Measurement and verification instruments of

linear and angular magnitudes

Aguilar Alfonso Julio Jorge Rafael Hernández Toscano

Index

• Basic instruments

• Caliper, dial, digital electros, depth

age.

• Micrometers (for interior depths, digital).

• Instruments for angular measurement (universal square, goniometer)

trigonometry, sine rule.

• Comparison instruments.
Basic instruments
What is a measurement instrument?
A measuring instrument is a device used to measure a physical magnitude. That is, a
A measuring instrument is a device that allows obtaining the value of a measurement.
For example, the measuring tape is a measuring instrument that is used to measure length.
Thus, with a measuring tape, we can determine how long an object is. The operation of
the measuring instruments are based on comparing the value to be measured with a standard, which is the
unit of measurement. Continuing with the same example, the tape measure compares a length with the
measure of one centimeter, such that the space occupied by the measured object is a number of
times the length of one centimeter.
Basic instruments
What is the graduated rule?
The graduated ruler is a measuring instrument used to determine lengths that are not very large.
Normally, the ruler allows measuring lengths of up to 30 cm. Graduated rulers are usually
thin and rectangular in shape. They are usually made of wood, plastic, or metal.
Most of the rulers made are 30 cm, but there are also other sizes such as for example
of 15 cm, 20 cm, 50 cm, or up to 100 cm. Keep in mind that the graduated ruler is one of the tools of
most used measurements in the entire history of humanity, as it is a very simple and useful instrument, moreover, it
used since ancient times.
Basic instruments
How the graduated rule works.
In general, the graduated ruler has two parts: the part that indicates the centimeters of the measurement and
the part that indicates millimeters. Centimeters are represented with numbers and lines more
large, while millimeters are the smallest stripes.
Keep in mind that one centimeter is equivalent to ten millimeters, so each centimeter of the ruler
It is divided into ten millimeters. To use a graduated ruler, it should be placed in the direction of the
length to measure and place the zero of the ruler at one end of the length. So that
la medida de dicha longitud será el valor que indique su otro extremo en la regla graduada.
Basic instruments
Types of graduated rules.
Primarily, graduated rules can be classified into the following types:
• Desk ruler: it is the most common type of graduated ruler. They are used for measuring.
straight longitudes and to draw lines.

• Foldable graduated ruler: a graduated ruler that can be folded, making it easier to store.
It usually measures between 1 and 2 meters, but when folded, it takes up approximately 20 cm. This type of ruler
graduated is commonly used in carpentry.

• Graduated rotary ruler: a graduated ruler that contains a cylinder inside it, which allows it to...
allows rolling on the surface on which it is used. For example, this type of ruler
Graduated instruments are used to draw circles.

• Measuring tape: it is a very long ruler, usually 2 meters or more, that can be used.
to roll up. The main advantage of this type of rules is that they are flexible and, therefore, also
allow measuring curved surfaces
Basic instruments
What is a Compass?
A compass is a measuring instrument used to determine the distance between two
points. It can be used to measure the length of a straight line, the diagonal of a square or the
radius of a circle. It can also be used to draw curved and concave lines. A compass is
a tool used to draw circles or arcs, and also to measure distances. It also
it's called an architect's square. The compass consists of two arms that can be adjusted in
length, and are connected by a central axis. One of the arms ends in a punch or quill,
while the other carries a pencil or pen.
Basic instruments
Use of the Compass.
Here is a step-by-step guide on how to use a compass:
Place the compass on the surface you want to draw on. Make sure the central axis is
placed at the point from where you want to start your circle or arc adjust the length of the arm with
the pen to determine the radius of the circle or arc you want to draw. To do this, simply
turn the button located at the top of the central axis.
When you have determined the length of the radius, use the pencil to trace your circle or arc. To do this,
press and hold the button located at the top of the central axis, and then turn the arms
of the compass around the center until completing its perfectly round geometric shape.
Basic instruments
Types of compasses for drawing.
• Type of piece: it is the most commonly used type of compass, where we can find a
one side ends in a point and the other side is for holding the instrument that makes the strokes.

• Dry tips: at both ends of their arms, it ends in tips, usually made of steel,
whose function is related to the taking and transport of measurements.
Basic Instruments
• Type of clamp: it is adjusted through a screw, its main function is to fix the
curvature radii. It is used for making small dimension lines and
circles with similar radii.

• Of a bomb: it is used in the drawing of small circles or arcs. One of its arms
it functions as a vertical axis, the other arm is the one that performs the function of rotating circularly
to make the stroke.
Basic instruments
What is a Steel Lane?
They are known as Laina or galga as a piece of laminated metal with a fixed thickness or gauge. This
they are usually used in the machining of parts for the verification of dimensions with tolerances, as well as
in processes where greater precision is necessary for leveling parts of a
machine, they are also used as a measuring instrument to indicate the thickness of materials
Very thin ones are generally made of carbon steel, stainless steel, brass, or aluminum.
among others.
Basic instruments
Types of laminates
Lianas can be found in different presentations. They can vary in shapes and sizes.
this depends on the characteristics of the machinery where it will be used or according to
the function that will be performed (shoehorn, adjuster, thickness gauge, etc.)
Your presentations are as follows:
• Laina in a roll.
• Laina Ranurada.
• Adjustment loan.
• Laina calibrator.
Basic instruments
Uses of Lainas.
The Lainas have the following uses in engines, compressors, pumps, and other equipment:
• Regulate pins, horns, automotive crowns.

• They are used as axial rolling bearings.

• They are used in the suspension and steering of cars.

• They maintain the height and adjustment of the engine head.

• They are used for leveling arrows, couplings, and bearings.

Basic instruments
Radio patterns
These patterns consist of a series of sheets marked in mm with the corresponding radii.
concave and convex, formed in various parts of the sheet. The inspection is carried out
determining which pattern fits best to the rounded edge of a piece; generally the
radios from 1 to 25 mm and steps of 0.5 mm.
Basic instruments
Tell them
The storytelling consists of a series of sheets that are held together by a screw in
one end, while the other has protrusions that correspond to the shape of the thread of several
steps (threads per inch); the values are indicated on each sheet.
Basic instruments
Patterns for wires, drills, and leads
The gauges for drill bits are used to determine their size when inserted into a hole.
whose size is marked on one side or to keep a set of drill bits in a vertical position. The
the body of the template has engraved instructions on the recommended drill sizes for a
determined thread size. This characteristic allows for quick selection of the appropriate drill bit.
Basic instruments
Angular Calipers
These gauges have blades that have different angles to meet the needs of
measurement of external or internal chamfers, inspection of grinding wheel angles or
cutters.
Caliper, dial, digital electros,
depth.
Vernier caliper
The vernier scale was invented by Petrus Nonius, a Portuguese mathematician, hence it is named.
Nonius. The current design of the sliding scale is named after the Frenchman Pierre Vernier who...
I perfect. The vernier caliper was designed to meet the needs of an instrument of
direct reading that could provide a measurement easily, in a single operation the caliper
Typical can take three types of measurements: exterior, interior, and depths, but some
They can take measurement of steps.
Vernier caliper, dial, digital electronic, of
depth.
The parts of the subway are
• Ruler: Graduated in metric and English systems.
• Fixed stand: With contact surface to the piece for measuring externally.
• Mobile foot: With a mobile contact surface to the piece for external measurement.
• Fixed point: Fixed part in contact with the piece, for internal measurement.
• Mobile tip: Moving part that contacts the piece for internal measurement.
• Thumb support to move the cursor.
• Locking or brake screw: Fixes the obtained measurement by acting on the adjustment sheet.
• Nonio: Scale that provides the accuracy of the instrument according to its number of divisions.
• Depth gauge: It is attached to the cursor and is used to take depth measurements.
Vernier caliper, dial, digital electric,
depth.
Types of vernier caliper
• Caliper with dial indicator: In this caliper, the scale has been replaced
graduated by a dial or quadrant operated by a gear mechanism and
zipper achieving an even higher resolution achieving readings of up to 0.01 mm. It
They have calipers ranging from 100 mm to 2,000 mm and exceptionally even longer.

• KAFER Calibrator: Thickness gauge for plastics, paper, cardboard, threads, ropes, and wires.
They are portable, digital or analog.
Vernier caliper, dial gauge, digital electros, of
depth.
• Digital calipers: These calipers use a displacement defection system.
of capacitance type, they have the same size, weight, and measurement range as the calibrators
standard, they are easy to read and operate, the values are read on a crystal screen
liquid (LCD), with five digits and a resolution of 0.01 mm, which is easy to read
and free of reading errors.

• Calipers with fine adjustment: They are designed so that the measuring tips can measure
external surfaces only, or allow only internal measurements with a useful range
from 600 to 2000 mm it has an adjustment mechanism for fine movement of the
cursor.
Vernier caliper, dial, digital electros,
depth.
• Caliper with adjustable probe for uneven tips: This type of caliper facilitates
measurements on plans at different levels in stepped parts where they cannot be measured with
standard calibrators, I have a vertical adjustment mechanism for the measuring point.

• Depth gauge: This depth and angle gauge features a ruler.

graduated in mm and inches (6”). It has an adjustable screw to apply tension at the moment of
taking measurements, it also has graduations in degrees to measure different
angles.
Micrometers (internal depth, digital).

What is a micrometer?
The micrometer is a measuring instrument used to measure the size of an object with
high precision. The micrometer allows measuring dimensions on the order of hundredths and thousandths.
of a millimeter (0.01 and 0.001 mm respectively).

The micrometer is also known as Palmer screw, Palmer gauge, or simply Palmer.
although the most common term is micrometer, in the field of engineering it is used
frequently the micrometer, for example, to measure thicknesses of sheets, gears, parts
small parts of a mechanism, etc. Micrometers are very useful because they are much more precise.
what other types of measuring instruments
Micrometers (of internal depths, digital).

• Parts of the micrometer.

The parts of a micrometer are as follows:
• Body: it is about the frame of the micrometer. It usually includes a thermal insulator to prevent the
dilatation and thus reduce measurement error.
• Top: it is a fixed part of the micrometer that consists of the zero point of the measurement. It is usually
to be made of some hard material, for example, steel or iron, to prevent wear and
that the starting point is always the same.
• Screw: movable part of the micrometer that moves to the end of the object to be measured. Just like
that with the tip, the end is usually made of a hard material to avoid the effect of
wear and tear.
• Scale: indicates the measurement range of the micrometer.
• Precision range: indicates the possible error being made when measuring length.
• Locking lever: lever that allows fixing the position of the spindle, thus locking it.
the movement and the measurement reading can be done.
• Fixed drum: this part is also immobile. It indicates the millimeters that the object measures.
• Moving drum: the moving part of the micrometer attached to the screw. Indicates the hundredths and
thousandths of a millimeter that the object measures.
• Trinquet: part that the person rotates to make the measurement. It must be turned until the spindle
touch the object to be measured.
Micrometers (for interior depths, digital).
Micrometers (for internal depths, digital).

How to measure with a micrometer

In this section we will see how to measure a length with a micrometer, or in other words,
how a micrometer works. Specifically, to take a measurement with a micrometer you must
follow the following steps:

Calibrate the micrometer. First, we must ensure that the micrometer is

calibrated. To do this, you must turn the ratchet until the spindle touches the stop. In that position
nothing is being measured, so the zero of the moving drum must indicate zero microns.
Place the object to be measured in the micrometer. To determine the length of an object, you must
hold it between the stop and the screw.
Turn the ratchet. Now you must keep turning the ratchet to move the spindle until the object
it is supported only between the stop and the screw. It is important to move the drum from the ratchet and
do not do it directly to avoid applying too much force.
Lock the spindle. Once the object is secured, you need to lock the movement of the
spindle with the locking lever. This will allow you to make a better reading of the measurement.
Read the measurement. To take the reading of the measurement, you must pay attention to the moving dial and the
fixed drum. The upper stripes of the fixed drum indicate the millimeters of the length, if there are
a line at the bottom of the fixed drum means you should add 50 hundredths to the
measurement, and the movable drum marks the thousandths to add to the measure.
Micrometers (for interior depths, digital).

Internal Micrometers.
It is a measuring instrument based on the micrometer screw and is used to measure openings in
objects with high precision, on the order of hundredths of millimeters (0.01 mm) and thousandths of
millimeters (0.001mm) (micron). Its operation is identical to that of the external micrometer.
Micrometers (for interior depths, digital).

The parts that make up an inside micrometer

Top.
Spindle.
Sure.
Mobile drum.
Dandy
Fixed drum with graduated scale.
Micrometers (for inside depths, digital).

How to measure with an internal micrometer

With the interior micrometer, small interior surfaces can be measured by placing it in the
inside the hole, the stop and the spindle, by rotating the movable drum we bring the spindle closer to the finish line
from the hole to measure and before it comes into contact with it, we gently turn the ratchet to
bring the spindle closer and make contact with the wall of the piece. Once pressure has been applied
smooth between the spindle and the object, we can take the average over the fixed scale and the moving drum.
If we bring the surface of the object closer by directly turning the movable drum, the spindle could apply
an excessive measuring pressure on the object and this measurement would be incorrect. When the measure is
Once completed, the spindle is detached from the surface to be measured by turning the ratchet in the opposite direction.
To perform the measurement, observe the scale located on the fixed drum that is graduated at 0.5.
millimeters, so each turn of the moving drum represents 0.5 mm. The moving drum is
divided into 1/50, so each division represents 0.01 mm that will have to be added to the
reading of the fixed drum.
Micrometers (for interior depths, digital).

Digital micrometer.
A micrometer is a measuring device where the operation is based on the screw.
micrometric and used to accurately measure the dimensions of an object, in the order of
hundredths of millimeters (0.01 mm) and thousandths of millimeters (0.001 mm). In the market
It is also known as Palmer screw.
Micrometers (of interior depths, digital).

The essential parts of a digital micrometer

Data Output.
Reading Memory.
Liquid Crystal Display.
Conversion from mm to inches.
The change or adjustment.
Reset button.
Thermal Insulator.
Fixed Point.
Friction.
Micrometers (for interior depths, digital).

How does a digital micrometer work?

The digital micrometer has a measurement range of 25 mm, although there are micrometers of
measurements greater than 1 meter. The resolution of digital micrometers can be 0.01mm,
although resolutions of 0.005 or 0.001 mm. It has 2 tips that approach each other
through a fine-thread screw, which has a scale engraved on its contour. The scale
it can include a nonio.
Micrometers (for interior depths, digital).

Types of digital micrometers.

Digital Micrometers have the ability to perform multiple types of measurements at once;
such as: exterior, interior, and depth. In this sense, we will make the classification
of the instrument according to application.
• Standard Digital Outside Micrometer.
• Digital Outside Micrometer.
• Digital Outside Micrometer with Points.
• Digital Depth Micrometer.
• Digital Interior Micrometer.
• Digital Laser Micrometer.
• Optical Microscope.
• Single Digital Micrometer.
Instruments for angular measurement (universal square,
goniometer, sine rule.
What is an angular measurement
Angles and devices of angular parts are measured in units that are degrees.
minutes and seconds. A circle contains 360 degrees, one degree (°) contains 60 minutes and a
A minute (') contains 60 seconds (").
The circle is the basis of angular measurement. In fact, all angular measurement tools
they have circular scales, as is the case with the beveled protractor for the square of
combination, these circular scales generally show 180° or half a circle. Note
also that the scales in this tool are read in both directions. The midpoint in the
scale reads the same in both directions, 90°.
Instruments for angular measurement (universal square,
goniometer, sine rule.
Universal square.
La escuadra universal utilizada extensamente en trabajos de trazo, consiste en una regla
graduated, a square head, a bevel protractor, and a centering head. The ruler
the graduated part combines with the other three parts of the universal square for various operations
of drawing, preparation or inspection. The square head and the ruler (which form the square
universal basic) can be used to draw lines parallel to an edge it is also used for
draw angles at 45° and 90° with respect to an edge). The square head can be moved to the
length of the rule to any position. This head can also be used to verify
angles of 45° and 90°, and for measuring depths. When mounted on the ruler, the
The bevel protractor is used to mark and verify various angles.
Instruments for angular measurement (universal protractor,
goniometer, sine rule.
Goniometer.
The goniometer is a tool with a circular or semicircular shape, with a graduation of 180° to
360°. It is widely used for angle construction and measurement, to check cones and
to fine-tune machines and tools in mechanical workshops.
Instruments for angular measurement (universal square,
goniometer, sine rule.
What is a goniometer used for?
The goniometer has an endless number of uses; it is used by doctors and even scientists. Its function is
to measure the angles, but it is also responsible for allowing a body to rotate in an angular position
exact. It is used to determine the elevation of the Sun, to apply it in trigonometry and for
calculate the time of day.

In crystallography, it is used to measure the angle that is present in the different faces of the
crystals. In medicine, it is often used to measure how broad the inclination of a
articulation, moreover, has been used for both military and civilian purposes, with antennas
directional antennas to determine the direction of a radio signal.
Instruments for angular measurement (universal square,
goniometer, sine rule.
How does the Goniometer work?
As it is already known, the protractor is for measuring angles in degrees. To achieve this, the first thing that...
You should place the ruler supported with the end that best fits the angle you want.
measure. Then the goniometer support must be placed on the adjacent angle of this, the nuts
They should be a bit loose to achieve better handling and slide well. When already the
the instrument is positioned, the desired angle will have been achieved, and from there if
they have knowledge of trigonometry, then the rest of the data can be obtained that
they wish.
Instruments for angular measurement (universal square,
goniometer, sine rule.
Sine rule
The sine rules are patterns that allow for the materialization of angles with very high precision.
through the assistance of longitudinal patterns. In addition to this first specific mission in
dimensional metrology, sine rules can also be used as auxiliary elements
in the measurement of angles, in the angular drawing of references and in the calibration of others
measuring instruments such as levels, autocollimators, etc.…
The sine rule is made up of a rectangular section piece, usually made of steel,
about which two cylinders of equal diameter are fixed at a distance in accommodations for that purpose
"L" in a way that its axes are parallel to each other and equidistant from the opposite surface which is a
flatness standard. The sine rule is usually made with nominal values from 100 mm up to
500mm should be used for forming angles between 0° and 45°, as for higher values
its inaccuracy increases significantly. It is necessary to calibrate the sine rule to work
according to a quality system. It is advisable that the calibration of the sine rule be
carried out by calibration laboratories accredited by ENAC.
Comparative instruments.
Metro
Measuring a length means comparing it with the unit of measurement to see how many times it fits.
contained in the first. The meter (m) is the unit of length measurement in the System
International; it is defined as the distance that light travels in a vacuum in 1/299,792,458 seconds.
This standard was adopted in 1983 when the speed of light in a vacuum was defined.
exactly as 299,792,458 m/s. There are several measuring tools that are commonly used to
they are called meters; we will distinguish the most used in the industry and installations.
Comparison instruments.
Tape measure
It is used in considerable length measurements; the accuracy it provides is 1 cm. Usually,
it requires two people to measure, one at each end of the tape; it needs to have the
Caution not to stretch the tape and to avoid creating an excessive curve.

Tape measure
It is the most popular tool. It shows a precision of mm, and it is reliable within those margins.
most common range from 2 m to 5 m. As the length increases, the metal tape
it will have to be wider and arched to facilitate use by a single person; there are
electronic tape measures that indicate the measurement on a reading screen, have memories, etc.
Comparison instruments.
Comparators
Comparator gauges are useful tools that have a fixed and known measurement or can be fixed.
This way, the piece is compared with the tool, and we know if it is the same or if there is any variation.

Squads
The squares are tools for indirect measurement or comparison; they are used for comparison of
angles. It is used by placing the angle of the piece we want to compare on the piece, looking
to the backlight to see if any ray of light passes between the piece and the square; if this happens, the
the piece does not have the angle we want to compare.