CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

1.0 Introduction.

This chapter concern background, statement of the Problem, general objective, specific
objectives, research questions and significant of the study.

1.2 Background of the Problem

Health and safety policies and programmers are concerned with protecting employees and
other people affected by what the company produces and does against the hazards arising
from their employment or their links with the company (Armstrong, 2009). The need to provide
a safe work environment for employees had a long history in personnel management. It is
acknowledged that work system can not only affect commitment, competence, cost
effectiveness, and congruence , but also have long term consequences for individual well-being,
there is some evidence to indicate that work system design may have effects on physical health,
mental health, and longevity of life itself. This certainly understates the importance of safe and
healthy work systems to the health of employees (Bratton and Gold, 1999).Assuring quality and
productivity at work can play a role in promoting economic growth and employment. This is
due to the fact that the lack of effective protection to ensure health and safety at work can
result in absenteeism, in the wake of workplace accidents and occupational illnesses, and can
lead to permanent occupational disability. This not only has a considerable human dimension
but also has a major negative impact on the economy. The enormous economic costs of
problems associated with health and safety at work inhibits economic growth and affects the
competitiveness of businesses. (Hesapro background research paper, 2013). Problems of
occupational safety and health (OSH) have been present since the emergence of human work.
The recognition that work is risky to life, safety and health was highlighted in the eighteenth
and nineteenth centuries as the industrial revolution occurred in Europe. The scope of
occupational safety and health has gradually broadened from the diseases or injuries
attributable to work to the nature of work itself, the wider work environment, and workers
wellbeing. OSH is divided into a number of specializations related to particular Problems and
applications within physiology, psychology, sociology, ergonomics, medicine, hygiene, work
safety, toxicology, and epidemiology amongst others (Elgstrand and Petersson, 2009).According
to the World Health Organization (WHO) recently revised fact shows that there are a big
number of employees who are working at risk environment. Hundreds of millions of people
worldwide are working in conditions that cause illness or are unsafe. Despite the effort made by
International Labour Organization (ILO) and World Health Organization (WHO) the rate of
workers and workplace with access to occupational health service diminishing rather than
expanding. The percent of workers access to occupational health and safety services is
estimated to range from 10% to 20% in the world. Work related injuries and diseases kills an
estimate of 2.3 million of people every year from 250 million work place accidents occurs each
year. Some 160 million new cases of work related diseases occur annually worldwide including
serious cases like cancer, hearing loss and reproductive disorders. (ILO plan of action, 2016-
2020).Bratton and Gold (1999), highlighted in their study, In the 1960s, something like a
thousand employees were killed at their work in the UK. Every year of that decade about 500
000 employees suffered injuries in varying degrees of severity, and 23 million working days
were lost annually on account of industrial injury and disease. Such statistics led investigators to
argue that 'for both humanitarian and economic reasons, no society can accept with
complacency that such levels of death, injury, disease and waste must be regarded as the
inevitable price of meeting its needs for goods and services. There are also indirect costs
associated with work-related accidents. The indirect costs include overtime payments
necessary to make up for lost production, cost of retaining a replacement employee, a wage
cost for the time spent by labour relation personnel recruiting, selecting and training the new
employee and in less typical cases the cost associated with loss of revenue on orders cancelled
or lost if the accident causes a net long-term reduction on sales, and attendance at court
hearings in contested [Link] employee productivity and occupational health and
safety (OHS) have been an important field of interest of industry especially in developing
countries. Some common characteristics of such industries include inappropriate workplace
design, ill-structured jobs, mismatch between job demands and worker’s abilities, adverse
environments, poor human machine system design, and inappropriate management programs.
These factors lead to workplace hazards, poor employee health, mechanical hardware injuries,
and disabilities, which reduce the worker productivity and work or product quality and increase
the cost. Identifying the reasons of the high rate of accidents and poor industrial safety track
records is crucial in developing countries. The lack of experience from developed countries’
technology and machinery is quoted as a cause. (Shikdar & Sawaqed, 2003).In Tanzania many
organization fail to meet their performance standard due to poor health and safety programs.
This led to government establishing the Occupational Safety and Health Authority (OSHA) under
the Ministry of Labour and Employment on 31st August, 2001 through the Executive Agencies
Act, No. 30 of 1997 under the Public Reform Program as an Occupational Health and Safety Act
No. 5 of 2003, to ensure that working condition in all workplace are safe and health with sat
laws and standards that would be observed by employers in workplace. The aim of the Agency
was to improve the health and safety of workers at all workplaces through enforcement and
promotion of occupational health and safety practices to reduce accidents and work related
diseases, which ultimately achieves better productivity. (National occupational health and
safety policy, 2009)

1.3 Statement of the Problem

Despite the fact that managing health and safety is one among criteria which lead to the
contribution of organizational performance by protecting companies from lawsuits, fines and
citation as well as protect employees from the risk of what the company produce which make
them feel safe and happy to increase job satisfaction towards improving performance, but
organisations facing challenges to manage health and safety programme which hinder
employees performing better their duties for afraid to risk their lives at work place. Some of
organizations managed to achieve health and

1.4.1 General objective.

The general objective of this study is to examine the impacts of occupational health and safety
programs on the organization performance
1.4.2 Specific Objectives

This study will focus on the following specific objectives:

(i) To identify the significance of health and safety policy in the organization

(ii) To identify challenges affecting the implementation of health and safety programmes in the
organization

(iii) To assess effectiveness of occupational heath and safety in employees performance .

1.4 Research Questions

(i) What the significance of health and safety policy in the organization

(ii) What are the challenges affecting the implementation of health and safety programms in
the organization?

1.5 Significance of the study.

The study will benefit the following groups of people

1.5.1 Academician

This study can be used in academic institutions as a training material to provide knowledge on
how to write a project proposal and health and safety management in organization.

1.5.2 Students

The study will help students especially who taking human resource management course as to
broaden their knowledge and gain skills on how they can managing health and safety
programme at workplace to strengthen the morale of employees towards organizational
performance.

1.5.3 Policy makers

This study will be helpful in formulation of new health and safety policy strengthen the existing
one to improve health and safety programme in the [Link] influence OHS
programs through legislation, regulations, and guidelines that dictate the minimum
requirements for workplace safety and health. These policies can significantly impact
organizational performance by reducing workplace accidents, improving employee health, and
enhancing productivity

1.5.4 Planners

The planners in organization will benefit from the study because research findings may be used
to improve their knowledge and skills on health and safety management as a result will
minimize the accidents and ill health at workplace, so they can meet succession plan in the
[Link] play a vital role in developing and implementing OHS programs that cater
to the specific needs of an organization. They must identify potential hazards, assess risks, and
devise strategies to mitigate them. This involves collaborating with various stakeholders,
including employees, management, and regulatory bodies, to ensure that OHS programs are
effective and compliant with relevant regulations

1.5.5 Researchers

This study will help researchers to identify viable areas for further research. Also researchers
will use this study as an additional reference on their studies relating to health and safety to
check the gap for further [Link] have developed various models to assess the
impact of OHS research on organizational performance. One such model, described in a study
published in the journal Work, focuses on tracking and describing the impact of research
conducted by a mid-sized institute on work and health [5]. The model categorizes research
impact into three types: evidence of diffusion, evidence of informing decision-making, and
evidence of societal impact.

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction
This chapter concern definition of key terms or description, Theoretical literature review,
Empirical literature review, Research gap and conceptual framework.

2.2 Definition of key terms

Health

The World Health Organization defines health as 'a state of complete physical, mental and
social well-being, not merely an absence of disease and infirmity’. Safety, on the other hand,
defined by the oxford dictionary, as the state of being safe and protected from danger or harm.
Safety is more specific and easier to understand. safety is relative freedom from or protection
against hazards at the place of work (Ngirwa, 2005)

Occupational

According to International Labor Organization (ILO), Occupational health and safety is a

discipline with a broad scope involving many specialized fields. In its broadest sense, it should
aim at: The promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social
well-being of workers in all occupations; The prevention among workers of adverse effects on
health caused by their working conditions; The protection of workers in their employment from
risks resulting from factors adverse to health; The placing and maintenance of workers in an
occupational environment adapted to physical and mental needs; The adaptation of work to
humans. In other words, occupational health and safety encompasses the social, mental and
physical well-being of workers. Occupational health issues are often given less attention than
occupational safety issues because the former are generally more difficult to confront.
However, when health is addressed, so is safety, because a healthy workplace is by definition
also a safe workplace (Ngirwa, 2005).The converse, though, may not be true called safe
workplace is not necessarily also a healthy workplace. The important point is that issues of both
health and safety must be addressed in every workplace. By and large, the definition of
occupational health and safety given above encompasses both health and safety in their
broadest contexts. Employee welfare was historically used to encompass the employees’
physical working conditions, e.g. facilities related to sanitation, canteens, barsvending
machines, sports clubs, dispensaries, shortening of working hours and any other initiatives of
job satisfaction and improvement of quality of work life in the places of work (Ngirwa, 2005).

Organization performance

Organizational performance involves analyzing a company's performance against its objectives

and goals. In other words, organizational performance comprise real results or outputs
Compared with intended outputs( All, 2008)

Employee morally

Is defined as the attitude, satisfaction and overall outlook of employees during their association
with an organization or a business. An employee that is satisfied and motivated at workplace
usually used tend to have a higher molare than their counterparts tend to have a low employee
molare (Adam, 2008)

Health and safety

The main goal of safety and health programs is to prevent workplace injuries, illnesses, and
deaths as well as the suffering and financial hardships these events can cause for workers, their
families, and employers. The recommendations practice use a proactive approach to managing
workplace safety and health (carryfoth, 1992). Management commitment is direct participation
by the highest level executive in a specific and critically important aspect or programs of an
organization ( Sheldon, 1971)

2.3 Theoretical literature review

2.3.1 Health and safety policy programmes on organizations performance

According to Alli (2008), measures for the prevention and control of occupational hazards in
the workplace should be based upon a clear, implementable and well-defined policy at the level
of the enterprise. This occupational safety and health policy represents the foundation from
which occupational safety and health goals and objectives, performance measures and other
system components are developed. It should be concise, easily understood, approved by the
highest level of management and known by all employees in the organization. The policy should
be in written form and should cover the organizational arrangements to ensure occupational
safety and health. In particular, it should: Allocate the various responsibilities for OSH within
the enterprise; bring policy information to the notice of every worker, supervisor and manager;
determine how occupational health services are to be organized; and Specify measures to be
taken for the surveillance of the working environment and workers’ [Link] policy may be
expressed in terms of organizational mission and vision statements, as a document that reflects
the enterprises occupational safety and health values. It should define the duties and
responsibilities of the departmental head or the occupational safety and health team leader
who will be the prime mover in the process of translating policy objectives in to within the
enterprise. The policy document must be printed in a language or medium readily understood
by the workers. Where illiteracy levels are high, clear non-verbal forms of communication must
be used. The policy statement should be clearly formulated and designed to fit the particular
organization for which it is intended. It should be circulated so that every employee has the
opportunity to become familiar with it. The policy should also be prominently displayed
throughout the workplace to act as a constant reminder to all. In particular, it should be posted
in all management offices to remind managers of their obligations in this important aspect of
company operations (Alli, 2008).In addition, appropriate measures should be taken by the
competent authority to provide guidance to employers and workers to help them comply with
their legal obligations. To ensure that the workers accept the safety and health policy
objectives, the employer should establish the policy through a process of information exchange
and discussion with them. The policy should be kept alive by regular review. A policy may need
to be revised in the light of new experience, or because of new hazards or organizational
changes. Revision may also be necessary if the nature of the work that is carried out changes,
or if new plant or new hazards are introduced into the workplace. It may also be necessary if
new regulations, codes of practice or official guidelines relevant to the activities of the
enterprise are issued (Webb, 1989).

2.3.2 The implementation of health and safety programmers at workplace

 Occupational health programmes deal with the prevention of ill-health arising from working
conditions. They consist of two elements which are occupational medicine, which is a
specialized branch of preventive medicine concerned with the diagnosis and prevention of
health hazards at work and dealing with any ill health or stress which has occurred in spite of
preventive actions, and occupational hygiene, which is the province of the chemist and the
engineer or ergonomist engaged in the measurement and control of environmental hazards.
Safety programmes deal with the prevention of accidents and with minimizing the resulting loss
and damage to people. They relate more to systems of work than the working environment, but
both health and safety programmes are concerned with protection against hazards, and their
aims is clearly interlinked. Successful safety and health programs have many components and
philosophies and differ from organization to organization so, since safety and health programs
should “fit” individual company's mission, goals and needs (Armstrong, 2009).However, since
the wave of the future is one of change and globalization trend; it is important for safety and
health professionals to understand the components that contribute to a successful program in
the context of the organizational structure to better provide effective services to companies of
today and more so of the future. It is also important for safety and health professionals to
understand the management style of the future and to prepare to be a part of this “new way of
doing business” again to provide effective services and to justify their existence in the
organization. Despite detailed prep work to determine what is required for an effective safety
program. Therefore, before implementation of your program takes place, your employees and
managers must be properly trained. How can ensure that your employees are properly trained
regarding your safety program? As a business owner, you must ensure that all employees know
about the materials and equipment they work with, what known hazards are in the operation,
and how you are controlling the hazards(Shepherd, et al, 2001).

2.4 Empirical literature review

Webb (1989) studed of workstation of changes demonstrated a 1,000 percent productivity

increase with less than three months, for the cost . According to the National Safety Council
(USA), the college of Insurance and National institute for Occupational Safety and Health
industry. Absence management survey showed that sickness absence accounts for 8.4% of
working . workers in United States per year. A related survey involved a survey of about 16,000
employees in Australia, this study focused on the relationships among occupational injuries,
employees’ satisfaction. The researcher measured satisfaction with items such as I am satisfied
with management treatment, they measure occupational injuries by for having respondents
indicating whether they had experienced an injury in the past year. A study of brain injury in
residents of San Diego County, showed that at least 2 million people incur such injuries each
year with nearly 500,000 resultant hospital admissions as from traumatic head [Link]
study shows that 6000 people are estimated to have been dying each year from cancers caused
by working conditions. Again over million people are reported by the Health and Safety
Executive to suffer from some form of work related illness each year. It is estimated by the
Royal Society for prevention of accidents that every year in the United Kingdom 30 million
working days are lots of work related-illness. Two million people say suffer from an illness they
believe was caused by their work. Muscular disorder including repetitive strain injury (RSI) and
back pain are by far the most commonly reported illness with 1.2 million affected and the
numbers are rising. The next biggest problem is Stress, which 500,000 people say is so bad that
it is making them ill. The research was conducted to show the results thas it mandate to
contribute through scientific research to the identification and elimination of sources of
workplace hazards as well as to the re-adaptation of workers suffered workplace injuries,
(Quebec's institute of Occupational Health and Safety 1980)

2.5 Research theory

Empirical studies have consistently demonstrated a positive relationship between OHS

programs and organizational performance for instance, a study found that organizations with
effective OHS management systems experienced significant improvement in productivity and
reductions in injury rates another study highlighted the importance of leadership commitment
to OHS, noting that senior management's involvement in OHS initiatives was a critical factor in
determining their success.

2.6 conceptual framework

Hazard identification and risk assessment, identifying potential workplace hazards and
assessing the associated risks, risk control measures, implementating control to mitigate or
eliminate identified risks, employee training and education, providing employees with the
knowledge and skills necessary to work safely, monitoring and evaluation, continously
monitoring the effectiveness of OHS programs and making improvement as needed.

Health and safety police (training awereness

Occupational heath and safety program implementation

Reduce accidents and illiness

Improved employee morale and retention

Enhanced organizational performance

Diagram of conceptual frame work

2.7 Research gap

The above literature revealed those previous researchers who were observing physical injuries,
diseases and accidents. The reviews shows that still losses, injuries, and death are there and
very high in our places of work. Regardless of OSHA, and other stakeholders efforts on health
and safety welfares of people, still our workplaces are risky and not safe place to go. For
instance, reported on [Link] that, “36 confirmed dead as rescue efforts end” due to the
recent incidence of 16-storey buildings collapse in Dar Es Salaam at Indira Gandhi street which
happened on Friday, March 29, 2013. All of those dead were the workmen at the site, visitors
and pass by people who had the rights to live and go home safe. So, the gap this study want to
fill is that to explore and assess the extent of health and safety policies and programmes on
impaction of performance in the organizations. The aim of this study is to know the impact of
health and safety programmes on the organization performance (Mwachanga 2013).

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.0 Introduction

Search methodology is the way of systematically solving the research problem; it may be
understood as science of studying how research is done scientifically (kothar,2014). The study
will be comprised of research design, study area, sampling techniques, source of data, data
collection method, documentation method, documentation instruments methods,
documentary reviews and data analysis plan.

3.1 Research design

Kothari (2014) defined research design as the conceptual structure within which research will
be done. It constitutes the blue print for the collection, measurement and analysis of data. Also
design of any research is largely depending on the nature of problem. This study will use
descriptive research design .

3.2 Source of DataData

is the body of information, which is usually treated in numerical (Kamili, 2010).Source of data
contain primary data and secondary data. Primary data are data that has been generated by the
researcher himself or herself, surveys, interviews, experiments, specially designed for
understanding and solving the research problem at hand. Also secondary data is a data where
by the researcher collected data from existing information such as books, magazines,
newspapers pamphlets (Rwegoshora, 2014).But data are facts figures and other relevant
materials part and prevent solving as a basis for study. This study will use secondary data to
collect data from field.

3.3 Data collection Method

Kothari, (2014).Data collection is the gathering of secondary information needed for the study.
This task should begin after to recognize research problem and research design plan chalked
out. This study will use documentation method to collect data from field.

3.4 Documents review:

Is the analysis of different documents to get information related to important themes from
various materials in libraries and online sources Michael (2012).From this method the
researcher will reviewed different documents related to rewards on organization performance.
This will use to collect data from the field.

3.5 Data Analysis

Fred, (2019) Data analysis refers to the computation of certain measures with searching
patterns of relationship that exists among the data groups. In the process of data analysis
relationships of differences supporting or conflicting with the original or new hypothesis should
be subjected to statistical test to determine the validity that data can portray for conduction.
This study will use qualitative analysis to analyze data from the field.

CHAPTER FOUR

DISCUSSION AND FINDINGS

4.0 Introduction

This chapter presents the impact of the health and safety programmes on organization
performance. From the specific objectives secondary data was obtained and presented and the
research questions.

4.1 The significance of Health and safety policy programmes on organizations performance

A health and safety policy is a written statement by an employer stating the company’s
commitment for the protection of the health and safety of employees and to the public. It is an
endorsed commitment by management to its employees regarding their health and safety.
Details on the elements of an occupational health and safety policy are outlined in the attached
Regulations.

. A clear health and safety policy contributes to business efficiency and continuous
improvement throughout the operation. Demonstrating senior management involvement
provides evidence to all stakeholders that responsibilities to people and the environment are
taken seriously. The policy should state the intentions of the business in terms of clear aims,
objectives, organization, arrangements, and targets for all health and safety issues.

. A health and safety policy is a document that outlines your company’s commitment to
providing a safe and healthy work environment for employees. It should include your
company’s procedures for identifying and mitigating risks and how you will handle workplace
accidents and injuries. A well-written health and safety policy can help protect your employees
and your business from potential liability.

. The health and safety of your employees should be a top priority for your business. A well-
designed health and safety policy can help you create a safe work environment and protect
your employees from potential injuries. If you have not already developed a health and safety
policy for your business, now is the time to do so. Review the tips below to help you get
started.

. Creates Reliability among the Employee Base . When a company takes into account the health
and safety policies of its employees there is a certain amount of credibility that the company
gain. The best part about having such policies in any company is that it creates a strong
employee base and they tend to rely on the company. A list of strong yet flexible health and
safety policies create a very relaxed and easy environment among employees. Employees know
that their health will be well taken care of by the organization that they are working with hence
the ease in their work.

. Helps in Increasing the Labor Force – All employees wish to work in an environment where
they have all the luxuries and the perks that as an employee they deserve to get. So as a
company if you wish to have a strong labor force, then it is important that you keep their likes
and preferences in mind. The best way to do that is by creating health and safety policies that
will take care of the employees.

4.2 The challenges affecting the implementation of health and safety programs in the
organization
A health and safety program is a definite plan of action designed to prevent incidents and
occupational [Link] skilled manpower in the OHS enforcement institutions is a
major factor that affects enforcement of OHS standards at workplaces .Inadequate OHS
regulations, standards, and policies .The lack of comprehensive OHS regulations, standards and
policies, is a key challenge to the management of OHS in [Link] instances of
sanctions and prosecution. Non-compliance to OHS regulations is perceived to be encouraged
by inadequate examples of punishment and prosecution of offending employers or
[Link] in justice delivery system. One problematic area in Ghana’s justice system is
the issue of delay in cases hearing and court rulings . One basic principle of rule of law and
adjudication of justice is the need to follow due processes and indeed doing this in any
competent court of law may bring about some [Link] practices by inspectors .It is
perceived that some employees of the OHS enforcement institutions engage in unethical
practices in their inspectorial and enforcement duties. Corruption in organization is still high
and pervasive (Transparency International, 2015), especially in law enforcement and regulatory
agencies..