DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

Ababacar Sadikhe Djité

Université Cheikh Anta Diop –UCAD. Sénégal

EDMI/UCAD, BP 5005, Dakar, Sénégal
Institut Supérieur de Management à Dakar

BIM Full english, November 10, 2023

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Contents

Chapter I:Basic concepts in statistics

• Population
• Sample
• Variables and Scores
• Organisation and presentation of data
• Graphical representation of data

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Contents

Chapter II:Single Variable Data (Univariate Data)

• Measures of Central Tendency
• Measures of Dispersion
• Formular for the Mean and Standard Deviation

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Contents

Chapter III:Two Variables Data (Bivariate Data)

• Position of the Problem
• Some Definitions
• Grouped and Ungrouped Data
• Table of Calculus

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Chapter I

I- Statistical Population and Observations

I.1- Definitions
• Statistics is the science of handling information, particularly quantitative
information (data), it is the science of organising describing summarising
and interpreting data to provide concise manageable information for decision
making.
• Statistical Population: It is the collection of all possible observations of a
specified characteristic of interest (possessing certain common property) and
being under study. This has been written by using the Greek letter Ω.

Example 1
• All the students in BIM Full Eng course.
• Group of objects, events etc.
• Undergraduate students in ISM.

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Statistical Population and Observations

card(Ω) denotes the number of elements or observation to be included in the

population Ω. A population includes all of the entities of interest. It is virtually
impossible to obtain information about all members of the population thus,
card(Ω) is large enought.
Therefore, we often try to gain insights into the characteristics of a population by
examining a sample, or subset E , of the population Ω. n denotes the sample size
i.e the number of elements or observation to be included in the sample.
I.2- Variables and scores
I.2-1- Variables
Variable is an item of interest that can take on many different values.

Example 2
Gender, religious, political party preference, marital status, country code, weight,
height, age, number of students etc.

An Variable can take on two or many observations.

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Statistical Population and Observation

I.2-2- Scores
Score means the many possible values that the variable can have.

Example 3
• Sex: male or femal.
• Marital status: married, single, widow, divorce.
• Regional defferentiation of Senegal: Dakar, Thies, Ziguinchor, Saint louis
ect.

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Types of Variables

II- Types of Variables or Data

A variable may be quantitative or qualitative. Note that quantitative variables are
either discrete or continuous.
II.1- Qualitative Variables
Qualitative variables are nonnumeric variables and can’t be measured.

Example 4
• Sex
• Marital status
• Regional defferentiation of Senegal
• religious

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Types of Variables

II.2- Quantitative Variables

Quantitative variables are numerical variables and can be measured. We
distinguish two types of quantitative variables: Quantitative discrete variables on
the other hand quantitative continuous varaibles.
II.2-1 Quantitative discrete Variables
Discrete data are whole numbers, and are usually a count of object.

Example 5
• Number of Pets
• Number of Students
• Number of Children

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Types of Variables

II.2-2 Quantitative continuous Variables

Definition 6
A continuous data is a measurable attribute whose value can take on any of an
infinite number of possible values within a given range.

Example 7
• Temperature
• Weight
• Height

• Grouped continuous data

The class Ci is a term used in statistics when we are given a continuous
 series.

Class means a groupe of numbers in which items are placed such as bi , bi+1 .

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Types of Variables
these numbers bi and bi+1 denotes the class limit.
• bi is the lower class limit
• bi+1 the upper class limit.
• The different wi = bi+1 − bi denotes the class width.
• the value bi +b
2
i+1
is the average of the lower and upper class limits: that is
the class mark or the mid points.
ni
• One defines the density of grouped continuous data as follows: di = wi or
di = wfii (frequency density).

Remark 1
When the class Ci are of unequal width, then the density form is necessary.

The presentation of data is broadly classified in to the following to categories:

• Tabular presentation
• Diagrammatic and Graphic presentation
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Data presentation
III- Tabular presentation
III.1- Qualitative data
Let us consider the following data on X for N observations: X1 , X2 , X3 , · · · , Xk .
Definition 8
• Frequency (ni ): It can simply be defined as the count of certain even which
has occurred.
• Relative frequency(rf) (fi ): It is the frequency divided by the total frequency
N.
The relative frequency is obtained using:
ni
fi =
N
where
k
X
N= ni .
i=1

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Data presentation

• Tabular presentation

data X Frequency ni Relative frequency

X1 n1 f1 = nN1
X2 n2 f2 = nN2
.. .. ..
. . .
Xi ni fi = nNi
.. .. ..
. . .
Xk nk fk = nNk
Total N 1

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 Data presentation

III.2- Quantitative data

One distinguish two types of tabular according to the data are either discret or
continuous.
III.2-1 Discrete data

Definition 9
• Relative cumulative frequency(rcf) (Fi ) is the number of observations less
Pi
than/more than or equal to a specific value: Fi = f1 + f2 + · · · + fi = j=1 fj .
• Cumulative frequency (Fi ) is the number of observations less than/more
Pi
than or equal to a specific value: Fi = n1 + n2 + · · · + ni = j=1 nj .

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Data presentation

• Tabular presentation

data Xi Frequency ni Relative frequency (fi ) rcf (less than type) (Fi )
X1 n1 f1 = nN1 F1 = f1
X2 n2 f2 = nN2 F2 = f1 + f2
.. .. .. ..
. . . .
nk
Xk nk fk = N Fk = f1 + f2 + · · · + fk = 1
Total N 1

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 Data presentation

III.2-2 Continuous data

• Tabular presentation
Class Class mark Frequency ni Relative frequency (fi ) rcf (less than type) (Fi )
b1 +b2 n
[b1 , b2 [ X1 = 2
n1 f1 = N1 F 1 = f1
b2 +b3 n
[b2 , b3 [. X2 = 2
n2 f2 = N2 F2 = f1 + f2
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
bi +bi+1 n
[bi , bi+1 [ Xi = 2
ni fi = Ni Fi = f1 + f2 + · · · + fi = 1
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
bk +bk+1 nk
[bk , bk+1 [ Xk = 2
nk fk = N
Fk = 1
Total N 1

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Diagrammatic and Graphic presentation of data

IV- Graphical Representation of data

Data which are shown in tabular form as you have seen above, can also be
displayed using graphs. You will note that a well constructed graphical
presentation is the easiest way to show a given set of data. In this unit the
graphical methods of representing data in statistics, such as bar chart, pie chart,
histogram, frequency polygon, cumulative frequency will be explained and
illustrated.
IV.1- Qualitative data

Pie chart:
A pie chart is a circle that is divided in to sections or wedges according to the
percentage of frequencies in each category of the distribution. The angle of the
sector is obtained using:

αi (Angle of sector ) = 360◦ × fi .

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Diagrammatic and Graphic presentation of data

Figure 1: Pie chart

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Diagrammatic and Graphic presentation of data

Example 10
The following data represent the population in a town.
Men Women Girls Boys
2500 2000 4000 1500
a- Find the observation
b- What type of variables are there ?
c- Draw a suitable diagram to represent the above population

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 Diagrammatic and Graphic presentation of data

IV.2- Quantitative data

IV.2-1- discrete data

Bar graph:
You are familiar with graphs and their constructions. In your mathematical lessons
or science lessons in your secondary school days, you were used to plot graphs.
The bar diagram or bar graph involves using orthogonal reflections or shadows of
bars or rectangular bars of equal breadth and different heights or lengths to
represent the table. Like every other graph which you are used to, the bar chart
has two axes, which are the frequency axis or the vertical axis and the item axis or
the horizontal axis. The height of each bar is proportional to the frequency.

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Diagrammatic and Graphic presentation of data

Figure 2: Bar graph

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Diagrammatic and Graphic presentation of data

Example 11
The following list gives the number of rooms, excluding the bathroom and
kitchen, in 50 dwellings.

2 6 4 3 3 4 4 7 5 4
5 3 7 5 5 4 4 5 6 2
6 3 4 4 5 8 6 5 5 3
3 3 7 5 4 4 5 4 1 6
5 4 4 8 6 2 3 3 6 4

Draw up a frequency table and draw a bar graph to represent these data.

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 Diagrammatic and Graphic presentation of data

IV.2-2- Continuous data

V.2-2-1 Histogram

Histogram:
You will recall that bar charts are constructed with rectangular bars of equal
width and different heights which correspond to the frequencies. The histogram is
also represented with rectangular bars. But the bars are not separated as is the
case with the bar chart. Can you guess why ?
This is because the data here are continuous data, therefore, the continuity is
shown at the base of the rectangles. The histogram is therefore a bar graph
frequency distribution in which the bars are not separated.
The histogram is constructed by plotting the frequencies against the scores or
class boundaries of corresponding class intervals.

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Diagrammatic and Graphic presentation of data
Example 12
The hop length of 100 footballers was collected and recorded in a table.

Length (metres) Frequency ni

[1, 2[ 10
[2, 3[ 20
[3, 4[ 30
[4, 5[ 30
[5, 6[ 10
Draw a histogram to display this data.

Remark 2
A histogram isn’t limited to displaying frequencies or relative frequency. The
y-axis (vertical axis) may labeled with the density when the class width is unequal.
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Diagrammatic and Graphic presentation of data

Example 13
100 people were timed while completing a puzzle. The results are shown in the
table.

Time (minutes) Frequency ni

[0, 10[ 10
[10, 15[ 15
[15, 20[ 30
[20, 30[ 20
[30, 45[ 25
Create a histogram displaying their times.

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 Diagrammatic and Graphic presentation of data

V.2-2-2 Cumulative frequency curve

Cumulative frequency curve

You have learnt that cumulative frequency shows the number of scores which are
below the upper limit of each class interval. The cumulative frequency curve
which is otherwise called Ogive is a graph of the cumulative frequencies against
the scores or the real exact limits of the class interval. The points of contact
represent the cumulative frequencies at the exact upper limits of the intervals.
You will have to take note that the general trend of the Ogive is progressively
rising, there are no inversions or set backs.

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Diagrammatic and Graphic presentation of data

Example 14
Below is a frequency table showing the price brackets that some laptops on sale
fall into.

Price (e) Frequency ni

[50, 100[ 2
[100, 150[ 15
[150, 200[ 9
[200, 300[ 19
[300, 450[ 5
Plot a cumulative frequency graph to show this data.

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 THANK YOU

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