Chapter one Analysis of Indeterminate Structures

Slope Deflection Method

[Link]
 Introduced in 1915 by Prof.G A Maney at university of Minnesota
 Ideally suited for the analysis of continuous beam and rigid jointed frame
 Basic unknowns are displacements(slopes and deflections) at joints
 It is difficult to solve equations with more than three unknowns
 Slope deflection method is an algebraic procedure, understanding of its principle is very useful
for the use of matrix method of structural analysis which is mostly computer based.
[Link]: the following assumptions are used while developing this method
1. All joints are rigid: the angle between any two members does not change before and after
deformation due to loading

a) Rigid joint before deformation b) Rigid joint after deformation

2. Distortion due to axial deformation is neglected, BB’=CC’=∆

Axial deformation is neglected

3. Shear deformation are neglected
Assumption 2 and 3 are reasonable because, distortion of rigid jointed structure due to axial force
and shear are really small compared to distortion due to flexure.
1.3. Sign conventions
Moment: Clockwise moments are positive, counter clock wise moments are negative

MBC= CCW= -VE moment

MBA= CW= +VE moment

Sign convention for moment

Rotation: Clockwise rotation of a tangent to elastic curve is +ve rotation and anticlockwise is -ve.
Ө3, –Ve rotation
Ө1, Ө2 , +Ve rotation

Sign convention for rotation

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Settlement: settlement ∆ is positive when right side of support is below left side support and ∆ is
negative if left side support is below right side support. ∆AB is +ve, ∆BC is -ve,

Sign convention for settlement

[Link]: This method is Applicable for analysis of rigid jointed structures like
 Continuous beam, frame without side way, frame with sideway
1.5. Limitation: difficult to use structures involving large number of unknowns
1.6. Derivation of Slope Deflection Equation
 Consider a rigid member AB subjected to a given loading, fig a
 Fig b shows deformed shape with all possible end displacement(ӨA, ӨB, ∆) in positive sense
 The final end moments at A and B are MAB and MBA respectively
 Now the aim is to drive the relationship between this end moment and end displacement

Fig.a. original shape of beam Fig b. Deformed Shape of Beam

Stages in the development of final end moment and displacement
1. Develop fixed end moment (MFAB, MFBA) due to given loads assuming the beam fixed at the
two ends with no rotation, those two moments are in their positive sense in the figure but
mostly MFAB have negative value.

Fig c. Fixed end moment due to actual load

2. Settlement ∆, takes place without any rotation at the ends. This is similar to the settlement of
𝟔𝑬𝑰∆
supports in fixed beam. The end moment developed due to settlement of fixed beam is 𝑳𝟐 .

Fig d. End moment due to settlement

3. Moment M’AB comes in to play in simply supported beam AB to cause end rotation ӨA1 and
ӨB1 at A and B respectively.

Fig e. End rotation due to M’AB

4. Moment M’BA comes in to play in simply supported beam AB to cause end rotation ӨA2 and
ӨB2 at A and B respectively.

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 Fig f. End rotation due to M’BA
Moment M’AB and M’BA gives final rotation ӨA and ӨB to the beam AB to fined rotation due to
applied moment M in a beam without end rotation; conjugate beam method may be used. It is seen
𝑴 𝑀
that rotation at loaded end is 𝟑𝑬𝑰 and rotation at the unloaded end is 6𝐸𝐼

SSB subjected to end moment Conjugate beam

Referring fig e. and fig f. and from the concept of M=k*Ө, we have the following relations
𝑀′ 𝐿 𝑀′ 𝐿 𝑀′ 𝐿 𝑀′ 𝐿
ӨA1= 𝐴𝐵 and ӨB1= 𝐴𝐵 ӨA2= 𝐵𝐴 and ӨB2= 𝐵𝐴
3𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼 3𝐸𝐼
From fig b,e and f it can be seen that
M′AB L M′BA L
ӨA = ӨA1-ӨA2 = 3EI - 6EI
M′BA L M′AB L
ӨB = ӨB2 - ӨB1= 3EI
- 6EI solving the two equation simultaneously
2M′AB L M′AB L M′AB L M′AB L
2ӨA + ӨB = 3EI - 6EI = 6EI (4-1) = 2EI
𝟐𝑬𝑰 𝟐𝑬𝑰
M’AB = 𝑳 (2ӨA + ӨB) Similarly, M’BA= 𝑳 (ӨA + 2ӨB)
Final moments shown in fig b are the sum of moments shown in the four stages from fig c to fig f
6𝐸𝐼∆ 6𝐸𝐼∆ 2𝐸𝐼
MAB = MFAB - 𝐿2 + M’AB = MFAB - 𝐿2 + 𝐿 (2ӨA + ӨB)
𝟐𝑬𝑰 𝟑∆
MAB = MFAB + 𝑳
(2ӨA + ӨB - 𝑳
) ………………1
6𝐸𝐼∆ 6𝐸𝐼∆ 2𝐸𝐼
Similarly, MBA = MFBA - + M’BA= MFBA - + (ӨA + 2ӨB)
𝐿2 𝐿2 𝐿
𝟐𝑬𝑰 𝟑∆
MBA = MFBA + (ӨA + 2ӨB - …………………2
)
𝑳 𝑳
The above two equations are called slope-deflection equations
1.7. Fixed End Moments for Some Loading Condition
 The member- end moments are made up of the following components:
 The end moments due to external loads on the member with member ends assumed fixed, and
 The end moments caused by the actual member-end displacements (rotations and translations).

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4
1.8. Procedures in Slope Deflection Method of analysis
A. Understand the member, Loading, support conditions, stability, determinacy
B. Determine the Fixed End Moments
C. Formulate slope deflection equation for all members
D. Consider joint equilibrium equation (to solve ∆,Ө )
E. Calculate member end moments(substituting ∆,Ө in slope-deflection equation)
F. Calculate reactions treating each span as simply supported beam
G. Check joint moment equilibrium and overall member equilibrium
H. Calculate Internal Forces
I. Draw Elastic Deformation Curve ,EC
J. Draw Plastic Deformation Curve ,PC
K. Draw Shear Force Diagram, SFD
L. Draw Bending Moment Diagram, BMD
M. Draw axial force diagram of the member, AFD
N. Finalize and Interpret analysis results
Examples on continuous beam by Slope Deflection Method
Example 1: Analyze the two span continuous beam using slope deflection method and draw
BMD,SFD, Elastic curve, plastic curve, young’s modulus is constant throughout.

Stepe1: Calculate Fixed End Moment

− 40∗4 −20∗ 62
MFAB = = -20KNm MFBC= = -60KNm
8 12
40∗4 20∗ 62
MFBA = = 20KNm MFCB = = 60KNm
8 12
Step 2: Formulate Slope Deflection Equation
2𝐸𝐼 3∆
MAB = MFAB + (2ӨA + ӨB - )
𝐿 𝐿
2𝐸𝐼
MAB = -20+ (2*0 + ӨB - 0 ) = 0.5EIӨB-20 since ӨA=0 at fixed end and ∆=0
4
2𝐸𝐼 3∆
MBA = MFBA + (ӨA +2ӨB - )
𝐿 𝐿
2𝐸𝐼
MBA = 20+ (0 +2ӨB- 0 ) = EI ӨB +20 since, ӨA=0 at fixed end and ∆=0
4
2𝐸𝐼 3∆
MBC = MFBC + (2ӨB + ӨC - )
𝐿 𝐿
2𝐸∗2𝐼 𝟒
MBC = - 60 + (2ӨB + ӨC - 0 ) = 𝑬𝑰 ӨB -60 since ӨC=0 at fixed end
6 𝟑
2𝐸𝐼 3∆
MCB = MFCB + (ӨB + 2ӨC - )
𝐿 𝐿
2𝐸∗2𝐼 𝟐
MCB = 60 + (ӨB + 2ӨC - 0 ) = 𝑬𝑰 ӨB+60 since ӨC=0 at fixed end
6 𝟑
Step 3: Joint Equilibrium Equation
Consider joint B, MBA +MBC = 0
4
0.5EIӨB +20 + 3 𝐸𝐼 ӨB -60 =0, Therefore, EIӨB= 17.143

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Step 4: Calculate the final end moment
Substituting the value of EIӨB into slope deflection equation
MAB= 0.5 EIӨB -20 =0.5*17.143-20= -11.428KNm
MBA= EIӨB + 20 =17.143 + 20= 37.143KNm
4 4
MBC= 𝐸𝐼 ӨB -60 = ∗ 17.143 -60= -37.143KNm
3 3
2 2
MCB= 𝐸𝐼 ӨB+60 = ∗ 17.143+60 = 71.429KNm
3 3
Step 5: Calculate reaction at the support, treating each beam as simply supported beam

Reaction Free Body Diagram

Using the principle of equilibrium
By taking ∑MB=0 By taking ∑Fy=0
11.424+40∗2−37.143
RA= =13.571KN RB1 = 40-13.571=26.429KN
4
By taking ∑MC =0 RC = 20*6 – 54.286= 65.714KN
37.143+20∗6∗3−71.429
RB2 = = 54.286KN RB=RB1 + RB2= 80.715KN
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Step 6: calculate internal forces E.g. on member BC

∑Mo=0 at x distance from support B

Mx-20x2/2-37.143+ RB2*x=0 Mx =20x2/2- RB2*x +37.143=0
20x -54.286=0, X=2.714m
Mx= -36.53KNm
∑Fy=0 ∑Fx=0
RB2 – 20x-Vy=0 Vx = 0KN since no horizontal force or AF on beam is neglected
Vy= RB2 -20x=54.286-20*2.714 = 54.286KN
Step 7: Draw Shear Force Diagram

Step 8: Draw Bending Moment Diagram

BMD is drawn keeping view that tension at the bottom is positive and tension at the top is negative

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Step 9: Draw the elastic deformation curve of the beam

Elastic deformation is temporary deformation due to external

load and which regain its original shape after unloading

Step 10: Draw the plastic deformation curve of the beam

Plastic deformation is permanent deformation due to external

load and which cannot regain its original shape after unloading

Step 11: Final Analysis Results

Example 2: Analyze the following continuous beam by slope deflection method if support B sinks
down by [Link] EI=4000KNm2, Draw SFD, BMD and elastic curve also.

Step 1: Calculate Fixed End Moment

20∗82 −60∗ 4
MFAB = − 12
= -106.67KNm MFBC= 8
= -30KNm
20∗82 60∗ 4
MFBA= = 106.67KNm MFCB = = 30KNm
12 8
Step 2: Formulate slope deflection equation
2𝐸𝐼 3∆
MAB = MFAB + 𝐿 (2ӨA + ӨB - 𝐿 )
2𝐸∗2𝐼
MAB = -106.67+ 8
(2*0 +ӨB -3 ∗ 0.01/8 ) = 0.5EIӨB-114.17 since ӨA=0, ∆=10mm=0.01m
2𝐸𝐼 3∆
MBA = MFBA + 𝐿
(ӨA +2ӨB - 𝐿
)
2𝐸∗2𝐼
MBA = 106.67+ 8
(0 +2ӨB- 3*0. 01/8 ) = EI ӨB +99.17 since ӨA=0, ∆= 10mm= 0.01m
2𝐸𝐼 3∆
MBC = MFBC + 𝐿
(2ӨB + ӨC - 𝐿
)
2𝐸∗𝐼
MBC= -30 + 4
(2ӨB + ӨC + 3*0.001/4 ) = 𝑬𝑰 ӨB+𝟎. 𝟓𝑬𝑰 ӨC -15 since ∆= -10mm= -0.01m

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 2𝐸𝐼 3∆
MCB = MFCB + (ӨB + 2ӨC -
𝐿 𝐿
2𝐸∗𝐼
MCB = 30 + (ӨB + 2ӨC +3*0.01/4 ) = 0.5𝑬𝑰 ӨB+𝑬𝑰 ӨC +45 since ∆= -10mm= -0.01m
4
Step 3: Joint Equilibrium Equation
Consider joint B, ∑MB=0, MBA +MBC = 0
EI ӨB +99.17 + 𝐸𝐼 ӨB+0.5𝐸𝐼 ӨC -15 =0
2EI ӨB + 0.5𝐸𝐼 ӨC = -84.17………..Equ 1
∑MC=0 MCB=0
0.5𝐸𝐼 ӨB+𝐸𝐼 ӨC +45 =0
0.5𝐸𝐼 ӨB+𝐸𝐼 ӨC = - 45 ……Equ 2
From Eqn 2
4𝐸𝐼 ӨB+0.5𝐸𝐼 ӨC = -168.34 ……Equ 3
Substituting Equ 2 to Eqn , 3.5𝑬𝑰 ӨB = -123.34 𝑬𝑰 ӨB = -35.24
Substituting in to Eqn 2 we have 𝐸𝐼 ӨC =-27.38
Step 4: Calculate Final End Moment
MAB = -131.79KNm MBC = -60KNm
MBA = 60KNm MCB = 0KNm
Step 5: Calculate Reaction at the Support

Free body diagram

Using the principle of equilibrium
By taking ∑MB=0 By taking ∑Fy=0
20∗8∗4+131.75−60
RA= =88.96KN RB1 = 20*8-88.96=71.039KN
8
By taking ∑MC =0 By taking ∑Fy=0
60∗2+60
RB2 = =45KN RC = 60-45=15KN
4
RB= RB1 + RB2 = 116.039KN
Step 6: Draw Bending Moment Diagram
20∗82
Maximum moment on span AB due to actual load = =160KNm
8
60∗4
Maximum moment on span BC due to actual load = =60KNm
4

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Step 7: Draw Shear Force Diagram

Step 8: Draw Elastic Deformation Curve

Step 9: Draw Final Analysis Result

Example 3: Analyze the following Continuous beam with cantilever end using slope deflection method and
draw SFD, BMD, EC, PC, AFD.

Stepe1: Calculate Fixed End Moment

−20∗ 62 80∗4
MFAB = = -60KNm MFBC= - = -40KNm MFCD= -40KN*2m= -80KNm
12 8
20∗ 62 80∗4
MFBA = = 60KNm MFCB = = 40KNm MFDC=0KNm
12 8
Step 2: Formulate Slope Deflection Equation
2𝐸𝐼 3∆
MAB = MFAB + (2ӨA + ӨB - )
𝐿 𝐿
2𝐸∗2𝐼
MAB = -60+ (2*0 + ӨB - 0 ) = 2/3EIӨB-60 Since ӨA=0 at fixed end and ∆=0
6
2𝐸𝐼 3∆
MBA = MFBA + (ӨA +2ӨB - )
𝐿 𝐿
2𝐸∗2𝐼
MBA = 60+ (0 +2ӨB- 0 ) = 4/3EI ӨB +60 since, ӨA=0 at fixed end and ∆=0
6
2𝐸𝐼 3∆
MBC = MFBC + (2ӨB + ӨC - )
𝐿 𝐿
2𝐸∗𝐼
MBC = -40 + (2ӨB + ӨC - 0 ) =1/2 𝑬𝑰 Ө𝐂 + 𝑬𝑰 ӨB -40
4
2𝐸𝐼 3∆
MCB = MFCB + (ӨB + 2ӨC - )
𝐿 𝐿
2𝐸∗𝐼
MCB = 40 + 4 (ӨB + 2ӨC - 0 ) = 𝟏/𝟐𝑬𝑰 ӨB +𝑬𝑰 ӨC +40
MCD = MFCD = −80𝐾𝑁𝑚 joint C does not rotate towards the cantilever side
Step 3: Joint Equilibrium Equation
Consider joint B, MBA +MBC = 0

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4/3EI ӨB +60 + 1/2 𝐸𝐼 ӨC + 𝐸𝐼 ӨB − 40 =0,
2.33 EI ӨB+0.5 EI ӨC= -20
𝑬𝑰 ӨC= -40-4.66 𝑬𝑰 ӨB……….Equ 1
Consider joint C, MCB +MCD= 0
1/2𝐸𝐼 ӨB +𝐸𝐼 ӨC +40 -80 =0
0.5 𝑬𝑰 ӨB +𝑬𝑰 ӨC =40……….Equ 2
Substituting equation 1 to equation 2 we have
0.5 𝐸𝐼 ӨB +(-40-4.66 𝐸𝐼 ӨB) =40
-4.16𝐸𝐼 ӨB =80, 𝑬𝑰 ӨB = -19.23 and substituting 𝑬𝑰 ӨC= 49.62
Step 4: Calculate Final End moment
MAB = 2/3EIӨB-60= -72.82KNm
MBA = 4/3EI ӨB +60 = 34.36KNm
MBC =1/2 𝐸𝐼 ӨC + 𝐸𝐼 ӨB -40= -34.42KNm
MCB = 1/2𝐸𝐼 ӨB +𝐸𝐼 ӨC +40= 80KNm
MCD = -80KNm MDC= 0KNm
Step 5: Calculate reaction at the support, treating each beam as simply supported beam

Reaction Free Body Diagram

Using the Principle of Equilibrium
By taking ∑MB=0
72.82+20∗6∗3−34.36
RA= =66.41KN
6
By taking ∑Fy=0
RB1 = 120-66.41=53.59KN
By taking ∑MC =0 RC2 = 40KN
34.42+80∗2−80
RB2 = = 28.61KN RC1 = 80 –28.61= 51.39KN
4
RB=RB1 + RB2= 82.2KN RC=RC1 + RC2= 91.39KN
Step 6: calculate internal forces E.g. on member AB

∑Mo=0 at x distance from support A

Mx-20x2/2-72.82+ RA*x=0 Mx =20x2/2- 66.41*x +72.82=0
The maximum span moment occurs at shear zero location where dM/dx=0
20x -66.41=0, X=3.321m
Mx= -37.44KNm =37.44KNm counter clockwise
∑Fy=0 ∑Fx=0
RA – 20x-Vy=0 Vx = 0KN
Vy= RA -20x=66.41-20*3.321 = 0.01KN mean shear is almost zero at the point of Mmax

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Step 7: Draw SFD, BMD,EC, PC

N.B. For beam, since the effect of axial force is neglected no need of drawing AFD
Example 4: Analyze the following fixed end beam subjected to triangular UDL load using slope deflection
method and draw SFD, BMD, EC, PC, AFD.

Step 1: Calculate load at B, let it be w

Using triangle similarity, w/6m=10KN/m/2m, w=30KN/m
Step 2: Calculate Fixed End Moment
𝑤∗ 𝐿2 30∗ 62 𝑤∗ 𝐿2 30∗ 62
MFAB= = − 30 = -36KNm MFBA= = = 54KNm
30 20 20
Step 3: Formulate Slope Deflection Equation
2𝐸𝐼 3∆
MAB = MFAB + (2ӨA + ӨB - )
𝐿 𝐿
2𝐸𝐼
MAB = -36+ (2*0 + 0 - 0 ) = -36KNm since, ӨA= ӨB =0 at fixed end and ∆=0
4
2𝐸𝐼 3∆
MBA = MFBA + (ӨA +2ӨB - )
𝐿 𝐿
2𝐸𝐼
MBA = 54+ 4 (0 +2*0- 0 ) = 54KNm since, ӨA= ӨB =0 at fixed end and ∆=0
Step 4: Joint Equilibrium Equation
Consider joint ∑MA=0 MAB=0, Consider joint ∑MB=0 MBA=0,
Step 5: Calculate Final End Moment
MAB= -36KNm MBA=54KNm
Step 6: Calculate Reaction

Triangular Loading Concentrated Loading

 Triangular load is changed to point load as P=1/2*30KN/m*6m=90KN
 This point load is placed 2L/3 from support A or L/3 from support B
 ∑MA=0, 36KNm-90KN*4m-54KNm+RB*6m ,RB=63KNm

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 ∑FY=0, RA + RB = 90KN, RA=27KNm
 Max. positive moment considering simply supported loading=0.128wl=0.128*90*6=69KNm
Step 7: Calculate Internal Forces

From triangle similarity, 30KN/m/6m=w/x, w=5xKN/m

∑Mo=0 at x distance from support A
Mx-5/6x3-36+ RA*x=0 Mx =5/6x3- 27*x +36=0
The maximum span moment occurs at shear zero location where dM/dx=0
5/2x2-27=0, X=3.286m from support A
Mx= -23.15KNm =23.15KNm clockwise
∑Fy=0 ∑Fx=0
RA– ½*5*x2+Vy=0 Vx = 0KN
2
Vy = -27+½*5*3.286 =0KN, because shear at the point of maximum moment is 0
Step 8: Draw SFD, BMD, EC, PC

Example 5: Analyze the following Propped cantilever beam subjected to inclined load it its mid span. Use
slope deflection method and draw SFD, BMD, EC, PC, and AFD.

Step 1: Decompose the inclined load

Wy=WSinθ=60*Sin300=30KN, it is flexural or vertical load
Wx=WCosθ=60*Cos300=52KN, it is Axial Forces, its effect is negligible
Step 2: Calculate Fixed End Moment
30∗6 30∗6
MFAB = - = -22.5KNm MFBA = = 22.5KNm
8 8
Step 3: Formulate Slope Deflection Equation
2𝐸𝐼 3∆
MAB = MFAB + (2ӨA + ӨB - 𝐿 )
𝐿
2𝐸∗𝐼
MAB = -22.5+ (2*0 + ӨB -0 ) = 1/3EIӨB-22.5 since ӨA=0 at fixed end and ∆=0
6
2𝐸𝐼 3∆
MBA = MFBA + (2ӨB + ӨA - 𝐿 )
𝐿

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 2𝐸∗𝐼
MBA = 22.5+ (2* ӨB + 0 - 0 ) = 2/3EIӨB +22.5 since, ӨA=0 at fixed end and ∆=0
6
Step 4: Joint Equilibrium Equation
Consider joint A, MAB ≠ 0 because it is fixed end, the final end moment will be equal to moment
developed by the fixed support, MAB=1/3EIӨB-22.5
Consider joint B, since it is simply supported end, final end moment, MBA = 0
2/3EIӨB +22.5=0, Then, EIӨB= -33.75
Step 5: Calculate Final End Moment
MAB=1/3EIӨB-22.5= -33.75KNm
MBA =2/3EIӨB+22.5= 0KNm, because simply supported end
Step 6: Calculate Support Reactions

Reaction Free Body Diagram

Using the Principle of Equilibrium
By Taking ∑MB=0, Taking ∑FY=0,
-33.75 + RA*6-30*3=0, RA= 20.625KN RA+RB=30KN, RB =9.375KN
Step 7: Draw SFD, BMD, EL, PC

Bending Moment Diagram Shear Force Diagram

Elastic Deformation Curve Plastic Deformation Curve

Analysis of frame without sway
 Sway is the side moment of the end of column in a frame
 Fig a is a sway frame due to ∆column and axial deformation of beam is assumed to be negligible
 Fig b and c are sway is prevented by unyielding of support at beam level
 Fig d, e and f are non-sway due to geometrical and loading symmetry at the vertical axis
 A frame is non-sway due to support, loading, geometry, material, member arrangement symmetricity

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 a). Frame with sway b). Sway prevented by unyielding support

c) Sway prevented by unyielding support d). Non sway due to symmetry

e) Non sway due to symmetry f). Non sway due to symmetry

Example 1: Analyze the following frame using slope deflection method and raw BMD.

`
Step 1: Calculate Fixed End Moment
MFAB= MFBA= 0 because there is no load applied
12∗42 12∗42
MFBD= 20*1= 20KNm MFBC = - = -16KNm MFCB= = 16KNm
12 12

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Step 2: Slope Deflection Equation
2𝐸𝐼 3∆
MAB = MFAB + 𝐿 (2ӨA + ӨB - 𝐿 )
2𝐸𝐼
MAB =0+ (2*0 +ӨB – 0 ) = 2/3EIӨB since ӨA=0,
3
2𝐸𝐼 3∆
MBA = MFBA + (ӨA +2ӨB - )
𝐿 𝐿
2𝐸𝐼
MBA =0+ (0 +2ӨB- 0 ) = 4/3EI ӨB since ӨA=0,
3
2𝐸𝐼 3∆
MBC = MFBC + (2ӨB + ӨC - )
𝐿 𝐿
2𝐸∗𝐼
MBC= -16 + (2ӨB + ӨC +0 ) = 2𝑬𝑰 ӨB-16 since, Өc=0,
4
2𝐸𝐼 3∆
MCB = MFCB + (ӨB + 2ӨC - )
𝐿 𝐿
2𝐸∗𝐼
MCB = 16 + 4 (ӨB + 2ӨC +0 ) = 𝑬𝑰 ӨB +16 since ӨC=0,
Step 3: Joint Equilibrium Equation
Consider joint ∑MB=0
MBA + MBC + MBD= 0, 4/3EI ӨB + 2𝐸𝐼 ӨB-16 +20=0 𝑬𝑰 ӨB = -1.2
Step 4: Calculate Final End Moment, Substituting value into step 2 𝑬𝑰 ӨB
MAB = -0.8KNm MBA = -1.6KNm MBC = -18.4KNm MCB = 14.8KNm
Step 4: Draw Bending Moment Diagram
12∗42
Free moment diagram on BC is maximum value = =24KNm
8
Take Tension on the dotted side is +Ve and on the other side is –Ve
First free moment diagram is drawn on compression side, then end moment diagram is drawn on tension
side, the difference diagram is final BMD

Final End Moment Bending Moment Diagram

Example 2: Analyze the following frame using slope deflection method and raw BMD

Step 1: Calculate Fixed End Moment

Due to symmetry there is no sway

15
MFAB= MFBA = MFDC = MFCD = 0 because there is no load applied
−40∗62 40∗62
MFBC= 12 = −120KNm MFCB= = 120KNm
12
Step 2: Slope Deflection Equation
2𝐸𝐼 3∆
MAB = MFAB + 𝐿 (2ӨA + ӨB - 𝐿 )
2𝐸𝐼
MAB =0 + (2*0 +ӨB – 0 ) = 0.5EIӨB since ӨA=0,
4
2𝐸𝐼 3∆
MBA = MFBA + (ӨA +2ӨB - )
𝐿 𝐿
2𝐸𝐼
MBA =0+ (0 +2ӨB- 0 )= EI ӨB since ӨA=0,
4
2𝐸𝐼 3∆
MBC = MFBC + (2ӨB + ӨC - )
𝐿 𝐿
2𝐸∗2𝐼
MBC= -120 + (2ӨB + ӨC +0 ) = 4/3𝑬𝑰 ӨB+4/3𝑬𝑰 ӨC -120
46
2𝐸𝐼 3∆
MCB = MFCB + 𝐿
(ӨB + 2ӨC - 𝐿
)
2𝐸∗2𝐼
MCB = 120 + (ӨB + 2ӨC +0 ) = 2/3𝑬𝑰 ӨB+ 4/3𝑬𝑰 ӨC +120
6
2𝐸𝐼 3∆
MCD = MFCD + (2ӨC + ӨD - )
𝐿 𝐿
2𝐸∗𝐼
MCD= 0 + (2ӨC + ӨD +0 ) =𝑬𝑰 ӨC since ӨD=0,
46
2𝐸𝐼 3∆
MDC = MFDC + (ӨC + 2ӨD - )
𝐿 𝐿
2𝐸∗𝐼
MDC = 0 + 6 (ӨC + 2ӨD +0 ) = 0.5𝑬𝑰 ӨC since ӨD=0,
Step 3: Joint Equilibrium Equation
Consider joint ∑MB=0 MBA + MBC =0,
EI ӨB + 4/3𝐸𝐼 ӨB+4/3𝐸𝐼 ӨC -120 =0 multiplying by 3 both and rearranging
7EI ӨB +2 EI ӨC=360………….Eqn 1
Consider joint ∑MC=0 MCB + MCD =0,
2/3𝐸𝐼 ӨB+ 4/3𝐸𝐼 ӨC +120 + 𝐸𝐼 ӨC =0 multiplying by 3 both and rearranging
2EI ӨB +7EI ӨC=360………….Eqn 2
Multiplying equn 1 by 3.5, we can get
24.5EI ӨB +7EI ӨC=1260………….Eqn 3
Then subtracting eqn 2 from eqn 3 we have
22.5EIӨB = 1620, EI ӨB = 72
From equn 1, EI ӨC = -72
Step 4: Calculate Final End Moment
Substituting values of EI ӨB = 72 and EI ӨC = 72 into step 3 we ha have
MAB = 36KNm MBC = -72 KNm MCD = -72 KNm
MBA = 72 KNm MCB = 72 KNm MDC = -36 KNm

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Step 5: Calculate Support Reactions

Reaction calculation
 RBx’=RCx’ =0 because no AF on the
beam/neglected
 RBy=RCy = 40*6/2=120KN
 RBx=RCx = RDx=RAx =0 on the column
 RAy =RDy =120KN from column
equilibrium

Step 6: Draw Bending Moment Diagram

Moment creating on the dotted line is treated as positive
40∗62
Free moment on span BC=
8
=180KNm

Bending moment diagram Final Analysis Result

Example 3: Analyze the following non-sway frame using slope deflection method & draw SFD, BMD, EC,
PC, AFD.

17
Step 1: Calculate Fixed End Moment
−10∗2∗42 30∗6∗32
MFAB = =-8.89KNm MFBC= = -20KNm MFCD=0KNm
62 92
10∗2∗42 30∗3∗62
MFBA = 62 = 4.44KNm MFCB = = 40KNm MFDC=0KNm
92
Step 2: Formulate Slope Deflection Equation
2𝐸𝐼 3∆
MAB = MFAB + (2ӨA + ӨB - )
𝐿 𝐿
2𝐸∗1.5𝐼
MAB = -8.89+ (2*0 + ӨB - 0 ) = 0.5EIӨB-8.89 since ӨA=0 at fixed end and ∆=0
6
2𝐸𝐼 3∆
MBA = MFBA + (ӨA +2ӨB - )
𝐿 𝐿
2𝐸∗1.5𝐼
MBA = 4.44+ (0 +2ӨB- 0 ) = EI ӨB +4.44 since, ӨA=0 at fixed end and ∆=0
6
2𝐸𝐼 3∆
MBC = MFBC + (2ӨB + ӨC - )
𝐿 𝐿
2𝐸∗3𝐼 𝟒
MBC = -20 + (2ӨB + ӨC - 0 ) = 𝑬𝑰 ӨB+𝟐/𝟑𝑬𝑰 ӨC -20 since ∆=0
9 𝟑
2𝐸𝐼 3∆
MCB = MFCB + (ӨB + 2ӨC - )
𝐿 𝐿
2𝐸∗3𝐼 𝟐
MCB = 40 + (ӨB + 2ӨC - 0 ) = 𝑬𝑰 ӨB+𝟒/𝟑 𝑬𝑰 ӨC +40 since ∆=0
9 𝟑
2𝐸∗1.5𝐼
MCD = MFCD + (2* ӨC + ӨD - 0 )
6
2𝐸∗1.5𝐼
MCD = 0+ (2* ӨC +0 - 0 ) = EIӨC since ӨD=0 at fixed end and ∆=0
6
2𝐸𝐼 3∆
MDC = MFDC + (ӨC +2ӨD - )
𝐿 𝐿
2𝐸∗1.5𝐼
MDC = 0+ (ӨC +0- 0 ) = 0.5EI ӨC since, ӨD=0 at fixed end and ∆=0
6
Step 3: Joint Equilibrium Equation
Consider joint ∑MB=0 MBA + MBC =0,
4
EIӨB +4.44 + 𝐸𝐼ӨB+2/3𝐸𝐼 ӨC -20 =0 Multiplying by 3 both and rearranging
3
7EI ӨB +2 EI ӨC=46.68………….Eqn1
Consider joint ∑MC=0 MCB + MCD =0,
2
𝐸𝐼 ӨB+4/3 𝐸𝐼 ӨC +40 + 𝐸𝐼 ӨC =0 multiplying by 3 both and rearranging
3
2EIӨB +7EI ӨC=-120………….Eqn2
Multiplying Equn 2 by -3.5, we can get
-7EI ӨB -24.5EI ӨC= 420…….. Eqn 3
Then, adding Eqn1 and Eqn3 we get EIӨC= -20.74, EIӨB = 12.6
Step 4: Calculate Final End moment
MAB = 0.5EIӨB-8.89 =-2.6KNm
MBA = EI ӨB +4.44 = 17.02KNm
4
MBC = 𝐸𝐼 ӨB+2/3𝐸𝐼 ӨC -20= -17.01KNm
3
2
MCB = 𝐸𝐼 ӨB+4/3 𝐸𝐼 ӨC +40 =20.74KNm
3
MCD = EIӨC=-20.74KNm
MDC = 0.5EI ӨC =-10.37KNm

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Step 5: Calculate Reactions

Analysis result and reaction free body diagram

∑MA=0 for column AB only
2.6KNm+6RBX-10*2-17.1=0, RBx=0.93KN
∑Fx=0 RAx- RBx+10=0, RAx=9.07KN
∑MD=0 for column DC only
10.37KNm+6RCX-20.74=0, RCx= 1.73KN
∑Fx=0 RDx- RCx=0, RAx=1.73KN
∑MB=0 for Beam BC only
17.01KNm-9RCy-30*6-20.74=0, RCy=20.42KN
∑Fy=0 RBy + RCy=30, RBy= 9.58KN
∑Fx=0 RBx’- RCx’=0, RBx’= RBx’= 0KN, axial force effect on beam is 0.
RAy=RBy=9.58KN and RCy=RDy=20.42KN from beam-column FBD

Step 6: Calculate internal forces on each member: taking perpendicular section along the
longuditinal axis, M (internal moment),V(internal shear),N(normal forces)

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Step 7: Draw SFD, BMD, AFD, EC, PC

Shear Force Diagram Envelop BMD Axial force diagram

The effect of axial force on the beam is negligible but considered on the column.

Elastic Deformation Curve Plastic Deformation Curve

Analysis of frame with sway
A frame will be sway due to unsymetry of geometry or loading or both

a. sway due to loading and geometry b. sway due to loading unsymetry c. sway due to horizontal force

d. Unsymetry due to geometry e. sway due to column property

 Consider the following frames with lateral sway of columns ∆ amount
 We have three basic unknowns ӨB, ӨC ,∆, we need three equilibrium equation to solve them
 Equilibrium equation at joint B and C and summation of moment at the top of columns

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 𝑴𝑨𝑩+𝑴𝑩𝑨−𝑷∗𝒂
HA=
𝑳𝑨𝑩

𝑴𝑫𝑪+𝑴𝑪𝑫
HD= 𝑳𝑪𝑫

Typical frame column FBD

After knowing HA and HD we can write the horizontal equilibrium equation for the frame
HA+ HD +P=0, is an additional equation called shear equation/shear condition
Example 1: Analyze the following frame with slope deflection method

Given frame frame with sway

Step 1: Calculate Fixed End Moment
Due to symmetry there is no sway
−40∗3∗12 40∗1∗32
MFAB= 42
= −7.5𝐾𝑁𝑚 MFBA = 42
= 22.5𝐾𝑁𝑚
−80∗6 80∗6
MFBC= 8 = −60KNm MFCB = = 60KNm
8
MFCD = MFDC = 0 because no loading
Step 2: Slope Deflection Equation
2𝐸𝐼 3∆
MAB = MFAB + 𝐿
(2ӨA + ӨB - 𝐿 )
2𝐸𝐼 3∆
MAB =-7.5 + 4 (2*0 +ӨB – 4 ) = 0.5EIӨB-0.375EI∆ -7.5 since ӨA=0,
2𝐸𝐼 3∆
MBA = MFBA + (ӨA +2ӨB - )
𝐿 4
2𝐸𝐼 3∆
MBA =7.5+ 4 (0 +2ӨB - 4 ) = EI ӨB -0.375EI∆ +22.5 since ӨA=0,
2𝐸𝐼 3∆
MBC = MFBC + 𝐿 (2ӨB + ӨC - 𝐿 )
2𝐸∗2𝐼
MBC= -120 + 46 (2ӨB + ӨC +0 ) = 1.33𝑬𝑰 ӨB+0.667𝑬𝑰 ӨC -60 because ∆=0 for beam
2𝐸𝐼 3∆
MCB = MFCB + 𝐿 (ӨB + 2ӨC - 𝐿 )
2𝐸∗2𝐼
MCB = 120 + 6 (ӨB + 2ӨC +0 ) = 0.667𝑬𝑰 ӨB+ 1.333𝑬𝑰 ӨC +60 because ∆=0 for beam
2𝐸𝐼 3∆
MCD = MFCD + 𝐿 (2ӨC + ӨD - 𝐿 )

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 2𝐸∗𝐼 3∆
MCD= 0 + 4
(2ӨC + ӨD + 4 ) = 𝑬𝑰 ӨC -0.375EI∆ since ӨD=0,
2𝐸𝐼 3∆
MDC = MFDC + (ӨC + 2ӨD - )
𝐿 𝐿
2𝐸∗𝐼 3∆
MDC = 0 + 4 (ӨC + 2ӨD + 4 ) = 0.5𝑬𝑰 ӨC -0.375EI∆ since ӨD=0,
Step 3: Apply Joint Equilibrium Equation
Consider joint ∑MB=0 MBA + MBC =0,
EI ӨB -0.375EI∆ +22.5 + 1.33𝑬𝑰 ӨB+0.667𝑬𝑰 ӨC -60 =0
2.333 EI ӨB +0.667 EI ӨC - 0.375EI∆=37.5…………………………….Eqn 1
Consider joint ∑MC=0 MCB + MCD =0,
0.667𝑬𝑰 ӨB+ 1.333𝑬𝑰 ӨC +60 + 𝑬𝑰 ӨC -0.375EI∆=0
0.667 𝑬𝑰 ӨB+2.333 𝑬𝑰 ӨC -0.375EI∆=0…………………………..……Eqn 2
Step 4: Apply Shear Equation

Free Body Diagram

HA*4+40*1=MAB+MBA
4 HA = MAB+MBA-40
4 HA=0.5EIӨB-0.375EI∆ -7.5 + EI ӨB -0.375EI∆ +22.5 -40
4 HA=1.5 EIӨB-0.75 EI∆-25
4 HD = MCD+MDC
4 HD = 𝐸𝐼 ӨC -0.375EI∆ + 0.5𝐸𝐼 ӨC -0.375EI∆ =1.5 𝑬𝑰 ӨC -0.75 EI∆
∑H=0, HA+HD=40
4HA+4HD=160 after substitution we will have
𝑬𝑰 ӨB + 𝑬𝑰 ӨC - EI∆ =-90……………………………....eqn 3
Multiply equation 2 by 3.5
2.333 EI ӨB + 8.166 𝐸𝐼 ӨC – 1.3125 EI∆=-210………….eqn 4
Subtract eqn 4 from eqn 1, we have
-7.5 𝐸𝐼 ӨC +0.9375 EI∆=247.5…………..eqn 5
Divide eqn 2 by 0.667, we have
EI ӨB + 3.5𝐸𝐼 ӨC – 0.5625 EI∆= -90 …………..eqn 6
Subtract eqn 3 from eqn 6, we have
2.5𝐸𝐼 ӨC +0.4375 EI∆= 0
7.5 𝐸𝐼 ӨC +1.3215 EI∆=0 ………………………..eqn 7
Adding eqn 5 and eqn 7
2.25 EI∆=247.5, EI∆=110
From eqn 7 𝐸𝐼 ӨC= -19.25 and from eqn 3 𝐸𝐼 ӨB= 39.25
Step 5: Final End Moment
Substituting 𝐸𝐼 ӨB, 𝐸𝐼 ӨC and EI∆ values into step 2, we have the following final end moment

22
MAB = -29.12KNm MCB= 60.51 KNm
MBA= 20.5 KNm MCD= -60.51 KNm
MBC= -20.5 KNm MDC=-50.875 KNm
Step 6: Final Result Values

Step 7: Draw BMD, SFD, Elastic Curve, Plastic Curve, AF

23