SciencennModes of Nutrition Autrotrophic [Hetrotrophic | Kind of nutrition in which Kind of nutrition in which inorganic materials like CO,, organisms do not possess water cte. are utilized to prepare the ability to synthesize their organic food by the process of own food. They depend on photosynthesis, autotrophs for their food E.g., Green plants, supply directly or indirectly, E.g., Animals, fungi. Hetrotrophic Nutrition ‘Holozoic DD | Saprophytic | Parasitic — Animals take in solid Organisms feed on Parasites live inside food and break iLdown dead, decaying matter. or outside other inside the body. Eg. Fungi. organism (host) and E,g., Amocba, animals. derive nutrition from it, E.g., Cuscuta (plant parasites), Ticks leech ete PHOTOSYNTHESIS It takes place in autotrophs. Green plants prepare food in the form of carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll. This process is known as photosynthesis. Examples of autatrophs are green plants (producers) and some bacteria, General reaction involved in process of photosynthesis is Sunlight 6CO2 + 12H20 ~ chlorophyll” COH1208 +602 +6H20 Major events occurring in photosynthesis are (i) Absorption of light energy by chlorophy!l (ii) Conversion of light energy into chemical energy (it) Spitting of water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen. (iv) Reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrates. Site of Photosynthesis : Chloroplast in the leaf, chloroplast contain chlorophyll (green pigment), Main Events of Photosynthesis : * Absorption of light cnergy by chlorophyll+ Conversion of light energy into chemical cnergy + splitting (breaking) of water into hydrogen and oxygen. + Reduction of CO, to carbohydrates Stomata : Tiny pores present on the surface of the leaves. Functions = (a) Exchange of gases 0,/CO,. (b) Loses large amount of water (water vapour) during transpiration. Chloroplast Stomatal Pore ‘Guard Cell Om Function Mouth Stomach ydiochloric acid — (i) Pepsin (anys —_ Small ( Bile pice — intestine 2) Pancreas Amylase — + Trypsin — * Lipase = Convents 5 « that (b) Makes the: jun alkaline for the action of Pepsin ats proteins Protects th ofthe hh fiont the corrosive action of Hydrochloric acid hes the med for the action « im acid P molecules into smaller globules Wenzyines can act upon theny avety Carbohydrates to glucose ems to Amine acids: WVerts Fats into Patty acids & of oaa4IPenstatic movements- Rhythmic Jcontraction of muscles of the ining of inerease the surtace area for absorption of food. Large Intestine- absorption of ater, lintestine of Carnivores is shorter hat Herbivores as herbivores eats Ethanol+ CO, + Energy {2-Garbon molecule) Pyruvate Glucose In. Bearbon/ Lack of ©, _ Lactic acid + Energy vsieouey e@pIaEM ORIEN Tuscke cals) (-Carbon molecule) Enegy \Presenceof oO, CO, + H,O + Energy Mitochondria) RESPIRATIONIN AQUATIC ANIMALS +The aquatic organisms (such as fishes etc.) utilise the oxygen dissolved in water for respiration. Rate of respiration in aquatic organisms is more because theamount of dissolved oxygen is fairly low in water, RESPIRATIONINHUMANBEINGS + In human beings, air is taken into the body through the nostrils. From here, the air passes through the pharynx, into the lungs. Rings of cartilage are present in the trachea, which ensures that the air passage does not collapse."+ Within the lungs, the bronchi divide into smaller and smaller tubes which finally terminate — in balloon-like structures, called alveoli. + The alveoli increase the surface area for the exchange of gases due to the presence of an extensive network of blood-vessels. When we breathe in, we lift our ribs and flatten our diaphragm and the chest cavity becomes larger. Because of this, air is sucked into the mgs and fills the expanded alveoli. + The blood brings carbon dioxide from the rest of the body for release into the alveoli, and the oxygen in the alveolar air is taken up by blood in the alveolar blood vessels to be transported to all the cells in the body. Haemoglobin, is the respiratory pigment in human beings. Itis responsible for carrying oxygen from lungs to tissues. Transportation Double circulation in Human. because the blood passes through the heart twice in one complete cycle of the circulation. Higher animals- E.g., birds, mammals. ( Advantage) @ Oxygenated blood & Deoxygenated blood are completely separate for efficient Oxygen supply. Gi) Thisis to fulfil higher energy needs and to maintain body temperature (warm blooded animals). —f Lungs —» Pulmonary vein Pulmonary © (Oxygenated artery blood) (Deoxygenated ‘e— Right Left 4. blood) C atrium. _atrium Oh. YN — Right ventricle ventricle af Heart . Main vein Main artery (Deoxygenated QI (Aortay blood) (Oxygenated blood — Body Organs , Diagram to show blood circulation in human bodyXylem Phloem 1, Carries water & minerals from 1, Carrics product of photosynthesis the roots to other parts of the plant. from Icavcs to the other parts of the plant. 2. No energy is used, 2. Energy is used from ATP. EXCRETORY SYSTEM IN HUMAN Exerctory/urinary system consists of : (1) The kidneys : The exeretory organ (2) The ureters : The ducts which drain out urine from the kidneys (3) The urinary bladder =; The urine reservoir (4) The urethra : The channel to the exterior = us Lefi Kidney Right Kidney Ureter Urinary Bladder ‘Urethra Nephron Structural and functional unit of kidneyControl and coordinationReceptors (a) Ears Phonoreceptors : Hearing . Balance of the body’ (by Eyes: Photoreceptors * Seeing (ce) Skins * Thigmoreceptors * Heat or cold * Touch (d) Nose: * Olfactory receptors + Smell detection (ec) Tongue: + Gustatory reecptors Taste detection NEURON: It is the structural and functional unit of nervous system. It is made up of dendrites, cell body and axon. ANIMALS - NERVOUS SYSTEM Nucleus leven few ‘Acquire Information zl mente = electrical impulse ip Heres converts Into a ending chemical signal for onward transmission. Synapse ; It is the gap between the nerve ending of one ncuron and dendrite of the other neuron. Here electrical signal is converted into chemical signal for onward transmission,Neuromuscular Junction Mitorhondrion Reflex are : The pathway through which nerve impulses pass during reflex action is called reflex are. Stimulus ——» Receptor Organ—>- wi eg Response 4—— Effector Organ —<——~ . (Muscles) (eg, withdrawal of hand ) Fore-Brain Meduliae Cerebellum’ Ts tac al Figure 7.3 Human bratHUMAN BRAIN Brain is the main coordinating centre of the body. It has three major parts : (a) Fore-brain (b) Mid-brain (c) Hind-brain (a) Fore-brain : It is the most complex or specialized part of the brain. It consists of cerebrum. Functions : (i) Thinking part of the brain. (ii) Controls the voluntary actions. (iii)Stores information (Memory). (iv)Receives sensory impulses from various parts of the body and integrates (v) Centre associated with hunger, (b) Mid-brain : Controls involuntary actions such as : + Change in pupil size. * Reflex movements of head, neck and trunk, (c) Hind-brain : [thas three parts : (i) Cerebellum : Controls posture and balance, Precision of voluntary actions e.g, picking pen. : Controls involuntary actionse.g.. blood pressure, salivation, ii) Pons : Involuntary actions ¢.g., regulation of respiration. Protection of Brain and Spinal Cord (a) Brain : Brain is protected by a fluid filled balloon which acts as shock absorber and is enclosed in cranium (skull or brain box). (b) Spinal Cord : Spinal cord is enclosed in vertebral column. Fluid filled in the brain is called cerebrospinal uid.Endocrine Gland, Hormones and their Functions rmone| Endocrine Location N |, Thyroxine Neck/Throat Regulation of me- region tabolism of carbo hydrates, fats and proteins. 2. Growth hor Pituitary (master Mid brain Regulates growth mone gland) and development. 3. Adrenaline Adrenal Above both Regulation (in kidneys. ‘ercasing) of blood pressure, heart beat, carbohydrate metabolism (during emergency) 4. Insulin Pancreas Below stomach Reduces and regu- lates blood sugar level 5, (a)Testosterone Testis Genitallower = Changes associ: Sex in males abdomen area ated with puberty Hor (b)Estrogen in Qyaries (Sexual maturity) mone — females 6. Releasing Hormone = Hypothalmus Mid brain Stimulates pituitary gland to release hormones GOITER- Iodine is necessary for the formation of thyroxin hormone. If Iodine is in low concentration the thyroid gland swells and causes goiter.I GIGANTISM and DWARFISM. Excess secretion of grawth hormone from the pituitary gland causes excess growth of the body (gigantism) and less secretion results in dwarfism. Diabetes The pancreas produces the hormone insulin which controls the blood sugar level. Increase in hlood sugar level causes a disease called diabetes. A diabetic patient has to take insulin injections to control his blood sugar level. Movements In Plants * Phototropism : Movement towards light, c.g. growth of a shoot towards light, Geotropism : Movement towards/away from gravity, e.g. growth of roots in soil Chemotropism : Movement towards/away from Chemical e.g. Growth of pollen tube towards ovulc. Ilydrotropism : Movement towards water. e.g. growth of a roots towards water Plant Hormones Phytohormones Growth promoter! growth Inhibitor Explanation Auxin Growth promoter Stem elongation Gibberellins Growth of stem Cytokinin Cell division Ethylene Growth inhibitor Fruit ripening Abscisic acid Wilting of leaves LeAsexual reproduction | Sexual reproduction In this single parent is involved. In this two parents are involved. It does not involve fusion of gametes Fusion of gamete is involved. There is no meiosis Meiosis occurs No variation in offspring variation occur MODE ——MOvE PROCI Binary Fission process by which a | Amoeba, ] ‘single cell divides into Parameaum tho Mentical daughter cells. DIAGRAM | Muttiple Fission process by paetehoe Plasmodium single les many “Budding new individual | Hydra, Yeast develops from a bud | ‘or outgrowth on the | parent organism. | Fragmentation process by which an Spirogyra ‘organism breaks apart info smaller pieces, resulting in multiple new individuals Regeneration ability of some | Planaria, omanisms to reqrow Starfish ‘orreplace damagedor missing body parts.(¥) Vegetative Propagation : In many plants, new plants develop from vegetative parts such as : ° By roots : F.g., dahlias, swect potato. ° By stem: E.g., potato, ginger. * By leaves ; F.g., bryophyllum (leaf notches bear buds which develop into plants). Artificial methods : (a) Grafting : Mango (b) Cutting : E.g., Rose (c) Layering : E.g., Jasmine ‘SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS. Reproductive part ofplantis flower, Flower consists sepals, petals, stamens and carpets. reeemmnanscantertnanient Cyn mon Foyer Parts anther produces male gamete pollen and ovary contains female gamete ¢9. ya sk F pner polination poten tuses wihegg “fava fo for zygote. F _dygote develops in embryo and-within ovule. F Oval develops into seed that contains future plant and ovary ripens in fruit POST FERTILIZATION CHANGES : Stigma & Style Shrivels & falls Off, Ovary becomes Fruit, Ovules= Seed . POLLINATION: The process of transfer of pollen grains from an anther to the stigma of the Nower is called pollination. Pollination canbe . * Self-pollination: The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of the same Nower or another Mower of the same plant . * Cross-pollination: The transfer of pollen grains from the anther tothe stigma of another Mower or another Mower of a different plant of the same species. Note: Pollination generally takes place with the help of some agents like insects, birds, wind and water. Fertilization - The fusion of male and female gamete is fertilization. [toccurs inside the ovary to form zygoteREPRODUCTION IN HUMAN BEINGS Orit or Fefopan tube: ony ven Conte Vegi. PRIMARY REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN = one pair of testes PRIMARY REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN = one pair Function : sperm formation + Release of Hormones Like | | of Ovaries TestosteronelTestosterone brings secondary sexual | | Function: Ovum formation + Release of characteristics in boys at the time of puberty.) Hormones Like Oestrogen & ‘Sperm deliveredthrough the vas deferens where secretions | | Progesterone{These hormones bring of the prostate gland and seminal vesicles add their | | **oMarysenual charactesstsin Gits atthe J . time of puberty.) secrefions. These secretions help in transportation and on the ovary starts producingeges provide nutrition to sperm. and releases one egg each month. FERTILIZATION is a fusion of sperm and egg. Site of Fertilization : fallopian tube. Site of Implantation ; Utenss ‘The fertilized egg is called a zygote which develops into an embryo. Uterus is for implantation purposes which hold the developing embryo in its layer through the placenta and umbilical card. ‘When egg is not fertilized the inner lining of uterus breaks and comes out through the vagina as blood and mucus (menses). This cycle repeats every month and is called menstrual cycle. REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH STDs (Sexually trensmitted diseases}- Spread from infected person to healthy person due to unprotected sex. Eg HIV-AIDS and Warts (Viral), Gonorrhoea, Syphilis (Bacterial). POPULATION CONTROL METHODS * Mechanical barrier- Condom ‘*Hormonal methods- Pills © Chemical method Copper-T,Contraception It is the avoidance of pregnancy, can be achieved by preventing the fertilisation of ova. Methods of contraception yO Mechanical Physical ui Surgical Barrier Chemical wep ‘Method v Condom Cervical Pills Loop Copper T Vasectomy — Tubectomy ‘Cap Methods of contraception (a) Physical barrier © To prevent union of egg and sperm. * Use of condoms, cervical eaps and diaphragm, (b) Chemical methods * Use of oral pills © These change hormonal balance of body so that eggs are not released. * May have side effects. (c) Intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) * Copper-T or loop is placed in uterus to prevent pregnancy. (4) Surgical methods * In males the vax deferens is blocked to prevent sperm transfer called vasectomy. In females, the fallopian tube is blocked to prevent egg transfer called tubectomy,Ciliary muscles Aqueous humour Retina Pupil \ Iris Optic nerve A oA 2 Vitreous humour Cornea The front transparent part of the sclera is called the cornea. Light enters the eye through the cornea. Pupil: A small opening in the iris is known as a pupil. Its size is controlled by the help of the iris. It controls the amount of light that enters the eye. Iris: The iris imparts distinct colour of the eye. The iris also helps regulate or adjust exposure by adjusting theiris. Lens: Biconvex lens which becomes thinner to focus on distant objects and becomes thicker to focus on nearby objects. Retinz It isa photosensitive layer which act as screen for formation of real and inverted image. It consists of numerous lightsensitive rod and onne cells. It converts images formed by the lens into electrical impulses. DEFECTS OF HUMAN EYE 1) Myopia(Near -Sightedness):- A person can see nearby objects dearly, butfind it difficult to see far -off objects. The image is formed near the eye lens; that is why this eye defect is called near - sightedness ar myopia. Myopia can be corrected with concavelens. Causes of Myopia(Near - Sightedness):-It is caused due to: a) Excessive curvature of the eyelens. b) Elongation of the eye ball. 2) Hypermetropia (far - sightedness):- A person can see distant objects dearly but cannot see nearby objects distinctly. Causes af Hypermetropia (far — sightedness - It is caused due to:a) The focal length of the evel Tens istoo long, b) Eyeball has become too shi Oo (a) Far point of a myopic eye (b) Correction for Myopic Eye(a) Near point of a Hypermetropic eye N N’ (b) Hypermetropic eye (b) Correction for Hypermetropic eye 3) Presbyopix- The eyes lose their power of accommodation with ageing As people grow old, the gradual weakening of the ciliary muscles and diminishing flexibility of the eye lens results in the hardening of the eye lens, making it more difficult for the eye to focus on close objects. The defect of farsightedness caused by the loss of elasticity of the eye lens is called presbyopia. Sometimes, a person may have both far sightedness and short-sightedness. People suffering from presbyopia often require bi-focal lenses that contain both concave and convex lenses, ‘Causes of Presbyopia:- It is caused due to: a) Gradual weakening of the ciliary muscles b) Decreasing flexibility of the eye lens.