Ch.

2 Population and Health Due Date: _______________

Key Issue 1 Where Are the World’s People Distributed?
Rubenstein, pp. 46-51

I. INTRODUCTION POPULATION AND HEALTH

1. What is the Earth’s current population (as of the printing of the book)?

2. Most of the world’s population growth is occurring in __________________ countries.

3. Describe population growth in

a. 2nd-half of 20th Century:

b. 21st Century:

4. Define overpopulation:

5. Is the world currently overpopulated? Explain.

6. Define census:

7. What are two reasons a census can be controversial? (Explain.)

8. Referring to Figure 2-2, the amount of people in the orange area (Africa) and the pink area (part of
India, Myanmar, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka) is _____________________________, but compare the
density (use Figure 2-3) of the same two areas:
II. POPULATION CONCENTRATIONS

9. The world’s population is highly clustered or concentrated in certain regions. FOUR major
population concentrations are identified in the text. SHADE (separate colors) and LABEL the areas of
these concentrations on the map. TWO smaller concentrations, or emerging clusters, are also
identified. Indicate these on the map as well.
 10. In the boxes below, make note of significant facts, features, countries involved, and
characteristics of the four most important population concentrations and two secondary ones.

EAST ASIA SOUTH ASIA

EUROPE SOUTHEAST ASIA EASTERN NORTH AMERICA

AFRICA

11. Define ecumene:

12. What would non-ecumene mean?

13. Overtime, what was happened (is continuing to happen) to the percent of the Earth that is ecumene
versus non-ecumene?
14. List the four “lands” which are sparsely populated on earth in the table below. For each region,
briefly explain the reason which makes it inhospitable for human habitation.
Sparsely populated land Reason for inhospitality

III. POPULATION DENSITY

15. Define each of the following terms. Additionally, for each term tell what a high and low number
indicate about a population.

a) Arithmetic density –

b) Physiological density –

c) Agricultural density –
Ch. 2 Population and Health Due Date: _______________
Key Issue 2 Why Is World Population Increasing?
Rubenstein, pp. 52-57

I. NATURAL INCREASE

1. a. Define natural increase rate (NIR):

b. How is NIR computed? (Show as a math problem.)

c. Describe the NIR:

i. through most of human history:

ii. it’s peak:

iii. current:

2. Because the world population it so large, even small increases to the NIR…

**This concept is known as demographic momentum.

3. a. Define doubling time:

b. What is the current doubling time?

4. a. Define life expectancy:

b. How does life expectancy differ in developed versus developing countries?

5. a. Identify regions with high NIRs:

b. Possible causes?

6. a. Identify regions with low NIRs:

b. Possible causes?

7. a. Which region has a negative NIR?

b. In your own words, what does this mean?

8. a. The U.S. has an NIR of 0.6. Therefore, the doubling time for the U.S. population is
(circle) more/less than 54 years.

b. Madagascar has an NIR of 2.99. Therefore, the doubling time for Madagascar’s population is
(circle) more/less than 54 years.
II. BIRTHS AND DEATHS

9. a. Define crude birth rate (CBR):

b. Regions with high CBRs:

c. Regions with low CBRs:

d. Causes of high and low CBRs?

10. a. Define crude death rate (CDR):

b. Regions with high and low CDRs?

11. Define demography:

12. a. Define total fertility rate (TFR):

b. TFR needed to maintain the same size of population:

**Think! Why this number?

c. World TFR:

d. U.S. TFR:

e. Regions with high TFRs:

f. Regions with low TFRs:

**Make sure to understand the difference between CBR and TFR!

III. THE DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL

Define the following terms. Otherwise, you do not need to take notes on this section as we will cover it
in detail in class.

13. Demographic transition –

14. Industrial Revolution –

15. Medical Revolution –

16. Zero population growth (ZPG) –

Ch. 2 Population and Health Due Date: _______________
Key Issue 3 Why Do Some Places Face Health Challenges?
Rubenstein, pp. 58-65

I. HEALTH AND GENDER

1. The health of women affects not just women, but…

2. The risk for females is especially acute for both women and babies at ________________________.

3. a. Define sex ratio:

b. What is the naturally occurring sex ratio?

c. What region/countries is not adhering to the standard sex ratio?

i. causes?

ii. root cause?

iii. impact of technology, government response, & effects?

iv. unintended effects?

d. Refer to Figure 2-20. Sex ratios (and other demographic data such as maternal mortality rates

and infant mortality rates) vary not only from country to country but also across ___________
within a country.

4. a. Define maternal mortality rate:

b. What is a typical maternal mortality rate in developed countries?

c. What is a typical maternal mortality rate in developing countries?

d. What are some causes of the disparity between the maternal mortality rate in developed and
developing countries?

e. How does the United States’ maternal mortality rate compare to that of other developed
countries? Causes?

II. HEALTH AND AGING

5. A country’s stage in the DTM determines the percentage of people in different ________________.

6. a. Define population pyramid:

b. How many years are found in each age group/cohort?

c. What does the length of the bar represent?

 d. Which gender is typically shown on the left side of the graph? Right side?

e. (Think!) Which demographic measure primarily determines the shape of the pyramid?

7. a. Define dependency ratio:

b. Dependents =

c. A large dependency ratio indicates…

d. Which region of the world has the highest dependency ratio?

e. How does the proportion of the two dependency groups in European and sub-Saharan Africa
differ AND impact the societies differently?

8. a. Define infant mortality rate (IMR):

b. A country’s IMR is usually indicative of the state of its…

c. Which regions of the world have high IMRs?

d. IMR in developed v. developing countries AND causes:

9. a. The “graying” of a population refers to…

b. While this phenomenon should reflect better medical care and/or a higher standard of living in a
developed country, what challenges does it pose?

10. a. Define elderly support ratio:

b. World’s current elderly support ratio:

c. 2050 projected world elderly support ratio:

d. Refer to Figure 2-25. Are elderly support ratio projections impacting developed and developing
countries differently? Justify your answer.

e. Challenges deriving from a low/decreasing elderly support ratio:

III. MEDICAL SERVICES

11. Compare health care expenditure BOTH in terms of annual per capita spending and as a
percentage of government spending:

a. Europe -
 b. U.S. –

c. Sub-Saharan Africa & South Asia –

d. Developed countries don’t just spend high amounts on health care, but they spend…

12. Compare the number of hospital beds and doctors in developed and developing countries:

a. Developed:

b. Developing:

13. Compare how the “burden” of healthcare costs differs between developed and developing
countries:
a. Developed:

b. Developing:

c. How does the U.S. compare to these trends?

14. Challenges to health services:

a. Causes:

b. Effects:

IV. THE EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRANSITION

15. Define epidemiology:

16. a. Define epidemiologic transition:

b. The epidemiologic transition was originally formulated by _______________________________

and extended to Stage 4 by ______________________ and ____________________________.

c. The epidemiologic transition is studied in conjunction with the DTM. Identify epidemiologic
characteristics of each stage:

i. Stage 1:

ii. Stage 2:

iii. Stage 3:

iv. Stage 4:

18. a. Historically, where were there high incidents of cholera?

b. Today, where are there higher incidents of cholera and why?

19. Today, which regions have the lowest incidence of cancer and why?

Ch. 2 Population and Health Due Date: _______________

Key Issue 4 Why Might Population Increase in the Future?
Rubenstein, pp. 66-73

I. POPULATION AND RESOURCES

1. Take good notes on Thomas Malthus’ theory:

2. a. Who/what are Neo-Malthusians?

b. Key beliefs:

3. What are some key points of critics of Neo-Malthusianism?

II. POPULATION FUTURES

4. What are the causes AND characteristics of a possible Stage 5 in the DTM?

5. What region/countries might be in Stage 5 of the DTM?

6. Using Japan as an example, but generalizing:

a. What are some of the challenges countries face as they enter a possible Stage 5?

b. Are there any benefits?

7. Compare China and India’s population policies and the effects of those policies:

China India
III. EPIDEMIOLOGIC FUTURES
8. What are some causes of moving into a possible Stage 5 of the Epidemiologic Transition?

9. Three reasons help explain the possible emergence of a Stage 5 of Epidemiologic Transition.
Identify AND take notes on each:

a.

b.

c.

10. What type of diffusion is resulting in the spread of infectious diseases such as AIDS and Ebola?

11. What type of diffusion is resulting in the diffusion of medicinal advances?

IV. FAMILY FUTURES

12. Identify AND take notes on the two strategies that have been successful in reducing the CBR:

a.

b.

13. Identify some countries that have seen successful reductions in the country’s CBR due to
increased use of contraception?

14. Identify multiple family planning methods:

15. a. Which country reports the highest rate of family planning?

b. In this country, what are the most common family planning methods?

16. Which region reports the lowest rate of family planning?