Physics Temperature and Heat Calculations
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ScribdTranslationsPhysics Temperature and Heat Calculations
Translated by
ScribdTranslationsInteramerican University of Puerto Rico
Aguadilla Enclosure
Department of Science and Technology
General Physics I (PHYS 3001)
Temperature and Heat
Example #1:
Calculate the equivalent between the scales of degrees Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin for the
following temperature values:
a) 30 ºC
b) 105 ºF
c) 450 ºK
Solution:
9 9
a) T° F ºCT 32º 30º 32º 54 degrees32 degrees 86ºF
5 5
TK= T°C+273.15º=30º+273.15º=303.15ºK
5
b) T°C T° F32º 5 (105º)32º) 5
(73º) 40.56ºC
9 9 9
TºK= T°C+273.15º=40.56º+273.15º=313.71ºK
c)T°CTºK–273.15º=450º–273.15º= 176.85ºC
9 9
Tº F ºCT 32º 176.85º 32º 318.33º32º 350.33ºF
5 5
Example #2:
An evaluator uses a steel tape measure that is exactly 50.000 meters long.
a temperature of 20 ºC. What length does the measuring tape have on a hot summer day in the
that the temperature is 35 ºC?
Solution:
The concept of change in length due to a change in temperature is known as expansion.
thermal linear. In this case, we can use the equation Δl=αl0 ΔT to calculate the change in
length of the steel tape measure and then calculate the length of the tape measure by adding it
this change in length to its original length (l=l0+Δl). In this way, we have:
Initial conditions of temperature and length of the steel measuring tape:
T0= 20 ºC;l050,000 meters
The material of the measuring tape is steel (see Table #2 Unit 10):
αsteel= 1.2*10-5°C-1(average coefficient of linear expansion for steel)
The change in temperature (ΔT) is equal to:
ΔT = T - T0= 35 ºC–20 ºC = 15 ºC
The change in length of the steel measuring tape is equal to:
Δl=αzerol0ΔT= (1.2*10-5)(50,000)(15) = 0.009 meters
The new length of the steel measuring tape at a temperature of 35 ºC is equal to:
l=l0 +Δl= 50.0 metros + 0.009 metros = 50.009 metros
Example #3:
A common glass jar with a volume of 200 cm3it is filled to the brim with mercury at 20 ºC.
How much mercury will overflow if the temperature of the system rises to 100 ºC?
Solution:
The concept of change in volume due to change in temperature is known as expansion.
thermal volumetric. In this case, we can use the equation ΔV=βV0ΔT to calculate the
change in volume of the glass vial and the change in volume of the mercury (since both the
glass flask like mercury makes up the system that will increase in temperature) and then
calculate the volume of mercury that overflows by subtracting the change in volume of the bottle from
glass with respect to the change in volume of mercury said change in length to its length
original (Voverflowed mercury=ΔVmercury- ΔVcommon glass bottle). In this way, we have:
Initial conditions of temperature and volume of the glass jar and mercury:
T0= 20 ºC;Vcommon glass jar= 200 cm3;V0mercurio= 200 cm3
(both volumes are equal because the glass jar is completely filled with mercury)
The material of the vial is glass and it is filled with mercury (see Table #2 Unit 10):
α common glass= 4*10-6°C-1(average coefficient of linear expansion for common glass)
In this case, the average coefficient of volumetric expansion for common glass is ( )
it is calculated by: common glass(3)(αcommon glass) = (3)(4*10-6= 1.2*10-5°C-1
mercury= 1.8*10-4°C-1average coefficient of volumetric expansion for mercury
In this case, the value of the average coefficient of volumetric expansion for mercury is already
direct data in Table #2.
The change in temperature (ΔT) is equal to:
ΔT= T–T0= 100 ºC–20 ºC = 80 ºC
The change in volume of the glass jar is equal to:
Delta Vcommon glass jar=βcommon glassVcommon glass flaskΔT= (1.2*10-5(200)(80) = 0.192 cm3
The change in volume of mercury is equal to:
ΔVmercury=βmercuryV0mercurioΔT= (1.8*10-4(200)(80) = 2.88 cm3
The overflowed volume of mercury at a temperature of 100 ºC is equal to:
Voverflowing mercury=ΔVmercury- ΔVcommon glass jar= 2.88 cm3-0.192 cm32.69 cm3
Example #4:
The condition called standard temperature and pressure (STP) for a gas is defined as a
temperature of 0 ºC (273.15 ºK) and a pressure of 1 atm (1.013*105So if you want to maintain a
moles of an ideal gas in a room at TPE, what volume (in m)3and in liters) it must have the
container?
Solution:
If the ideal gas equation is used, we have: PV=nRT. It should be remembered that the value of
R= 8.31 J/(mol °K) if the pressure is in Pa, the volume in m3and the temperature in ºK. If it is
wants to know the volume of the ideal gas for the TPE condition, then we rearrange the equation
of ideal gas for volume and we have:
nRT(1)(8.31)(273.15)
PV nRT V 0.0224m3
P 1.013 * 10 5
If you want to know the volume in liters, the conversion from m is done.3and liters (1 m3= 1000
liters), so:
0.0224m3
1000 liters
22.4 liters
1m3
Example #5:
A common diving tank has a volume of 11.0 liters. The "empty" tank contains 11.0
liters of air at 21 ºC and 1 atm (1.013*105When the tank is filled with hot air from a
compressor, the temperature is 42 ºC and the gauge pressure is 2.10*107Dad. What mass
Was air added?
Note: Air is a mixture of gases: approximately 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1%
of other gases; its average molar mass is 28.8 grams/mol = 28.8 * 10-3kilograms/mol.
Solution:
First, you need to calculate the number of moles of air at 21 ºC ("empty" tank) and the number of
moles of hot air at 42 ºC (full tank) using the ideal gas equation.
For the 'empty' tank:
T 21ºC T K= T°C + 273.15º = 21º + 273.15º = 294.15ºK
1m3
Vm 3 11.0 liters 0.011m3
1000 liters
PV(1.013*105)(0.011)
PV nRT n 0.456 moles
RT (8.31)(294.15)
For the full tank:
T 42ºC T °K= T °C + 273.15º = 42º + 273.15º = 315.15ºK
1m3
Vm 3 11.0 liters 0.011m3
1000 liters
In this case of the full tank, the given value of the pressure (2.10*107It is manometric. So
By definition of the ideal gas equation, the pressure must be absolute.
(absolute pressure = gauge pressure + 1.013*105So:
Pabsolute Pmanometric 1.013*105 2.10 times 107 1.013 times 105 2.11 times 107Pa
PV(2.11*107(0.011)
PV nRT n 88.6 moles
RT (8.31)(315.15)
Now the difference in moles of air (between the full tank and the 'empty' tank) is calculated for
obtain the amount of moles of air added:
naggregates n tanhow full n tan what"empty" 88.6 moles 0.456 moles 88.14 moles
Finally, the aggregate mass of air is calculated using the average molar mass of air:
air massadded (naggregates(molar mass) (88.14mol)(28.8*10-3kg/mol 2.54kg
Example #6:
An 80 kg man had a fever of 39 ºC (the normal body temperature is 37 ºC).
Assuming that the human body is mostly water, how much heat was required to raise
is this amount your temperature?
Solution:
In this problem, we have to use the relationship between heat, mass, specific heat, and change of
temperature (Q = mcΔT). Using Table #3 of Unit 10, the value of specific heat (c)
for water it is equal to 4190 J/(kg ºK). In this way:
To calculate the change in temperature, each temperature must be in degrees Kelvin:
T 39ºC T K= T °C + 273.15º = 39º + 273.15º = 312.15ºK
T 37ºC T K= T °C+ 273.15º = 37º + 273.15º = 310.15ºK
Change in temperature (in degrees Kelvin):
ΔT = 312.15ºK - 310.15º = 2 ºK
Calculation of heat:
Q = mcΔT = (80)(4190)(2) = 6.7 * 105J
Example #7:
A Styrofoam box, better known as a beach cooler, has an area
(including the lid) of 0.80 m2and a thickness of 0.020 meters. The beach cooler is filled with
ice, water, and cans of soda at 0 ºC. Calculate the heat flow rate into the
It is cold if the outside temperature is 35 ºC.
Solution:
In this problem, Fourier's law of heat conduction is used to determine the rate of
heat flow (H). The value of thermal conductivity (k) for polystyrene foam is equal to
0.01 W/m ºK (see Table #4 of Unit 10). The value of the outside temperature will be T.2= 35 ºC
= 308.15 K and the value of the interior temperature will be T1= 0 ºC = 273.15 ºK. The area of the
freezer is equal to: A = 0.80 m2The thickness of the cooler is equal to: L = 0.020 meters.
Substituting all the values into Fourier's heat conduction law, we have that the flow
heat is equal to:
T T
H kA 2 1 0.010 .80 308.15 273.15 14 Julios/second. 14 Watts
L 0.020