PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

Hakan went to a cafe. Deniz went to the cafe too but they didn’t see each [Link] went
home at 13.30 and Deniz arrived at 14.00. So:
When Deniz arrived at the cafe, Hakan wasn’t there.
He had gone home.

 The past perfect simple is had + past participle.

I/we/they/you done
had looked etc.
He/she/it

____X(pastperfect)________x(pastsimple)___________x(now)_
- When we talk about something that happened in the past, we use past simple:
Deniz arrived at the cafe.
 This is the starting point of the story. Then, if we want to talk about things that
happened before that time(Deniz arrived), we use the past perfect:

When Deniz arrived at the party, Hakan had already gone home.

 Used with the past perfect:

Before, after, already, for, since, just, until, by, by the time etc.

 Eda didn’t want to eat a hamburger because she had already eaten something.
 When the police found his body, he had been dead for at least 20 hours.
 When Nida got up, her sister had already left home.

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS:

 Yesterday morning I got up and looked out of the window. The sun was shining but
the ground was very wet.
 It had been raining.(before you got up)
It was not raining when I looked out of the window; the sun was shining. But it had
been raining before. That’s why the ground was wet.

 Had been -ing is the past perfect continuous.

 I/we/you/they had been working
reading etc.
He/she/it

 For an action which lasted for some time in the past and whose result was visible in
the past.

 Sarah gave up smoking two years ago. She had been smoking for 20 years. (until
two years ago)
 Jason was tired yesterday because he had been jogging.

Time phrases used with the past perfect continuous:

1. For
2. Still
3. All day/All week/All year
4. Since
5. Ever since
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PRESENT PERFECT AND PAST PERFECT
-I feel tired( now) because I have been working out at the gym.(present time)
-I felt tired(yesterday) because I had been working out at the gym.(past time)
-Jason is in prison now .He has broken into many houses so far.
-Jason was put in jail in 2018. He had committed many crimes.(until 2018)

Past perfect simple Past perfect continuous

1) The past perfect is made from 1) The past perfect continuous is made
the verb had and the past from had been and the -ing form of a
participle of a verb. We use past verb.
perfect to talk about time up to a Example:
certain point in the past.
I had been working there for a year.
Example: They had been painting the bedroom for two days
She'd published her first poem by the time she when the new furniture was delivered.
was eight.
2) The past perfect is used in the
Had the parcel arrived when you called
same way as the present
yesterday?
perfect, but it refers to a time
I had finished the work before the boss arrived.
in the past, not the
She had left by the time I reached the office. present. We use the past
perfect for something
2) We can use the past perfect to that started in the
show the order of two past past and continued up to a
events. The past perfect shows given time in the past.
the earlier action and the past
simple shows the later action. Example:

Example: When George died, he and Anne had been

married for nearly fifty years.
When the police arrived, the thief had escaped. She didn't want to move. She had lived in
The thief had escaped when the police arrived. Liverpool all her life.
3) If there's only a single event, we
For this use, we often use the past
don't use the past perfect, even
if it happened a long time ago. perfect continuous:

Example: She didn't want to move. She had been living in

Liverpool all her life.
The Romans spoke Latin. (NOT The Everything was wet. It had been raining for
Romans had spoken Latin.) hours.

3) For something
that happened several
times before a point in the
past and continued after that
For something
that happened several
times before a point in the
past and continued after that
point.

Example:He was a wonderful guitarist. He had

been plaplaying ever since he was a teenager.

Time words/phrases used with the past perfect:

Before, after, already, for, since, ,just, until, by, by the time, etc.

Example:

I had been watching that programme every week since it started, but I missed the last episode.
Everybody had gone out by 12.
I didn’t enjoy the film because I had already seen it before.
The witness didn’t leave the scene of crime until the police had come.
Had you prepared the meal by the time I arrived home?
The jury had just signed the verdict when the judge came into the courtroom.
[Link] the sentences using Past perfect simple or continuous
1.- The fire ………………………… (already/reach) the roof by the time the
firemen arrived.
2.-Joe Smith went to prison because he …..…………. (steal) a lot of money.
3.-Helen went to bed after she …………………… (watch) her favourite TV
programme.
4.-My father bought the new car after he ……………….. (try) it a few times.
5.-By the time Sonia got to the party, everyone ……………………. (begin)
dancing.
6.-Lorenzo …………………….. (eat) all the ice cream before I opened the
fridge.
7.-There was a lot of snow outside because it ……………….. (snow)for
hours that day.
8.-Beatriz didn’t pass the test because she ………………….. (not study) at
all.
9.-Look! Somebody …………………… (leave) the windows open.
10.-By the time the police arrived, the burglar ……………….. (break)into
my neighbour’s house.
11.-The girl felt guilty because she …………………. (drink) all the milk.
12.-Our flat was robbed because we …………………. (not lock) the front
door.
13.-My father couldn’t find the money because he …………….. (hide) it in a
drawer.
14.I was sleepy because I…………………………………(study) all night.
[Link] ………………………………..(wait) for half an hour by the time his
girlfriend arrived.
[Link] the correct item.
1. -Was Tom at the party when you arrived?
-No, he had gone/had been going home.
2. Mary was sitting on the ground. She was out of breath. She
had run/had been running.
3. It didn’t start raining until we had found a place to stay in
Abant and had been eating/had eaten breakfast.
4. She had worked/had been working in the garden for over
two hours when she finally took break.
5. I was sad when I sold my car. I had been having/ had had it
for a long time.
6. We were good friends. We had known/ had been knowing
each other for a long time.
7. John and I went for a walk. I had difficulty keeping up with him
because he had been walking/had walked so far.

[Link] the situations and make sentences from the words in

brackets.
1. You went to Jill’s house but she wasn’t there.
(she/go/out) She had gone out.
2. There was nobody in the room but there was a smell of
cigarettes.
(somebody/smoke/in the room) Somebody had been smoking in the
room.
3. I invited Rachel to the party but she couldn’t come.
(she/arrange/to do something else) She had arranged to do something
else.

TIME CLAUSES

AFTER: (After+ Past Perfect/Past Simple+ Past Simple)

 After she had finished telling her story, she saw that her mother was crying.
 After John had written the letter, he posted it.
BEFORE:(Before+ Past simple+ Past Perfect/Past Simple)
(Past Perfect / Past Simple+ Before+ Past Simple)
 I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Adrasan in Antalya.
 She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them
in 1996.
 Before I came home, I had done some shopping.
AS SOON AS:
 As soon as I saw/had seen her, I knew there was something wrong.
 As soon as I started/had started the car, I realized (that) there was something wrong
with the engine.
UNTİL: (Till/Until + Simple Past + Simple Past (Past Perfect)
 I didn't turn off the TV until everybody had gone to bed.
 She worked in a bank until she had gotten married.
BY THE TIME: (By the time + Simple Past + Past Perfect)
 By the time we finished our homework, the film had already finished.
 By the time Alex finished his studies, he had been in London for over 8 years.

[Link] the sentences.

[Link] graduated. Then they got married.
-They got married as soon as they had graduated.
[Link] entered the restaurant. They were served.
-After they served.
3.I lost my credit card. I did not use it.
-Before I used the credit card, it.
[Link] airline cancelled the [Link] I arrived at the airport.
-By the time I arrived the flight.
[Link],I broke my leg. I could not go out.
-I couldn’t go out because I
[Link] left school and took up a job.
-As soon as he a job.
[Link] met in Paris. She fell in love with him.
-When they with him.
[Link] did not recognize Jim. She did not say hello to him.
-Marion didn’t say hello to Jim as/because
Him.
[Link] sent me an e-mail. I understood the problem.
-Until Peter the problem.
10. Kaan went back home from [Link] he had a shower.
-As soon as a shower.
[Link] criminal was in jail for two months. Then the judge found him innocent.
-The criminal…………………………………………………until the judge………….
Innocent.
[Link] man apologized to the woman. She gave up pressing charges against him.
-After the man
[Link] burgled many houses. Then the police finally arrested him.
-Before the police
[Link] police charged him with trespassing so he was sentenced to two years in jail.
-After the police
[Link] criminal went on trial again. He was in prison for three years.
-Before the criminal
16.I took a gap year. Then I started university.
Before I started a gap year.