footwear)
female, subject to the instep with two ears made of leather or fabric, tied with a cord.

Chapines
Renaissance

Hairstyles
They liked broad foreheads and fine eyebrows.
hair was combed back and was covered with a
basket-shaped frame. For daily use, they were braided the
hair and were placed around the head. Women
the people did the same, but instead of braids
they surrounded their heads with strands leaving the end of
they are hanging to the side. A very typical hairstyle was
one that started from the front with some braids
adorned with ribbons and pearls intertwined in shape
they circulate the back of the head. Later on, it
they stopped shaving the hair from the forehead and started to
to style hair with a part in the middle, straight and back
covering the ears. She adjusted the bow at the part
the back of the head and left one or two strands
about the chin. then this was covered by a small
cap. They also wore two large shells on
the ears or a bun on top. In this era
natural hair is still appreciated, but there is
preference for blondes. In the mid-century, women
they began to pull their hair tightly back without a part and
high bun surrounded by braid, either natural or fake. The color Titian Red was very
sought after among women for dyeing their hair with henna. And during the
During the reign of Isabel I, hair was curled and dyed red so that it...
similar to those of the Queen of England. The upper classes wore true works of art.
of art in the head, combing the tight hair from the forehead into braids
adorned with ribbons and pearls intertwined in a circular shape at the back
from the head. With the advance of the century, they parted their hair in the middle, straight towards the nape,

covering the ears, and tied in a bun at the back of the head. This
the hairstyle was completed with a strand or two below the chin. This hairstyle
it was completed with a cap or a pearl net. Another very suggestive hairstyle was the
of the hair divided in two and gathered forming two 'ensaimadas' on the
ears. The high society ladies preferred blonde hair and sometimes wore
the top in one color and the sides in another.
Makeup
In the Renaissance, the trend was to have thin eyebrows and very pale skin,
they also used blush. Women would depilate their foreheads to make them wider and the
eyebrows to the point of making them disappear. They would do their eyes, the eyes were outlined
with black, while the eyelids were colored
with blue or green and the lips were painted red
intense in the shape of a heart. They also used to paint themselves
moles, as they were considered aesthetic. They would dye their
blonde hair and adorned their headdresses. It continued
maintaining the little personal hygiene, but it
They applied perfumes to conceal it. In the Renaissance.
the cosmetics returned with unusual strength. The
feminine aesthetics envelops the
life of Renaissance Italy.
In the 16th century, the monks of
Santa María Novella creates the
first large laboratory of cosmetic products and
medicinal. The Venetian ones, besides the face, also
they painted their breasts, used perfumes brought from Asia and
they imposed the taste for red hair in Europe.
to achieve that tone were made
mixtures of black sulfur, honey and
alum and exposed the hair to the sun. They also
they could choose the ash blonde, the 'golden thread', and the saffron.
The hands are softened with honey and lemon. Like toothpastes.
sage leaves are mixed with charcoal
wood, and a mixture of opium. The first treaties of
cosmetics and beauty appeared in France and Italy during
these centuries. In 1573, in Italy in the book of Catalina de
Sforza 'Experiments' has all kinds of recipes for
cosmetics and perfumery, writings about makeup and for
correct defects of the body. In Paris, Catalina Galigai,
Catalina de Médicis' friend opened the first Institute of
beauty. In the court of Elizabeth I of England, sage for bleaching became popular.
teeth, the geranium petals as red as lipstick. They also used products
dangerous like lead white to whiten the skin of the face and décolleté, products
a mercury-based product for coloring lips or removing stains, hair dyes
with lead sulfide, quicklime, and water.
Clothing
The Renaissance will be marked by the new paradigm of thought, which
It is anthropocentrism based on the idealization of the human figure. For this reason, it
the idea will be reflected in the development of the textile industry, the garments were
made by tailors, and adapts to the tastes of the clientele. Thanks to the improvement
of the media, especially maritime media with new techniques
Navigation instruments favored the transport of luxury goods.
The most important textile industries are: Lyon, Antwerp, Flanders. Clothing.
Female: The basic outfit was a white linen long-sleeved undershirt,
about her a contrasting color high-waisted dress. By the end of the century the neckline
made in a V shape up to the waistline, a piece of rigid fabric was added to
cover the chest in an inverted triangle style called tassel. The sleeves opened to
the height of the shoulders and elbows, at the back, to let show through
the openings of the garment's sleeves.

Women's clothing of the era

• The shirt: This garment is the innermost that women wear, there were two
loose-fitting shirt that hangs off the body, long down to the feet, and shirts
very fitted with laces on one side. In the Renaissance, these shirts
they had embroidered with colored silks.
• The tassel: A piece of rigid fabric shaped like a small V added to the neckline of the
I am to cover the chest and adjust to the torso.

• The saya or brial: Between the 15th and 16th centuries, the term saya definitively replaces
brial alterno. Around 1530 the skirt could be 'low skirt', because it had a neckline,
a ruff was placed over the neckline and when there was no neckline it was
called "high-waisted skirt", it is a dress with rich fabric, with a train and a wide skirt
what becomes fashionable in Spain. The verdugado appears to support this
skirt. The false sleeves, as we have explained, according to historians, are from
Flamenco origin.
• The verdugado: It was the most outstanding invention of the Renaissance, structure
rounded that shaped the skirt. It was used for the first time at court
Spanish in 1468. The verdugado is like a framework in the shape of a ring, made of
base of the executioner's branch (tree) or, wicker, wire or wood and covered with
cloth or guata and these rings were sewn on the inside of the skirts. There was
three types of wedding rings: the drum type very popular in France, the reduced and
the Spanish of the bell.

• The gouging: another style characteristic of the Renaissance, resulting from a defeat of
Carlos the Bold in 1477. When the Swiss fell upon his troops in
Nancy, they cut into strips her tents, banners, and the army's uniforms.
they tied their torn dresses with strips of fabric. In the
the cut dress is a style where the seams are open or cut
and they leave the lining visible.
• Corset or breastplate: These two pieces are from the 16th-17th century.
Museum of Fashion of Madrid. These corsets are made of wrought iron, made by
gunsmiths who worked on other weapons and armor that were used for
the war. But these are of women as their filigree and shape on the chest thus
It seems so. The full shape corset, made up of three pieces, in order to
attach it to the body, the piece at the back connected by hinges to the ones at the front
that are joined in the center of the body with some fasteners. There they put the poor
doncella en plena tortura, no sé cómo terminaría la recepción o acto en el que
she was wearing the suit and underneath this, of course with a corset size if she fainted
She remained stiff. I have to say that I have not found any bibliography where this is...
"bustier" worn by the woman. But if the other called "chest cardboard" that
it could be made of iron or wood. However, during the reign of Philip II
the trend of wearing lined or structured leather bras became established
with cardboard and slats. This corset aimed to achieve a body
rigid and a reduced size. It's not surprising that queens died young
carrying such devices, which also distorted the body in such a way that
they affected the bone skeleton preventing a healthy motherhood, this type of
clothes were only used by ladies of high birth.
• The ruff: It is another element that appears in dressing over the course of time.
from the Renaissance. It is a garment that is both feminine and masculine. It began
gathering the neckline of a shirt with a cord, giving the appearance of a
steering wheel. In the end, it became an independent garment, the cause was the
appearance of starch as it gave the garment a stiffness when ironing it.
special to keep it stiff The starch was made in Flanders and arrived at
England in 1560. The ruffles of the collar were folding more and more,
uncomfortably protruding, to keep the ruff it was placed underneath
a wire support covered with strips of silk, later they were made of
fabric with golden or silver lace edges.

• The ruff: It appears in 1590 as a fashionable piece that complements the

dress and cover the neckline and remains for half a century of the 17th century, is used
both for men and women, it changes in model and size with it
time. It is more elegant than the ruff. It seems to have been introduced in Spain to
through Flanders.
20th Century

Hairstyles
From 1901 to the year 2000, the changes and transformation of customs
they were so great that they covered almost all possibilities: from elegance
Victorian and classic from the beginning of the century, to the carefree long hair of
the hippies in the '60s, up to all imaginable hairstyle styles: punk, rasta,
hippie, etc. The industrial and technological advances, unique in History for their
speed and development were reflected in different hairstyles throughout
of the century. But, above all, it is important to highlight that during the 20th century - and from there
forward-, those who impose fashion, that is, the symbols of "fashion" will no longer be
more the princes or the nobility, the aristocracy. The new phenomenon of the cinematograph,
first the silent cinema and then the talking one, will create, in its massive penetration and
popular, new models: the film artists. They will be the ones who dictate the
trends from now on; people will imitate them in their hairstyles, their clothing.
and even their manners.

The investment of the permanent

• At the beginning of the century, women's hair
they still used relatively long ones, and they
they waved to achieve a better appearance. The
the waving method was devised by Marcel
Grate, with a hot tongs that only served
for long hair. As the hair
they started using shorter ones, a new method
it was necessary to preserve the wave.
first to develop a corrugating system
the permanent hairstylist and hairdresser was German
Karl Nessler (later Charles Nestle), in 1905.
He patented the system in Germany in 1906, which
consisted of a complex of rollers in which
she would curl her hair, connected to a machine that heated them up through
of an electric resistance. The rollers were kept away from the scalp
by a system of counterweights. First, sodium hydroxide (soda
caustic) and then it was heated. The process took about 6 hours. Nessler
he first tested the method in Paris on a woman, Katharina Laible, to whom he
burned all her hair and part of her scalp twice. Then she got married to
she. In 1915 Nessler went to the US and discovered numerous forgeries of his
 patent. Then he opened beauty salons in New
York re-patented the improved system,
under the laws. During the first decade of the century,
women's hairstyles were very similar
to those at the end of the 19th century: they continued to be used

rounded "Marcel" and the style "Gibson Girl". The

revolution came after the First World War
World. Women began to wear their hair
short, no lower than the earlobe,
it was a true innovation. This style meant
the new model of woman of the time: more
independent, more practical, with more freedom of movement. This style is
called the

The style had numerous variations: with straight hair, or also wavy, and with
different types of cuts.
The first hair dryers and perm machines

The decade of 1920-1930 had two technological contributions regarding hair: the
development of the first portable hair dryer and improvements in machines
permanents.
• The first portable hair dryers were
heavy, weighing about 1 kg., made of steel
and five, and they emitted little current: only about 100
watts, which made it necessary to need a lot
time for drying. They were, moreover, dangerous.
due to the risk of electrocution when entering
contact with water. Over time and
until today, they would be evolving until
become more powerful and secure. Currently First AEG hair dryer,
they have a sensor that automatically interrupts the electrical circuit
when it detects an overload, and has a heat emission of 2000 watts.

• The perm machines were improved in this decade by the Swiss.

Eugene Suter and the Spaniard Isidoro Calvete. They developed a tubular system.
in which two were inserted
coils inside a tube of
aluminum. The lock of hair
rolled inside the tube in
spiral, and this allowed that the
hair near the root, thicker,
would receive more heat than that of the
point. Then there were variations and
improvements in the system, such as the one of Machine for
I Call machine, 1925 permanent, 1938
check Josef Mayer in 1924, and the
African American Marjorie Joyner in 1928, who patented a machine in which
the hair was rolled into cylinders. Calvete's company, ICall, was created in 1934 a
system in which the tubes were disconnected from the current when applied,
The heat was decreasing until the end of the operation. In 1938, Arnold F.
Willat invented the 'cold wave', which was a precursor to the perm.
The system consists of rolling the hair on rollers and applying a lotion.
ammonium thioglycolate reducer, which cuts the protein chain at the
keratin that gives elasticity to the hair. Then an oxidizing lotion is applied,
hydrogen peroxide, which allows shaping the hair.
• In 1935, a hairstyle competition was held in London.
with permanent, the Hairdressing Fashion Show, and the first
the award was for a permanent made with an ICall
Machine from the era. You can see the very short hair,
bicolor dye, and an elegant design with a style
typically art-deco.

• During the 1930s and 1940s, after the Great

Depression that affected the economy of the entire world in 1929, the styles
feminines will be somewhat more natural, although always with a tendency towards
permanents. The hair will be worn longer, up to the neck, and they will start
to make platinum blondes fashionable, like Jean Harlow.

• After World War II (1939-1945), there

they produce very important sociological changes,
based on the unprecedented experience so far of the
explosion of the nuclear bombs in Hiroshima and
Nagasaki. The philosophy
existentialist begins to take
importance; a trend that
marks the absurd of a
existence that can disappear at any moment
moment, a social feeling of general helplessness and
of loss of estimation of moral values
established. The manifestations of existentialism are
and in literature and art in general. And, of course, they transfer to the
fashion and customs, which are always the best expression of thought
social. In France, Juliette Greco and other artists mark a new style of
dressing and styling hair; in the 'caves' of London, the 'beatnik' music groups
they will also present a new style of discontent: longer hair,
hairstyles with bangs, sideburns.
• The initial look of the Beatles in the '60s. The hair
they will be more open, more free: everything is a manifestation
of discontent with the thoroughness of the generations
previous. James Dean, in
his films East of Paradise
and Rebel Without a Cause will make a style fashionable that
thousands of young people from that time will repeat.
then, other hair will become famous: for
example, that of Marilyn Monroe, the undisputed diva
from the 50s. At that time, Gina Lollobrigida is The
Most beautiful woman in the world, like the title of her
famous film from 1955, and other women will use it
very short hair, like Audrey Hepburn, who also always kept it
of its natural color, chestnut, and never accepted to dye it.
• The late 1960s marks another revolution.
important in customs and fashion. Under the slogans of
"forbidden to forbid" and "imagination to power", thousands of
young people around the world are protesting
against the system of received values. The styles of
hair and clothing become bolder, more
daring. The countercultural movement of the hippies
they appear at that moment: they are liberals, pacifists, they
they oppose the Vietnam War and the use of nuclear weapons;
"peace and love" is the symbol of their philosophy. Their styles
the clothing and hairstyle become so popular that
they end up being used even by those who do not share
its principles. Around 1968, an English model marks
another feminine style: Twiggy, with her short hair and her
stylized figure. In 1967, the first opera is presented.
rock on off-Broadway stages: the musical Hair, which
clearly shows all hippie hairstyles and
also one that had started to become very fashionable
and then it would become popular: the afro. In this show, the
Hair is the main way to express protest against the
social values. From all these cultural manifestations, the look of the
people will open to infinite variations, and all different styles will be accepted.
During the '50s and '60s, Brigitte Bardot appeared in French films.
seducing male viewers with her long and sensual hair.

• The 1960s, and especially its final years,

marked a turning point in customs and a
cultural opening unknown until then. Of
somehow, they broke the
generalized molds up to that
moment; each social sector, or
each individual adapted their
clothing or their styles of
hair how it seemed to them that
They should use it. The Beatles
they changed their looks and in their latest music albums they were seen with hair
very long and bushy beards.
• During the '70s, the freedom to wear long hair or however it looks best to the
the personality of each one is practically total. The phenomenon of music
Jamaican will bring, with Bob Marley, a new trend inspired by the look of the
Rastafari religion. Bo Derek, in her movie '10', had a similar style, with her
blonde hair. In general, during this decade, men wore long hair, with
wide sideburns, in some cases beards, and women with very long hair,
or very structured permanents, in the shape of a helmet. Farrah Fawcett also
he imposed a very loose and natural hair style.

• During the 1980s, all these styles will still be present, and will
it will add one more; the 'yuppie' style ('young urban professional'). A reaction
stylistics of the young conservatives who aligned with the values
traditionalists of the establishment and did not share liberal ideas. They were, therefore
general, young executives, Wall Street staff, etc., with a much more stylish
more careful and tidy. In the '80s, women wore big hairstyles, almost
always styled with gel or mousse, and bolder colors were incorporated,
like blue or red for dyes. On the other hand, they were being sectorized.
appearances of urban groups, and different styles became fashionable,
more daring, like the skinhead, punk, or gothic. The skinhead was a style
with short, shaved hair, who was born in the late 1960s among the class
London worker, as a reaction against long hair of
the hippies. Then the movement became politicized, primarily towards the right and
neo-Nazism, and finally the hairstyle became fashionable among those who
I would like to use it. The punk subculture emerged around the mid-1970s and
it expanded more strongly in the '80s. It was a reactionary subculture against the
values of society, with a tendency towards leftism and liberalism in politics,
with anti-fashion, anti-capitalist, anti-racist, anti-militarist values,
anarchists and vegetarians. The punk look tends to impress with abundance
tattoos, and a dramatic use of clothing, jewelry, and hairstyles, among which
the most well-known is the hair completely shaved on the nape and on the sides and the
 hair raised in a mohawk style. The English player David Beckham
usó mucho tiempo este estilo de cabello. Durante los '80 los skinheads, cuando
they live their strongest presence and revival, they will be influenced in their appearances
by the punk style. Starting from the 1980s, all these urban styles
they become institutionalized, losing the essential strength of their political and social message, and
they then simply become trends, used by anyone, without
import your ideology.

• In the '90s, more unisex styles became popular.

Indeed, beauty salons have been around for years.
they had taken the tendency to be indistinct for
both sexes. One of the most popular styles of that
the decade was grunge, which had its highest exponent
Kurt Cobain, from the band Nirvana. His hair was left
fibrous and disorderly, and it should not be washed so that
hope that form; those who washed it, then they
they applied ointments so that it didn't look washed. Another
style, more for women, that was heavily used by Kate
Moss, for example, was the heroin chic, which was the hair.
also fibrous and often punctuated with algae or other materials
unusual. This look was accompanied by a very slim body, very skin
pale and with dark circles under her eyes, tending to have a rather androgynous style. In 1994
Jennifer Aniston plays the character of Rachel in the television series
weekly 'Friends' and appeared with a hairstyle that would soon be
widely popular, the 'Rachel' style. Men started to wear cuts
very short on the sides and the hair spiked up in the middle,
armed with gel, and light beards. Never in this decade was it used so much.
hair dye. One way to dye from this era was to dye hair with
light colors and leave the roots dark.
Makeup
The origin of the word makeup comes from the term makeup, which means
painting of the faces of theater actors in the 19th century in France. However,
over time it has evolved to adapt to the different
needs and trends. Although it dates back to prehistoric times, the true boom
as we know it today dates back to the early 20th century, and from there
has changed in each decade.

1910
• At that time, the use of makeup was already developed, although it
I preferred that the result be as natural as possible. The pink powders of
Helena Rubinstein was the most suitable for adding color to the skin. At that time.
Elizabeth Arden founded her first beauty salon, who was the American rival.
by Helena Rubinstein. Both convinced the ladies of high society to
that they should undergo periodic facial treatments, which always
they began with the application of hot steam to clean the skin.
1920
• The 1920s was one of the most revolutionary decades of the 20th century. The female gender
completely transformed. Women wore red lips, short hair, and eyes
painted with dark shadows. This was one of the boldest decades. It was
a time of radical change. Max Factor was responsible for different
cosmetic innovations such as the creation of the first foundation until
and the use of false eyelashes.

1930
In this decade, makeup products were more accessible to women.
Every social class was inspired by movie icons such as Greta Garbo and Marlene.
Dietrich, with a very light face, with thin, round eyebrows and thin lips.
1940
The 1940s were a time of austerity in which women could not
makeup due to the lack of products and the crisis, therefore makeup during
this decade was completely simple and natural if not nonexistent.

1950
The woman of this decade is always well-groomed, with very heavy makeup and
colorful. The greatest exponent of this era is Marilyn Monroe who conveys the
joy of the end of the war. The fluid base emerges for the first time and is finally applied.
in the natural tone of the skin, the shadows are worn in blue or green tones, the eyebrows
they gain prominence and apply mascara abundantly.
1960
Starting in the 1960s, the revolution for women began, along with the evolution of
makeup. Women now appear provocative and with more makeup.
exaggerated. One of its leading exponents is Twiggy.

1970
The concept of beauty treatment is becoming increasingly important and appears
the moisturizing cream from Lancôme. One opts for everything more natural. Dior, Chanel, Yves Saint
Laurent and all the great designers surprised with their makeup lines. A
One of the main exponents of the 70s is Farrah Fawcett.
1980
It becomes a decade of revolution and excess. Crimped hairstyles and eye makeup.
completely in black, lips in striking colors, tanned skin and lots of mascara
The eyelashes were the keys to the makeup of this era without rules.

1990
Trends come and go, after a great excess a simple trend arrives and
minimalist. Although trends from the 30s, 40s, 50s, 60s, or 70s were being rescued.
The skin becomes very tanned due to the exposure to UVA rays, and appears the
gloss.
2000
In the 2000s, top models set the trends, during this stage, they returned the
color, but discreet, with peach, pink, and gold tones, lip gloss and subtle blush.
Makeup is influenced by the emergence of mineral products, the eyes in
black, intense eyeliner, and neutral lips.
Clothing
One hundred years is too long; especially if seen through the eye of the
fashion industry. Throughout this time, thousands of trends have stepped onto the
catwalks and representing the cultural movement through iconic garments and pieces, a
another one.

Designers took advantage of social changes, revolutions, and conjectures.

historical to nourish the culture of fashion; styling, trends, and garments that go
from the bikini to the platforms marked a before and after in history and
In an effort to recognize their impact, we gathered the most influential articles from the medium.
to summarize what the 20th century meant when we talk about fashion.

1900: The Corset

• At the beginning of this century, the 'hourglass figure' was the beauty standard.
stronger and more constant. The woman's body was shaped by silhouettes
oppressors that created the illusion of lower and upper volumes, at levels
unhealthy.

• Over time, women began to protest the radicalization of the corset and
the struggle bore fruit: functional garments were introduced and the designs of
the accessories began to be more understandable with the pressure they applied.

sticking plasters
1910: Fitted skirts
• The replacement piece of the corset, not because Paul Poiret wanted to liberate women from
he, but only because he wanted to gain fame with his creation of the silhouette 'La Vage',
practically a corset, but for the legs.

• The "locked skirt" was tight and prevented movements.

tiny. In the designer's words: "I have liberated their torsos, but I have tied them up
the legs" because if there was someone who knew about irony, it was Poiret.

1920: 'flapper' dresses

• The great love story between fashion and youth. This style of clothing emerged
from the flapper aesthetic, with dresses that accentuated the bust and the waist
discreetly, adding feathers, jewels, and glass arrangements. For the moment
in which they entered the women's closets, they were labeled as a 'challenge'
to the beauty ideals of the moment. However, it served as a stepping stone for the
introduction of the little black dress
1930: the bias cut
• During this time, most North American clients stopped traveling.
to Paris to shop at fashion houses, which affected the French industry and
it pushed the unemployment rate by at least 10,000 people.

• The best solution the industry found in response to the Great Depression was cinema.
Bette Davis, Jean Harlow, and Madeleine Vionnet popularized the dresses of
they turned it into the new glamorous trend.

1950: 'the new look'

• Christian Dior defined the 1950s thanks to the 'New Look'. With
the consequences of the war still recent, the wastages of fabric and the skirts
with flight they were a light in the darkness.
1960: the miniskirt
• Another chaos for society. The arrival of such a "tiny" garment generated
controversy and uproar among conservatives. Although it is not known exactly
whether its creation came first from Mary Quant or André Courrèges, the fact is that
it served as a good symbol of freedom for the movements
claiming.

1970: platforms
• The seventies played with wide-brimmed cowboys and high heels
thick and synthetic fabrics. In New York, the disco style was the trend,
while in London the punk aesthetic was promoted by Vivianne
Westwood.
1980: leggings
• The eternal enemies of anyone with common sense. In the eighties.
the fitness craze made leggings gain ground and become
in the most used piece; in addition to work clothes because women
they were getting closer to the workplace.

1990: less is more

• In this decade, simplicity and minimalism reigned; with colors like black, gray and
white dyeing most fashion pieces.

2000: the 'Juicy' uniform

• Yes, the classic from the 2000s. All the shiny and velvety things it could offer.
Juicy Couture was sold out in stores. Special thanks to Paris Hilton,
Jennifer Lopez and Britney Spears.
Twenty-first century

Hairstyles
Now, in the 21st century or current era, we no longer speak of fashion but of trend.
That is to say, it seeks to suggest more than to impose. The designers of large houses
fashion sets trends on the runways. Like fashion, makeup, haircuts and hairstyles
are changing, depending on the seasons. Nowadays, cosmetics have
turned into a constantly innovating industry, in which all the
new products in the market.

Cortes 'Current Era'

A good haircut is synonymous with freedom. The whims of fashion are many,
the hair has increased or decreased in volume, has remained long or
short, straight or wavy, dark or light. Nowadays, every woman can find a
a haircut that fits like a glove to your features, style, and way of life,
It is to seek that touch of softness, sweetness, and youthfulness in the features. We can have
a suitable cut considering the shape of the face as it tends to give us a look
appropriate, we have different faces as follows:

• Round face
• Elongated face
• Square face
• Oval face
• Face heart
Cuts "Round face"
For this type of face, those with blunt bangs and soft layers are suitable since
they provide movement, but without being too bulky. We have:
• Asymmetrical: The irregular cut that mixes strands of different lengths is
ideal for this type of faces.

• Long layers: If you tend to wear it with a part in the middle, you can leave your hair long.
with long layers at shoulder height.
 • Bob: A quite short cut above the shoulders, looks good on you.
round faces as long as it looks loose and has some movement.

Cuts 'Elongated face'

• In general, they are thin-faced and without too many angles. The best way to
disguising an elongated face is usually done with bangs.
accompanied by a cut that does not go beyond the shoulders and in several layers.
The faces of this type have: medium manes, wavy or curly.

Half Moon Wavy Curly

Square face cut
• If you are interested in softening the square shape of your face, you can do it.
giving volume to the top of your hair with a soft layered cut
the staggered. The recommended cuts are:

Bob in cape Layered short Waves Long and straight

Cuts 'Oval face'

• This type of face looks good with any haircut. It is the face
considered perfect, the most harmonious. The recommended cuts are:

Straight bangs Line in the middle and waves Mohawk

Cuts 'Face Heart'
Any length is suitable for this type of faces. With this type of faces, you should
avoid short styles above the maxilla as they will make the upper half of
face appears wider.
• Side part: A well-defined haircut to one side with bangs as well.
a sweep and not too long helps to highlight the eyes.

• Long layers with waves: To disguise a heart-shaped face, long layers are the way to go.
the line in the middle. If the waves end at the tips it is even more flattering.
Current Era Hairstyles
A hairstyle is the way to wear the hair. This task is done by a hairdresser or stylist.
in a room. There are different types and they vary according to the seasons, varying with
fashion. The hairstyle can change based on a haircut or through
the way it is styled. In ancient times, hair was a symbol of vitality. For this reason, it has
has always been the object of attention and care. The dignity and social status of
man could be appreciated by the length of his hair.

• Long hair was worn by those born free, the nobles, the warriors, and the
gods.
• They wore short hair, mainly in Roman cultures, the slaves,
the servants and workers, which provided this hygiene to a greater extent.

Classic Hairstyles
When we think of the word classics, our mind automatically...
It directs in something ancient and it is not so since they are simple and harmonious hairstyles, although
elegant.

Piled up with braids

Innovative Hairstyles
Choosing an innovative, different hairstyle that matches your style is easier than
It seems that you just like him and feel good with him. There are plenty of
hairstyles for all tastes, it all comes down to being satisfied and always looking good
beautiful.

Fantasy Hairstyles
Fantasy hairstyles become important during the holiday season.
it started with Halloween, includes the celebrations of December and New Year's, and
It concludes with different festivals and carnivals in February.

Gothic Hairstyles
Goth hairstyles can be easier and hippie ones, much more elaborate yes
what you want is dreadlocks or braids all over your hair. To make hairstyles like that would be
It's important to have voluminous hair or curly hair.
Makeup
For many women, including myself, makeup has ceased to be a mere
routine task that you perform before leaving and has become an artistic activity
that allows you to express yourself and experiment with different techniques, colors, resources and
effects. However, the world of makeup offers endless possibilities that
They are not even close to being explored. We can do more than just apply a few
dusting off powder or touching up our eyes with eyeliner, and unfortunately, many do not
they know.

• What are the different types of makeup?

It is important to highlight that these are divided into two groups: the intense makeup and the
nude" or natural makeup. Makeup styles can be classified in many ways.
forms, but those are the two most common groups.

The standard daytime makeup, the daytime makeup with highlighted touches, and the makeup
photographic falls into the category of natural. On the other hand, theatrical makeup, the
night makeup and smoky eye makeup fall into the category of
intense.

Any other makeup style will fall into one of these two categories and it is your duty
identify which one fits best in each context, to have a better idea of the look
ideal to achieve.

• What combinations work?

Although makeup is used to blend colors at your leisure, there are some rules.
general principles that will help you guide you until the moment of combining colors. From
In that way, you will know what results you will have and which ones are better.

To begin with, the tone of the makeup should be compatible with the iris of the eyes.
for example, green eyes stand out with reddish, orange, and violet tones.

Brown eyes stand out with warm and cool tones, whether brown, golden, or green.
the blues, On the other hand, blue eyes stand out with soft tones like pink and orange.

Last but not least, there are the dark eyes. Some
people internalize the effects that can be achieved on dark-toned eyes, it
which is very far from reality. It is precisely in these cases when the
the contrast of palettes with tropical and warm tones takes center stage.
Metallic tones also create a beautiful effect, which you can enhance.
with a white eyeliner pencil that will enhance the intensity of the gaze.

A fact about a common mistake you must avoid at all costs when learning as a rule.
In general, cool tones should not be mixed with warm tones, as
they will project an overloaded and confusing image.

Remember to have fun above all things, it will help you express yourself and get to know the
features of your face, how to highlight each one of them and project yourself to the world confidently
of yourself.

• Everyday makeup
As its name suggests, this is the makeup that
you apply yourself when going out to do your activities
daily. It is usually easy to apply and quite
simple, as it generally consists of a
first phase with light base and a soft tone.

However, you can work on it a little more and

include blush or lipstick to give a more look
complete. You can also use it to correct the
skin imperfections such as spots, dark circles and
acne, or if you also want to hide your freckles.

You can also complete it with a highlighter for tabs that matches with
the tone of your hair. A brown highlighter pairs well with light hair or
reddish, and a black highlighter goes well with dark hair.

But speaking in general, this makeup can be used with

any kind of products, as long as they all have the same quality
of manufacturing and be suitable for your skin tone.

• Day makeup with highlighted touches

This is somewhat similar to the previous one and is lighter than the nighttime makeup,
but it is also a bit heavier than regular daytime makeup and
current, and presents brighter tones where shades usually predominate
roses, golds, and browns.
 This type of makeup also usually involves a slightly pink blush.
that is distributed compactly over the cheekbones. If you are looking for a more
sophisticated, you can complete it with a
brown eye contour and a little bit of shadow
with warm tones.

But if you're looking for a chic finish, you can get yourself

a line that leaves a little tail at the end of the

eyes (cat eye or Egyptian effect), and use a
red lipstick or more pink than the shade of
your own lips. This look is fresh, natural and
it will catch everyone's eye.

It is worth noting that this style is the one that

It is generally used when recording videos and movies, as the screen magnifies.
los efectos de la piel. Por ende, debes usar productos que dejen un acabado
natural with quite a bit of precision and use a durable and consistent color.

• Theatrical makeup
From here, the intensity of the makeup increases considerably.
since, at least in this case, it is necessary to use more concentrated products and
saturated because you should choose a look
pigmented, long-lasting and that exaggerates the
facial expressions of the wearer.

As its name suggests, this is used in the

theater plays or in music recitals
where actors have to put on makeup to
to portray a character. In these cases,
It is generally recommended to highlight the eyes.
with shadows that are of the same color and tone
of the iris, it will create a hypnotizing effect.

Intense shades for lips are also recommended, but this will depend
of the context and the considerations of the makeup artist. The blush is also very
common, but unlike the previous positions, here the blush is
pigmented, has saturated tones, leaves a matte finish.
• Makeup for photos
 This is the makeup used for photo shoots and
It is much less dense than theatrical makeup.
However, to achieve the right look
you need special products that enhance your
facial expressions in front of the camera.

Here you can choose classic colored lipsticks.

red or pink, accompanied by some shadows for
dark eyelids and an eyeliner of the same tone. Here
neatness is also given great importance and
skin brightness, as well as to smooth the
imperfections.

• Night makeup
If daytime makeup is usually used for routine activities, makeup
At night it is used to go to parties, weddings, or other more glamorous events.

Now, nighttime makeup always seeks

create elegant and somewhat elaborate looks. For
this, the most common is to use intense colors,
mix them how you createappropriate y
experiment with them. Make them very intense
it will not matter, because the light dims everything
makeup.

Here the shadows should not be the same tone as the iris, since this makeup
stands out more for creating a chiaroscuro effect where tones are used
complementary. In addition, it is recommended that the lips be colored
red or fuchsia, but with vibrant tones.

On the other hand, it is important that the blush powder is from the same range.
that the lipstick is applied so that the whole set has harmony. Also
you can add an eyeliner that gives more intensity to your gaze.

That said, keep in mind that if you reload your eyes with intense colors, then your
lips should be lighter and vice versa. As I told you, here is the chiaroscuro
It matters a lot.
Clothing
• The twenty-first century faces a problem: all fashion has already been invented.
the resolution then is to modernize the fashions of previous centuries with
modern materials that are always within a practicality. They are maintained
cowboys and miniskirts and long skirts and wide pants are back. The
height del pants varies
enormously every two years and
they introduce pieces from others
cultures (the messed up pants,
the Indian shirts). It is amazing
that we do not wear Greek tunics,
although we do wear sandals
inspired by Greek footwear, in
summer. In any case, what is spectacular about this century regarding
to others is that there is no uniform fashion. In previous centuries the
the female attire was one way and the male attire was another, within certain
personal and class differences, everyone dressed the same. Now there are no two.
people wearing the same thing. One is wearing pants and a sweater and the one next to her is wearing a skirt.
long coat, and the one over there is wearing a miniskirt and a T-shirt.

• The fashion of the 21st century is like the fashion itself

21st century, ephemeral and instantaneous like the internet, global
And total, like our economy, and each time it is
manifest more on social networks. The icons are
now athletes, artists or influencers to whom we
imitate in order to feel as powerful as them.
A century worthy of analysis, calmly, within a few
years, where we will meet again to tell you
how social changes continue to influence
our way of understanding fashion. this century is based on
in diversity.
Materials used today
There are increasingly more different types of fabrics and materials for making
clothing that is used: plant-based, artificial, synthetic, animal origin materials.
So, when we are going to choose a piece of clothing, we often doubt whether the
the materials with which it has been made are the most suitable for the tasks
what we are going to do.

Cotton
The first type of material for making
the clothing that we are going to talk about is the

cotton, the fabric par excellence. This has

has become a classic because with its
infinite finishes (velvet, denim,
muslin) is found in all kinds of
garments.

2. Polyester
Secondly, we find
the polyester. The most fabric
outstanding of the twentieth century, as
its multiple properties it
stand out among others
materials. This fabric is made of
easy to wash and does not need
iron, moreover, does not shrink.
However, as a negative point, we could say that it is a product
derived from petroleum and therefore is not natural.

3. Linen
Flax, for its part, is a plant
specifically cultivated for the
clothing manufacturing. It is about a
very lightweight fabric that is usually used in
garments summery. The unique
the drawback of this is that the
garments made of linen are
they wrinkle very easily.
4. Lana
On the other hand, we have another of the outstanding materials. It may have been
one of the first that was used in the
history for making clothes.
When we talk about wool, we usually
to think about the 'hair' that covers the body
of the sheep, however, also
there is llama or alpaca wool, among others
animals. Some of their main
Characteristics include warmth, its
condition of thermal insulator and,
Furthermore, it is a material that repels water. In summary, wool is
a material for making clothing used almost since the beginning of
times.

5. Silk
Silk is a fabric used for centuries by the upper classes, which is why it is a
symbol of distinction and power. It is
originating from China and is produced by
the famous silkworm, which,
eating mulberry leaves, produces
liquid silk that hardens in
filaments to form its cocoon. It is
a fabric characterized by a high
softness and an intense shine that is tinted
easily. Moreover, it is very comfortable
for warm climates and also provides warmth in the cold. In the case of the
work uniforms, silk is commonly used for shirts or blouses for the sector
services or for hospitality.

6. Nylon
Nylon is another synthetic fiber that originates from
of a polymer. It began to be used in the century
XX y, currently, is not only used for the
manufacturing of garments for the industry of the
fashion, in the equipment industry
protection is also used. Think, for
example, in some safety gloves.
 Lycra
Lycra is a synthetic fiber.
also known as elastane
that is normally combined
with other materials for the
clothing making. It usually does not
to be used individually, but
that mixes with other fabrics
to provide them with the elasticity that
these do not have. Their characteristic
more valued is what it contributes to
any garment offers incredible comfort, as it can stretch up to 7
times without losing their size at rest.

Trendy dresses 2022

The black dress in a minimal key

This year you will wear the little black dress (or little dress)
black) in its most 90s version. Through a
sober design, without embellishments and with a clean silhouette
what invokes Kate Moss or Jennifer Aniston.
Incombustible, you will be able to rescue it season after
season. How to wear it? With some sandals of
stripes and a special bag to achieve the summer look
definitive.
The cut out dress
Revealing a few centimeters of skin is in fashion. And the
dresses with strategic openings one of the garments
most sought after of the new season. Even the queen
Letizia has dared with this trend that the
fashion experts have also put into practice.

3. The white and romantic dress

White dresses are for summer.
Compatible with everything you set out to do and
capable of adding an extra brightness to the look,
they are always a safe bet. This season
they acquire a certain romantic connotation through
embroidery or lace.
4. The wide pants
Wide dress palazzo jeans.
oversized pants corner skinny ones for
become the favorite choice of insiders.
Among its strengths, it is worth mentioning that in addition to being

comfortable fall adds an extra touch of elegance. The

The first commandment to follow them is to play.
contrast and combine them with a top garment
tightened.

The white pants

Thanks to its chameleon-like power and a cool vibe, the
white pants (jeans or not) are the
perfect alternative to classic blue jeans. To the
time to combine them, they accept all kinds of
options, but there are two big favorites: in
total look version with a blazer or shirt of
same tone or with a top in a striking color that
make contrast.
The miniskirt
From Prada, to Dior passing through Chanel. The
great fashion firms exalt the
mini skirt on the runway. And street style gives it
the go-ahead to turn it into the garment
essential. Stylists advise
combine it with flat shoes and never with a
a cropped top or a very eye-catching neckline.

7. The culottes
With the best of the two garments to which it owes its
denomination, presents the comfort of
pants and the femininity of a skirt.
8. The crop top
The abdomen is the new cleavage, according to trends.
from 2022. In addition to the dresses with slits
strategic, crop tops are responsible for leaving this
part of the anatomy in view. What's the tip? Soften the
boldness of this garment with one of a more serious nature
formal like a blazer or dress pants.

9. The blouse in lady style

With a bow at the neck, ruffles or lace, the blouse
more romantic positions itself as one of the garments
in which to invest this summer. Enough to
transform your jeans completely or make
special even the simplest black skirt.
The eternal white shirt
The basics also deserve a place in this.
list, which could not be missing a white shirt.
Bet on the most classic model, it will be a ace in
your wardrobe. When it comes to combining it, it allows
absolutely everything, even this year has
walking the red carpet at the Oscars.

11. A white bag

Able to give a trendy boost even to the look
more sober, the white bag is that accessory in
the one to invest. Just take a look at the
styles that surround Fashion Weeks
to notice that it is the favorite option
from the stylists and editors. You will find it everywhere
type of shapes and sizes, the color is what
It matters.
A patterned handkerchief
For its ability to transform and elevate any
styling the silk scarf is back as the accessory
star. As a top, like a bandana or decorating the
bag handle, you will be able to combine it (literally) with the
head to toe.

13. A special belt

To give the outfit a more personal touch,
accessories are essential. Bet on
a special belt, type sash or of
chain (the two favorite options of the
season) and you will make a difference.
14. The crab sandals
In partnership with brands like Max Mara
Oh Versace. You either love them or hate them, here
there is no middle ground. What is not
what we can deny is that they are among the most

comfortable.

15. Vinyl shoes

Zara has even dedicated a tab to them
own on your website. In different
versions, the shoes and sandals of
vinyl, therefore, transparent, have been
converted into the most wanted of
summer. There are many celebrities who already
they have been shod, Olivia Palermo and Marta
Ortega among them.

16. Retro style sneakers

White and classic. From the Vans Old School
to the Nike Air Jordan, the brands
Sports recover their sneakers
mythical, reissuing their most models
famous. The basic wardrobe staple in
as for sneakers.
The importance of a good professional image

Having a good professional image is important as it is the

the first impression that the customer gets. Clothing is key because
it is the outer and primary layer that is shown. The way of dressing is ours
cover letter. Anyway, if one wears a suit made to the
measure, but the attitude is not in line, it is useless. Another aspect
It is important to build trust if you want to gain clients or a job.
No one would choose a company or a professional that does not seem worthy of
confidence. Ultimately, having a professional image helps us attract
more clients, create more opportunities, put yourself ahead of the
competition and making yourself stand out among others.
Look for information about the following terms.

solution - A chemical solution is the homogeneous mixture of one or more substances

dissolved in another substance in greater proportion. A chemical solution is composed of
by solute and solvent. The solute is the substance that dissolves and the solvent is the one that does so.
dissolves. Chemical solutions can present the three states of matter:
liquid, solid, and gaseous. In turn, their solutes and solvents can also present
those three states.

solute - It is the substance that dissolves in a solution. Generally, the solute is a

solid (but it can also be a gaseous substance or another liquid) that dissolves
in a liquid substance, what creates a liquid solution.

solvent - Also known as dissolvent, it is the substance in which something dissolves.

solvent, generating a chemical solution as a result. Generally, the solvent
it is the component that is found in the greatest proportion in the solution.
miscible - It is the possibility, suspicion, or susceptibility of being mixed or
combined, what is capable of mixing, combining or incorporating one thing or element to
Another, this meaning is also known as mixable with the same meaning.

immiscible - This term is mainly said of a compound, element or

substance in particular that does not have the susceptibility, possibility or that cannot be
It is impossible to combine or mix them, as well as their lack of compatibility.

emulsion - It is a stable mixture attributable (if an emulsifier is added) and

homogeneous of two liquids that normally cannot mix, (they are immiscible)
between them), such as various oils like oil and water. When these two
Liquids that are in the same container are called phases.
Surfactants - It is an element that acts as a detergent, emulsifier, or wetting agent.
and that allows to reduce the surface tension present in a fluid. Generally, it
deals with substances that exert influence in the contact zone created between two
phases.

lipophilic - Refers to the ability of a chemical compound to dissolve in fats, oils

vegetables, lipids in general. In other words, the substance called lipophilic is the one that
it is affinity and soluble in lipids. Non-polar solvents such as hydrocarbons,
such as hexane or toluene. These non-polar solvents are themselves lipophilic
An axiom that dissolves similarly is often true.

alkalis- They are chemical substances produced from alkaline metals (elements
currents such as potassium, sodium, calcium, and magnesium). These substances transport
electric current and are soluble in water, creating soapy compounds that in
elevated concentrations can cause burns; its taste is bitter which
makes the sour flavor less sour.
 3
Conclusion

In conclusion, after having analyzed all the information

I learned that each person's hairstyles, makeup, and clothing
These periods are influenced by culture, beliefs, geography, and climate.
Every previous period, even if it was many years ago, always in the
the influences of the past are present. We have evolved in
how much the practice of beauty is more sanitary. The clothing is more
practical and comfortable, and everyday hairstyles don't have to be so
complicated. In addition, I found that many of the practices regarding
makeup can be harmful to our skin, eyes, and lips. A
ejemplo de esto fue el uso del mercurio, azufre, y plomo en el siglo XX, se
they used these to lighten the skin. They worked successfully, but the danger
It was about the side effects. These could be nausea, constant
headaches and many women died from poisoning from these
products. Women always had to look presentable and sometimes
these expectations forced them to extremes like in the previous example. In
the present these extremes are still seen with plastic surgery and the
Photoshop. These two aspects can cause insecurities in women.
they see perfect bodies and faces. Wanting to be beautiful is fine, but
Sometimes people forget about their inner beauty. Like once a
A professional makeup artist told me: "Makeup contributes to confidence."
a person, but you should never hide beneath him. We must
first accept our natural beauty and understand that makeup is
to highlight what already exists." - Alondra Ortolaza 2022
 4
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