Chapter 5 Study Guide

KNOW:
● The muscular system and skeletal system are closely related organ systems
● The musculoskeletal system maintains posture, protects vital organs, stores
minerals, and generates heat

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

● Structures
○ The body has 206 bones divided into the axial skeleton (bones of the head,
neck, and trunk) and the appendicular skeleton (bones of the arms, legs, and
girdles)
○ The body has more than 700 muscles
○ Bones articulate (meet) at joints where muscle contractions allow for different
types of joint movement
● Functions
○ Supporting body structures
○ Moving body structures
○ Protecting internal organs
○ Storing calcium and other minerals (bones)
○ Producing blood cells (red bone marrow)
○ Producing heat (muscles)

● Terms Related to Bone Structure

○ Bone marrow - soft tissue within bone; has multiple functions including blood
cell production in the red bone marrow
○ Compact bone - harder, denser bone; noncancellous bone
○ Diaphysis - the shaft of a long bone
○ Endosteum - membrane lining the central medullary cavity
○ Epiphysis - the wider ends of a long bone
○ Epiphysial plate - the growth area of a long bone
○ Medullary cavity - space within a long bone’s shaft filled with bone marrow
○ Metaphysis - section of a long bone between the diaphysis and epiphysis
○ Osteoblast - bone-forming cell
○ Osteoclast - bone-destroying cell
○ Osteocyte - mature bone cell
○ Periosteum - fibrous membrane surrounding a bone
 ○ Spongy bone; cancellous bone or trabecular bone - mesh-like bone tissue

● Major Parts of a long bone

○ Cancellous bone
○ Epiphyseal plate
○ Proximal epiphysis
○ Epiphyseal plate
○ Periosteum
○ Compact bone
○ Medullary cavity
○ Diaphysis
○ Distal epiphysis

● Types of Bone Tissue

○ Spongy bone makes up most of the long bone
○ A thin layer of compact bone is seen at the surface

● Terms Related to the Skeleton and Bones

○ Axial skeleton - bones of the head, vertebral column, and thorax
○ Appendicular skeleton - bones of the upper and lower limbs and shoulder and
pelvic girdles
○ Thorax - the chest
○ Acetabulum - the socket of the hip bone where the femur articulates
○ Acromion - lateral upper section of the scapula that articulates with the clavicle
○ Calcaneus - heel bone
○ Carpal bones - the eight bones of the wrist
○ Clavicle - collar bone
○ Cranium - the skull; composed of eight bones excluding the face bones
○ Femur - thigh bone
○ Fibula - smaller, lateral bone of the lower leg
○ Hip bone; pelvic bone - large flat bone composed of three fused bones (illium,
ischium, and pubis) on each side
○ Illium - superior broad part of the hip bone
○ Ischium - inferior, rearmost part of the hip bone
○ Pubis - anterior lower section of the hip bone; pubic bone
○ Humerus - upper arm bone
○ Hyoid - U-shaped bone that supports the tongue
 ○ Iamina - posterior section of the vertebral arch
○ Mandible - lower jawbone
○ Maxilla - upper jawbone
○ Metacarpal bones - the five bones of the hand between the wrist and fingers
○ Metatarsal bones - the five bones of the foot between the ankle and toes
○ Patella - kneecap
○ Phalanges - the bones of the fingers and toes; there are 14 in each hand and foot
○ Radius - outer forearm bone
○ Ribs - long curved bones that form the bony walls of the chest
○ Scapula - shoulder blade
○ Sternum - anterior bone of thorax; breast bone
○ Tarsal bones - the seven bones of the ankle
○ Tibia - larger inner bone of the lower leg; shin bone
○ Ulna - inner forearm bone
○ Vertebra - bone of the vertebral column (spine)
○ Cervical vertebrae - the seven bones of the vertebral column in the neck
○ Thoracic vertebrae - the 12 bones of the vertebral column (midspine)
○ Lumbar vertebrae - the five bones of the vertebral column (lower back)
○ Sacrum - triangular bone consisting of five fused vertebrae inferior to the lumbar
spine
○ Coccyx - three to five fused vertebrae at the inferior end of the spine; tailbone
○ Xiphoid process - lower section of the sternum

● Joints and Joint Movements

○ Joints, also called articulations, occur wherever bones come together
○ Joints are categorized by their movements
○ Terms for joint movements are based on the type and direction of movement

● Terms Related to Joints and Joint Movements

○ Articulation - the site where bones come together; joint
○ Bursa - a fluid-filled fibrous sac within some joints
 ○ Cartilage - dense connective tissue attached to bone in many joints
○ Synovial joint; diarthrosis - a joint that moves freely and contains synovial fluid
in its cavity
○ Intervertebral disc - mass of fibrocartilage between adjacent vertebrae
○ Ligament - band of strong connective tissue that connects bones or cartilage at a
joint
○ Meniscus - cartilage structure in the knee
○ Suture - immovable fibrous joint found joining the skull bones
○ Symphysis - joint that moves only slightly
○ Synovial fluid - lubricating fluid in a freely moveable joint
○ Tendon - band of fibrous connective tissue attaching a muscle to a bone
○ Abduction - moving away from the body’s midline
○ Adduction - moving toward the body’s midline
○ Circumduction - moving in a circular manner, as when throwing a ball
○ Inversion - turning the foot sole inward
○ Eversion - turning the foot sole outward
○ Dorsiflexion - bending the foot upward toward the tibia
○ Plantar lexion - bending the foot downward to point the toes
○ Extension - motion that increases the joint angle
○ Flexion - motion that decreases the joint angle
○ Pronation - turning the palm downward or the foot sole downward
○ Supination - turning the palm upward or the foot sole upward
○ Rotation - moving in circular direction around an axis, as when turning a
doorknob

● Muscles
○ The three types of muscle tissue in the body are skeletal muscle, smooth muscle,
and cardiac muscle
○ Muscles are composed of bundles of muscle fibers along with other tissues
○ Tendons attach muscles to bones

● Terms Related to Muscle

○ Agonist - skeletal muscle that creates a movement by contracting; prime mover
○ Antagonist - skeletal muscle that opposes an agonist muscle and relaxes when the
agonist contracts
 ○ Cardiac muscle - heart muscle
○ Fascia - sheet of connective tissue covering a muscle
○ Fascicle - bundle of muscle fibers
○ Insertion of muscle - end of muscle attached to bone that moves during
contraction
○ Origin of muscle - end of muscle attached to bone that does not move during
contraction
○ Smooth muscle - nonstriated, voluntary muscle tissue lining organs and blood
vessels
○ Skeletal muscle - striated, voluntary muscle tissue attached to bones (the term
“striated” refers to light and dark bands in muscle fibers)
○ Tonicity - muscle tone; tonus

● WORD PARTS

● Combining Forms
○ ankyl/o - stiff
○ arthr/o - joint
○ burs/o - bursa
○ carp/o - carpal (wrist) bones
○ chondr/o - cartilage
○ clavic/o, clavicul/o - clavicle
○ cervic/o - neck
○ cost/o - rib
○ crani/o - cranium, skull
○ disc/o - disc or disk
○ fasci/o - fascia, band
○ femor/o - femur
○ fibul/o - fibula
○ humer/o - humerus
○ ili/o - ilium
○ ischi/o - ischium
○ kinesi/o, kinet/o - movement
○ kyph/o - humpback
○ lei/o - smooth
○ lamin/o - lamina (plate)
○ lord/o - curved, bent
○ lumb/o - lumbar region, lower back
○ mandible/o - mandible (lower jawbone)
○ maxill/o - maxilla (upper jawbone)
○ menisc/o - meniscus
○ my/o, mys/o, muscul/o - muscle
○ myel/o - bone marrow, spinal cord
○ oste/o - bone
○ patell/o - patella (kneecap)
○ pelv/i, pelv/o - pelvis, pelvic cavity
○ phalang/o - phalanges (bones of digits)
○ pub/o - pubis
○ rachi/o - spine
○ radi/o - radius
○ rhabd/o - striated muscle
○ scar/o - sacrum
○ scapul/o - scapula (shoulder blade)
○ scoli/o - crooked, twisted
○ stern/o - sternum (breast bone)
○ synovi/o - synovial joint or fluid
○ tars/o - tarsal bones
○ ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o - tendon
○ thorac/o - thorax, chest
○ ton/o - tone, tension
○ uln/o - ulna
○ vertebr/o, spondyl/o - vertebra
● Prefixes
○ inter- between
○ intra- within
○ supra- above
○ sub- below, beneath
○ sym, syn- together, with

● Sufixes
○ -algia - pain
○ -asthenia - weakness
○ -centesis - puncture to aspirate
○ -clasia, -clasis, -clast - to break
○ -ectomy - excision, surgical removal
○ -itis - inflammation
○ -osis - abnormal condition
○ -physis - growth
○ -plasty - surgical repair, reconstruction
○ -porosis - pore, passage
○ -rrhaphy - suture
○ -schisis - to split
○ -trophy - development, nourishment

● Adjectives and Other Related Terms

○ carpal - pertaining to the carpal bones
○ costovertebral - pertaining to the ribs and thoracic vertebrae
○ cranial - pertaining to the skull
○ femoral - pertaining to the femur
 ○ humeral - pertaining to the humerus
○ ilifemoral - pertaining to the ilium and femur
○ intercoastal - pertaining to the area between the ribs
○ intervertebral - pertaining to the area between vertebrae
○ intracranial - pertaining to the area within the skull
○ ischiofemoral - pertaining to the ischium and femur
○ lumbar - pertaining to the lower back
○ lumbocostal - pertaining to the lumbar vertebrae and ribs
○ lumbosacral - pertaining to the lumbar vertebrae and sacrum
○ osseous - pertaining to the bone
○ pelvic - pertaining to the pelvis or pelvic cavity
○ sacral - pertaining to the sacrum
○ sacrovertebral - pertaining to the sacrum and the vertebrae above
○ sternoclavicular - pertaining to the sternum and clavicle
○ sternoid - resembling the sternum
○ subcoastal - pertaining to the area below a rib or below the ribs
○ submandibular - pertaining to the area below the mandible
○ submaxillary - pertaining to the area below the maxilla
○ subscapular - pertaining to the area below the scapula
○ substernal - pertaining to the area below the sternum
○ suprapatellar - pertaining to the area above the patella
○ suprascapular - pertaining to the area above the scapula
○ synovial - pertaining to, containing, or consisting of synovial fluid

● Medical Conditions
○ ankylosing spondylitis - arthritis of the spine
○ ankylosis - abnormal condition of stiffening or fixation of a joint
○ arthralgia - pain of a joint
○ arthritis - inflammation of a joint
○ arthrochondritis - inflammation of an articular cartilage
○ atrophy - wasting of tissues, organs, or the entire body
○ bradykinesia - condition of decreased movement
○ bunion - swelling at the metatarsophalangeal joint caused by inflammatory bursa
○ bursitis - inflammation of a bursa
○ bursolith - a calculus (stone) formed in a bursa
○ carpal tunnel syndrome - entrapment of the median nerve at the wrist causing
pain
○ carpoptosis; wrist-drop - paralysis of wrist and finger muscles
○ chondromalacia - softening of any cartilage
○ cranioschisis - congenital malformation of incomplete closure of the skull
○ curvature of the spine - curving of the spine in one or more directions
○ kyphosis - abnormal forward curvature; humpback
○ lordosis - abnormal lateral curvature
○ scoliosis - abnormal lateral curvature
○ dyskinesia - difficulty performing voluntary movements
○ dystrophy - abnormal development or growth or a tissue or organ, often
resulting from nutritional deficiency
○ exostosis - bony projection that develops from cartilage
○ fibromyalgia - condition of chronic aching and stiffness of muscles and soft
tissues of unknown cause
○ fracture (fx) - a break in a bone or cartilage
○ gout - metabolic disorder involving painful deposits of uric acid crystals in
connective tissue and articular cartilage
○ herniated disc - protrusion of nucleus pulposus of intervertevral disc into the
vertebral canal
○ hyperkinesia - condition of excessive muscular movements
○ hypertrophy - increased development of a part or organ not caused by a tumor
○ maxillitis - inflammation of the maxilla
○ meniscitis - inflammation of a meniscus
○ muscular dystrophy (MD) - hereditary condition causing progressive
degeneration of skeletal muscles
○ myalgia - condition of muscular pain
○ myasthenia gravis (MG) - neuromuscular disorder causing weakness and
fatigue of voluntary muscles
○ myositis - inflammation of a muscle
○ osteolitis - inflammation of bone
○ osteoarthritis (OA) - joint inflammation involving erosion and inflammation of
articular cartilage
○ osteochondritis - inflammation of a bone and its articular cartilage
○ osteomalacia - condition of bone softening
○ osteomyelitis - inflammation of bone marrow
○ osteonecrosis - death of bone tissue
○ osteoporosis - age-related disorder of decreased bone mass and weakening
 ○ polymymyositis - inflammation of multiple voluntary muscles
○ rachischisis - emryologic failure of vertebrae arches to fuse
○ rheumatoid arthritis - disease causing progressive destructive changes and
inflammation in multiple joints, especially in the hands and feet
○ rickets - disease caused by vitamin D deficiency during childhood, involving
skeletal deformities and muscular weakness
○ spondylarthritis - inflammation of intervertebral articulations
○ sprain - injury of a ligament caused by abnormal or excessive forces on a joint
○ strain - injury of a muscle caused by overuse
○ tendonitis, tendinitis - inflammation of a tendon
○ tenodynia - condition of pain in a tendon
○ tenosynovitis - inflammation of a tendon and its sheath

● Tests and Procedures

○ creatine kinase (CK) - test for presence of the enzyme kinase in the blood which
may indicate conditions that can cause muscle weakness or pain
○ erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) - time measurement of red blood cells
settling in a test tube over one hour; increased rates are associated with anemia
or inflammatory conditions
○ rheumatoid factor (RF) - blood test used to help diagnose rheumatoid arthritis
○ synovial fluid analysis - test for the presence of crystals caused by some
conditions, such as arthritis, and the presence of signs of joint infection
○ uric acid test - test for presence of uric acid in the blood, indicating gout
○ arthrography - x-ray imaging of a joint using contrast dye
○ arthroscopy - endoscopic examination of the interior of a joint
○ bone densitometry - x-ray technique for determining density of bone
○ bone scan - nuclear medicine imaging of bone used to diagnose bone disorders
○ computed tornography (CT) - x-ray technique that produces computer-
generated cross-sectional images; used to evaluate disorders of and injuries to
the musculoskeletal system
○ electomyogram (EMG) - diagnostic test that produces a graphic record of
electric currents associated with muscular action
○ magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) - imaging technique that used magnetic
fields and radiofrequency waves to visualize anatomic structures; often used to
diagnose joint disorders
○ radiography - examination of any part of the body by x-rays
○ range of motion (ROM) testing - measurement of the amount of movement
allowed in a joint

● Surgical Interventions and Theraputic Procedures

○ arthrocentisis - needle puncture to remove fluid from a joint
○ arthroclasia - surgical breaking of adhesions (abnormal unions of membranes)
in ankylosis
○ arthrodesis - surgical artificial stiffening of a joint
○ arthroplasty - surgical restoration of joining function or creation of an artificial
joint (such as a total hip or knee replacement)
○ bursectomy - excision of a bursa
○ carpectomy - excision of part or all of the carpal bones
○ chindrectomy - excision of cartilage
○ chondroplasty - surgical repair of cartilage
○ costectomy - excision of a rib
○ cranioplasty - surgical repair of the skull
○ craniotomy - surgical creation of an opening (incision) into the skull
○ discectomy - surgical removal of part or all of an intervertebral disc
○ laminectomy - excision of a vertebral lamina
○ laminotomy; rachiotomy - enlargement of the intervertebral foramen by
excision of a portion of the lamina to relieve spinal nerve root pressure
○ maxiliotomy - surgical sectioning of the maxilla to allow movement in all or part
of the maxilla
○ meniscectomy - excision of a meniscus, usually from the knee joint
○ myoplasty - surgical repair of muscular tissue
○ myorrhaphy - suture of a muscle
○ open reduction, internal fixation (ORIF) - surgical repair of a fracture by
making an incision into the skin and muscle at the site of the fracture, manually
moving the bones into alignment, and fixing the bones in place with surgical
wires, screws, pins, rods, or plates
○ ostectomy - excision of bone tissue
○ osteoclasis - intentional fracture of a bone to correct deformity
○ osteoclast - surgical instrument used to fracture a bone to correct a deformity
○ patellectomy - excision of the patella
○ phalangectomy - excision of one or more phalanges of the hand or foot
○ reduction - manipulative or surgical procedure to restore a part to its normal
position, such as by reducing a fracture (putting bone ends back in place)
○ spondylosyndosis - surgical procedure to create ankylosis between two or
more vertebrae; also called spinal fusion
○ synovectomy - excision of part or all of a joint’s synovial membrane
○ tarsectomy - excision of part or all of the tarsal bones
○ tenorrhaphy - suture of the divided ends of a tendon
○ traction - a pulling force exerted on a limb or other part of the body to maintain a
desired position for healing
○ orthosis - external orthopedic device, such as a brace or splint
○ prothesis - artificial body part, such as a leg, used to replace a damaged or
missing structure
● Medications and Drug Therapies
○ analgesic - a drug that relieves pain without producing anesthesia
○ corticosteroid - a drug that reduces inflammation around joints
○ nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) - a drug (such as aspirin or
ibeuprofen) with antiinflammatory action (and usually analgesic and antipyretic
effects as well); used to treat joint and muscle conditions
○ skeletal muscle relaxant - a drug that relaxes skeletal muscle spasms and
spasticity

● Specialties and Specialists

○ chiropractic - health care discipline involving physical manipulation of
musculoskeletal structures
○ chiropractor - one who specializes in chiropractic health care
○ orthopedics, orthopaedics - medical specialty focusing on diagnosis and
treatment of disorders of the musculoskeletal system
○ orthopedist, orthopaedist - physician who specializes in orthopedics
○ orthotics - the science of making and fitting orthopedic devices
○ orthotist - one who makes and fits orthopedic appliances
○ osteopathy - school of medicine emphasizing manipulative measures in addition
to techniques of conventional medicine
○ osteopath - physician who specializes in osteopathy
○ podiatry - medical specialty ficusing on diagnosis and treatment of foot disorders
○ podiatrist - practitioner who specializes in podiatry
○ rheumatology - medical specialty focusing on the study, diagnosis, and
treatment of joint conditions
○ rheumatologist - physician who specializes in rheumatology

● Abbreviations
○ C1-C7 - cervical vertebrae 1-7
○ CK - creatine kinase
○ CT - computed tomography
○ CTS - carpal tunnel syndrome
○ EMG - electromyogram
○ ESR - erythrocyte sedimentation rate
○ Fx - fracture
○ L1-L5 - lumbar vertebrae 1-5
○ MD - muscular dystrophy
○ MG - myasthenia gravis
○ MRI - magnetic resonance imaging
○ NSAID - nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug
○ OA - osteoarthritis
○ ORIF - open reduction, internal fixation
○ RA - rheumatoid arthritis
○ RF - rheumatoid factor
○ ROM - range of motion
○ T1-T12 - thoracic vertebrae 1-12