Course Code: FM202 Course title: Physiology III
Lecture-1 (Introduction to renal physiology)
Question MCQs: Choose the most correct answer
1. Which structure in the kidney is responsible for filtering blood?
a. Loop of Henle
b. Juxtaglomerular apparatus
c. Glomerulus
d. Collecting duct
2. What is the main excretory route of the body?
a. Digestive system
b. Urinary system
c. Respiratory system
d. Endocrine system
3. Which part of the nephron is responsible for urine concentration?
a. Proximal convoluted tubule
b. Juxtaglomerular apparatus
c. Distal convoluted tubule
d. Loop of Henle
4. What percentage of nephrons are cortical nephrons in the kidney?
a. 50%
b. 15%
c. 85%
d. 100%
5. Which hormone, secreted by the kidneys, regulates the production of red blood cells?
a. Renin
b. Erythropoietin
c. Insulin
d. Aldosterone
6. What is the main function of the proximal convoluted tubule?
a. Filtration of plasma
b. Reabsorption of nutrients
c. Production of hormones
d. Regulation of blood pressure
7. Where is the Juxtaglomerular apparatus located?
a. Between the afferent and efferent arterioles
b. In the renal pelvis
c. Surrounding the Loop of Henle
d. In the minor calyces
8. Which ion is primarily regulated by the kidneys to maintain proper osmolarity?
a. Calcium
b. Sodium
c. Magnesium
d. Iron
9. What is the role of the macula densa cells in the nephron?
a. Act as baroreceptors
b. Secrete erythropoietin
c. Sense tubular Na/Cl/K flow
d. Convert vitamin D
10. Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys?
a. Regulating arterial blood pressure
b. Synthesizing insulin
c. Excreting endogenous waste products
d. Maintaining plasma volume
Answers
1. c
2. b
3. d
4. c
5. b
6. b
7. a
8. b
9. c
10. b
Lecture-2 (Renal blood flow & Urine formation)
Question MCQs: Choose the most correct answer
1. What is the normal renal blood flow (RBF) in ml/minute?
a. 800 ml/minute
b. 1000 ml/minute
c. 1200 ml/minute
d. 1500 ml/minute
2. Which part of the kidney has the greatest blood flow?
a. Renal medulla
b. Renal cortex
c. Vasa recta
d. Collecting duct
3. Which of the following is a characteristic of the glomerular filtration membrane?
a. It is impermeable to water
b. It is a passive semipermeable membrane
c. It actively transports proteins
d. It blocks all solutes
4. What is the role of the podocytes in the glomerular filtration membrane?
a. Block water entry
b. Form filtration slits
c. Enhance solute transport
d. Provide energy
5. Which of the following affects the diameter of glomerular arterioles?
a. Blood pH
b. Sympathetic stimulation
c. Oxygen levels
d. Glucose concentration
6. What mechanism helps maintain constant RBF despite changes in ABP from 80 to 160
mmHg?
a. Neural regulation
b. Hormonal feedback
c. Autoregulation
d. External control
7. During autoregulation, what occurs when ABP rises from 100–160 mmHg?
a. Dilation of efferent arterioles
b. Constriction of afferent arterioles
c. Dilation of afferent arterioles
d. Constriction of efferent arterioles
8. Which substance is used to determine renal plasma flow (RPF)?
a. Inulin
b. Creatinine
c. Para-aminohippuric acid (PAHA)
d. Urea
9. What is the primary process involved in glomerular filtration?
a. Active transport
b. Osmosis
c. Bulk-flow
d. Diffusion
10. If the glomerular capillary pressure is 60 mmHg, the hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's
space is 15 mmHg, and colloid osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries is 25 mmHg,
which of the following is the value of the net filtration pressure?
a. 8mmHg
b. 12 mmHg
c. 20 mmHg
d. 10 mmHg
11. What is the pH of the glomerular filtrate?
a. 6.8
b. 7.0
c. 7.4
d. 8.0
12. If the GFR is 125 ml/min. and the net filtration pressure is 15mmHg, which of the following
is the value of filtration coefficient (Kf)?
a. 12.5ml/mmHg/min
b. 8.33 ml/mmHg/min
c. 6.25 ml/mmHg/min
d. 10 ml/mmHg/min
Answers
1. c
2. b
3. b
4. b
5. b
6. c
7. b
8. c
9. c
10. c
11. c
12. b
Lecture-3 (Renal reabsorption, TM & renal clearance)
Question MCQs: Choose the most correct answer
1. Which of the following substances is reabsorbed actively in the renal tubules?
a. Urea
b. Sodium
c. Water
d. Chloride
2. What is the main site for tubular reabsorption in the nephron?
a. Loop of Henle
b. Distal Convoluted Tubule
c. Proximal Convoluted Tubule
d. Collecting Duct
3. Which hormone increases sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule?
a. Aldosterone
b. Antidiuretic Hormone
c. Calcitonin
d. Brain Natriuretic Factor
4. Which substance is freely filtered and almost completely secreted in the PCTs?
a. Inulin
b. Urea
c. Para aminohippuric acid (PAHA)
d. Glucose
5. What is the significance of the renal threshold for glucose?
a. It indicates the maximum secretion rate
b. It shows when glucose starts to appear in urine
c. It measures the GFR
d. It determines the blood pressure
6. Which route is used when substances move through the cell during reabsorption?
a. Paracellular route
b. Transcellular route
c. Lateral route
d. Axial route
7. Which of the following hormones decreases calcium reabsorption?
a. Parathormone
b. Aldosterone
c. Calcitonin
d. Angiotensin II
8. What is a characteristic of low-threshold substances?
a. They are never reabsorbed
b. They appear in urine under normal conditions
c. They are completely reabsorbed
d. They have high plasma clearance
9. Which of the following substances has a clearance rate equal to the GFR?
a. Urea
b. Inulin
c. PAHA
d. Creatinine
10. Which of the following may describe creatinine clearance in renal nephrons?
a. Amount excreted = amount filtered
b. Amount excreted ˂ amount filtered
c. It is less than inulin clearance
d. Amount excreted ˃ amount filtered
11. What happens when the sympathetic nervous system is activated in terms of tubular
reabsorption?
a. Decreases sodium reabsorption
b. Increases renal tubular reabsorption
c. Reduces water reabsorption
d. Stops glucose reabsorption
Answers
1. b
2. c
3. a
4. c
5. b
6. b
7. c
8. b
9. b
10. d
11. b
Lecture-4 (Urine acidification)
1. Urine is acidic in nature primarily due to the presence of which compound?
a. Ammonia
b. Acid phosphate
c. Sodium bicarbonate
d. Ammonium chloride
2. In the PCTs, 90% of H+ is secreted and buffered by which substance?
a. Phosphate
b. Ammonia
c. NaHCO3 (sodium bicarbonate)
d. NH4Cl (ammonium chloride)
3. During acidosis, which ion's secretion is favored in the DCTs and CDs?
a. Sodium
b. Potassium
c. Hydrogen
d. Ammonia
4. What is the role of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase (C.A.) in bicarbonate reabsorption?
a. Converts CO2 into H2O
b. Dissociates H2CO3 into CO2 and H2O
c. Transports Na+ into renal cells
d. Combines NH3 with H+
5. What is the pH range of urine in severe alkalosis conditions?
a. 6
b. 4.5
c. 7.4
d. 8
6. Which of the following processes occurs in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle (LH)?
a. Primary active transport of H+
b. Secondary active transport of H+
c. NH3 synthesis
d. Phosphate buffering
7. What is the limiting pH for H+ secretion in the DCTs and CDs?
a. 6.9
b. 7.4
c. 4.5
d. 5.5
8. How is bicarbonate (HCO3-) primarily reabsorbed in renal tubules?
a. As ammonium chloride
b. In the form of CO2
c. As acid phosphate
d. By direct diffusion
9. What percentage of hydrogen ions (H+) is secreted in the DCTs and CDs?
a. 10%
b. 25%
c. 50%
d. 90%
10.H+ secretion in DCTs is characterized by which of the following?
a. It can occur by primary active transport only
b. It represents 90 % of H+ secretion in renal tubules
c. It results in urine acidification
d. It is buffered by filtered NaHCO3
11. Which enzyme is crucial for the synthesis and secretion of NH3 in renal tubules?
a. H+-ATPase
b. Glutaminase
c. Carbonic anhydrase
d. Sodium-potassium pump
Answers
1. b
2. c
3. c
4. b
5. d
6. b
7. c
8. b
9. a
10. c
11. b
Lecture-5 (Urine concentration)
1. What is the range of urine concentration that the kidneys can produce?
a. 50 to 700 mOsm/L
b. 100 to 1400 mOsm/L
c. 200 to 1500 mOsm/L
d. 300 to 1300 mOsm/L
2. Which hormone influences the permeability of the membrane to water and thus
determines water reabsorption?
a. Aldosterone
b. Cortisol
c. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
d. Insulin
3. What is the percentage of water reabsorption that occurs in the proximal convoluted
tubules (PCTs)?
a. 50%
b. 65%
c. 75%
d. 85%
4. Where does facultative water reabsorption mainly occur in response to ADH?
a. Proximal convoluted tubules
b. Descending limb of the loop of Henle
c. Distal convoluted tubules and cortical collecting ducts
d. Ascending limb of the loop of Henle
5. When the body is in ideal fluid balance, what is the osmolarity of urine produced?
a. 100 mOsm/L
b. 300 mOsm/L
c. 600 mOsm/L
d. 900 mOsm/L
6. At which part of renal tubules does obligatory water reabsorption occur?
a. PCTs
b. DCTs
c. Ascending limb of LH
d. Cortical CDs
7. What is the primary solute composition of the medullary interstitium contributing to its
hyperosmolarity?
a. Glucose and potassium
b. Sodium chloride and urea
c. Calcium and magnesium
d. Phosphate and bicarbonate
8. What is the main function of the vasa recta in urine concentration?
a. Active transport of sodium
b. Maintenance of medullary hyperosmolarity
c. Reabsorption of glucose
d. Secretion of potassium
9. During dehydration, what happens to the production of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
a. It decreases
b. It remains constant
c. It increases
d. It stops entirely
10. Obligatory water reabsorption occurs secondary to which ion's reabsorption?
a. K+
b. Na+
c. Cl-
d. Ca++
11. Which of the following is the primary mechanism by which the loop of Henle concentrates
urine?
a. Countercurrent exchange
b. Secondary active transport
c. Countercurrent multiplication
d. Facilitated diffusion
Answers
1. b
2. c
3. b
4. c
5. b
6. a
7. b
8. b
9. c
10. b
11. c
Lecture-6 (Introduction to endocrine & posterior Pitutary gland):
1. Which of the following is a characteristic of steroid hormones?
a. They are synthesized from amino acids.
b. They are lipid insoluble.
c. They are synthesized from cholesterol.
d. They are secreted by the pancreas.
2. What is the primary function of the endocrine system?
a. To regulate rapid body movements
b. To synthesize neurotransmitters
c. To regulate slow physiological processes
d. To control the nervous system
3. Where are the receptors for protein hormones primarily located?
a. In the nucleus
b. In the cell membrane
c. In the cytoplasm
d. In the mitochondria
4. Which of the following hormones is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland?
a. Insulin
b. Oxytocin
c. Thyroid hormone
d. Adrenaline
5. Which hormone is involved in the retention of water in the kidneys?
a. Oxytocin
b. Insulin
c. Adrenaline
d. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
6. What is a common second messenger in hormone action?
a. Glucose
b. Cyclic AMP (cAMP)
c. Lipids
d. Amino acids
7. Which hormone primarily acts on the uterus during labor?
a. Adrenaline
b. Thyroxine
c. Oxytocin
d. Insulin
8. How are hormones transported from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary?
a. Through nerve fibers
b. Via the bloodstream
c. Through the hypothalamo-hypophysial portal blood vessels
d. Via the lymphatic system
9. Which disorder is characterized by excessive water excretion due to ADH deficiency?
a. Hyperthyroidism
b. Diabetes Mellitus
c. Diabetes Insipidus
d. Addison's Disease
10. What type of hormone is insulin classified as?
a. Steroid hormone
b. Tyrosine derivative
c. Protein hormone
d. Catecholamine
11. Where do thyroid hormones primarily exert their effects in the target cell?
a. On the cell membrane
b. In the cytoplasm
c. In the nucleus
d. In the mitochondria
12. What stimulates the secretion of ADH?
a. Increase in blood glucose levels
b. Decrease in extracellular fluid volume
c. Increase in body fat
d. Decrease in oxygen levels
Answers:
1. c
2. c
3. b
4. b
5. d
6. b
7. c
8. c
9. c
10. c
11. c
12. b
Lecture-7 (Anterior Pitutary gland)
1. Which hormone is classified as a glycoprotein hormone?
a. Growth hormone (GH)
b. Prolactin
c. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
d. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
2. What is a direct effect of Growth Hormone (GH)?
a. Stimulating release of somatomedins
b. Binding to cell membrane receptors
c. Increasing insulin secretion
d. Stimulating thyroid hormone production
3. Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the epiphyseal cartilage before puberty?
a. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
b. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
c. Growth hormone (GH)
d. Prolactin
4. Which of the following is NOT a metabolic action of Growth Hormone?
a. Increase protein synthesis
b. Increase plasma level of free fatty acids
c. Decrease hepatic glucose output
d. Increase cellular amino acid uptake
5. What hormone is known to inhibit the secretion of Growth Hormone?
a. Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
b. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
c. Somatostatin
d. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
6. Which condition is characterized by excessive secretion of Growth Hormone before
puberty?
a. Acromegaly
b. Pituitary dwarfism
c. Hypogonadism
d. Gigantism
7. What is one effect of Growth Hormone on bone after puberty?
a. Increases bone length
b. Increases bone thickness
c. Reduces bone density
d. Inhibits bone growth
8. Which of the following can decrease the secretion of Growth Hormone?
a. Decrease in blood glucose level
b. Increase in blood free fatty acids
c. Decrease in blood arginine level
d. Initial stages of sleep
9. Which hormone is incorrectly paired with its alternate name?
a. Growth hormone (GH) - Somatotropin
b. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - Corticotropin
c. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) - Thyrotropin
d. Prolactin - Thyrotropin
10. Which disorder is due to a deficiency of Growth Hormone during childhood?
a. Acromegaly
b. Hyperglycemia
c. Pituitary dwarfism
d. Gigantism
Answers
1. c
2. b
3. c
4. c
5. c
6. d
7. b
8. b
9. d
10. c
Lecture-8 (Thyroid gland):
1. Which hormone is classified as a glycoprotein hormone?
a. Growth hormone (GH)
b. Prolactin
c. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
d. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
2. What is a direct effect of Growth Hormone (GH)?
a. Stimulating release of somatomedins
b. Binding to cell membrane receptors
c. Increasing insulin secretion
d. Stimulating thyroid hormone production
3. Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the epiphyseal cartilage before puberty?
a. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
b. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
c. Growth hormone (GH)
d. Prolactin
4. Which of the following is NOT a metabolic action of Growth Hormone?
a. Increase protein synthesis
b. Increase plasma level of free fatty acids
c. Decrease hepatic glucose output
d. Increase cellular amino acid uptake
5. What hormone is known to inhibit the secretion of Growth Hormone?
a. Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
b. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
c. Somatostatin
d. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
6. Which condition is characterized by excessive secretion of Growth Hormone before
puberty?
a. Acromegaly
b. Pituitary dwarfism
c. Hypogonadism
d. Gigantism
7. What is one effect of Growth Hormone on bone after puberty?
a. Increases bone length
b. Increases bone thickness
c. Reduces bone density
d. Inhibits bone growth
8. Which of the following can decrease the secretion of Growth Hormone?
a. Decrease in blood glucose level
b. Increase in blood free fatty acids
c. Decrease in blood arginine level
d. Initial stages of sleep
9. Which hormone is incorrectly paired with its alternate name?
a. Growth hormone (GH) - Somatotropin
b. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - Corticotropin
c. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) - Thyrotropin
d. Prolactin - Thyrotropin
10. Which disorder is due to a deficiency of Growth Hormone during childhood?
a. Acromegaly
b. Hyperglycemia
c. Pituitary dwarfism
d. Gigantism
Answers:
1. c
2. b
3. c
4. c
5. c
6. d
7. b
8. b
9. d
10. c
Lecture-9 (Parathyroid gland & calcium homeostasis)
1. What is the normal range for blood calcium levels?
a. 7-9 mg%
b. 9-11 mg%
c. 11-13 mg%
d. 13-15 mg%
2. Which form of calcium is found freely in plasma?
a. Calcium bound to albumin
b. Ionized calcium
c. Non-ionized calcium
d. Calcium phosphate
[Link] is calcitriol synthesized?
a. Liver
b. Spleen
c. Kidney
d. Pancreas
4. Which hormone lowers calcium levels in the blood?
a. Parathormone (PTH)
b. Calcitriol
c. Calcitonin
d. Insulin
5. What role does calcitonin play in bone metabolism?
a. Increases osteoclastic activity
b. Suppresses osteoblastic activity
c. Stimulates osteoclastic activity
d. Stimulates osteoblastic activity
6. What happens to PTH secretion when blood calcium levels decrease?
a. PTH secretion increases
b. PTH secretion decreases
c. PTH secretion remains constant
d. PTH secretion is inhibited
7. What is the effect of PTH on the kidneys?
a. Decreases calcium reabsorption
b. Increases calcium reabsorption
c. Decreases phosphate excretion
d. Increases phosphate reabsorption
8. What is the characteristic feature of hypoparathyroidism?
a. Hypercalcemia
b. Hypocalcemia
c. Hyperphosphatemia
d. Hypophosphatemia
9. Which of the following is NOT a cause of tetany?
a. Hypoparathyroidism
b. Alkalosis
c. Hypercalcemia
d. Renal failure
10. How does calcitonin affect calcium reabsorption in the kidneys?
a. Increases calcium reabsorption
b. Decreases calcium reabsorption
c. Has no effect
d. Increases phosphate reabsorption
Answers:
1. b
2. b
3. c
4. c
5. d
6. a
7. b
8. b
9. c
10. b
Lecture-10 (Endocrine pancreas):
1. Which type of cells in the pancreas secrete insulin?
a. Alpha cells
b. Beta cells
c. Delta cells
d. F cells
2. What hormone do alpha cells in the pancreas secrete?
a. Insulin
b. Glucagon
c. Somatostatin
d. Pancreatic polypeptide
3. Which of the following is NOT an action of insulin?
a. Inhibiting glycogenolysis
b. Stimulating lipogenesis
c. Increasing plasma K+ levels
d. Facilitating glucose uptake
4. What effect does insulin have on protein metabolism?
a. Promotes protein catabolism
b. Inhibits amino acid uptake
c. Stimulates protein synthesis
d. Increases gluconeogenesis
5. How does insulin affect blood glucose levels?
a. Increases blood glucose
b. Decreases blood glucose
c. Has no effect on blood glucose
d. Causes fluctuations in blood glucose
6. Which enzyme is activated by insulin binding to its receptor?
a. Adenyl cyclase
b. Tyrosine kinase
c. Lipase
d. Amylase
7. What stimulates the rapid phase of insulin secretion?
a. Increased amino acid levels
b. High blood glucose levels
c. Low blood glucose levels
d. Gastrointestinal hormones
8. Which hormone is responsible for increasing gluconeogenesis?
a. Insulin
b. Glucagon
c. Somatostatin
d. Pancreatic polypeptide
9. What is the role of somatostatin in the pancreas?
a. Stimulates insulin secretion
b. Inhibits glucagon and insulin secretion
c. Increases gastrointestinal motility
d. Promotes fat metabolism
10. What hormone is secreted from the D cells in the pancreas?
a. Insulin
b. Glucagon
c. Somatostatin
d. Pancreatic polypeptide
11. Which of the following describes the effect of insulin?
a. Stimulating glycogenolysis
b. Stmiulating gluconeogenesis
c. It promotes protein catabolism
d. It stimulates lipogenesis
Answers:
1. b
2. b
3. c
4. c
5. b
6. b
7. b
8. b
9. b
10. c
11. d
Lecture-11 (Suprarenal gland)
1. The adrenal cortex is responsible for secreting which of the following hormone groups?
a. Catecholamines
b. Mineralocorticoids
c. Insulin
d. Parathyroid hormones
2. What is the principal mineralocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex?
a. Cortisol
b. Dihydrotestosterone
c. Aldosterone
d. Testosterone
3. Which effect does aldosterone have on the kidneys?
a. Increases glucose reabsorption
b. Increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion
c. Decreases water retention
d. Decreases Na+ reabsorption
4. How does an increase in K+ concentration affect aldosterone secretion?
a. Decreases aldosterone secretion
b. Has no effect on aldosterone secretion
c. Directly increases aldosterone secretion
d. Converts aldosterone to cortisol
5. Which hormone plays a minor role in controlling aldosterone secretion?
a. ACTH
b. Insulin
c. ADH
d. Testosterone
6. What is one of the anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids?
a. Increase eosinophil count
b. Suppress inflammatory reactions
c. Enhance lymphocyte production
d. Stimulate fever
7. Which hormone is primarily responsible for the regulation of glucocorticoid secretion?
a. Thyroxine
b. ACTH
c. Aldosterone
d. Insulin
8. What effect do glucocorticoids have on blood cells?
a. Decrease neutrophil count
b. Increase eosinophil count
c. Increase RBCs and neutrophils
d. Decrease platelet count
9. What is a common symptom of Cushing's syndrome?
a. Hypoglycemia
b. Moon face
c. Increased muscle mass
d. Hair loss
10. What is the direct effect of ACTH on the melanocytes?
a. Decrease melanin production
b. Increase melanin production
c. No effect on melanin production
d. Destroys melanocytes
11. Which of the following is a manifestation of hyperaldosteronism?
a. Increased plasma K+ concentration
b. Hypotension
c. Decreased plasma Na+ concentration
d. Alkalosis
12. Which of the following is NOT a secondary male sex characteristic caused by testosterone
during puberty?
a. Increased body hair
b. Broadening of the shoulders
c. Deepness of voice
d. Growth of the testes
13. Which of the following is the optimal temperature for spermatogenesis?
a. 32-33°C
b. Below 32°C
c. Above 34°C
d. 34-35°C
14. Which hormone stimulates the Leydig cells to secrete testosterone?
a. Follicle-stimulating hormone
b. Thyroxin
c. Luteinizing hormone
d. Growth hormone
Answers:
1. b
2. c
3. b
4. c
5. a
6. b
7. b
8. c
9. b
10. b
11. d
12. d
13. a
14. c
Female reproductive system (Lecture-12)
1. What is the average duration of a menstrual cycle?
a. 21 ± 5 days
b. 28 ± 5 days
c. 35 ± 5 days
d. 14 ± 5 days
2. Which phase of the ovarian cycle is characterized by the maturation of ovarian follicles?
a. Ovulation phase
b. Menstrual phase
c. Follicular phase
d. Luteal phase
3. What hormone is primarily responsible for the ovulation phase?
a. FSH
b. Estrogen
c. Progesterone
d. LH
4. Which phase of the uterine cycle corresponds to the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?
a. Menstrual phase
b. Proliferative phase
c. Secretory phase
d. Ovulation phase
5. What is the name of the first menstruation in girls at puberty?
a. Thelarche
b. Menarche
c. Pubarche
d. Luteolysis
6. Which hormone stimulates the growth and maturation of the graafian follicles?
a. Estrogen
b. Progesterone
c. LH
d. FSH
7. What happens to estrogen and progesterone levels after ovulation if pregnancy does not
occur?
a. They increase
b. They remain constant
c. They decrease
d. They fluctuate randomly
8. Which hormone has a thermogenic effect that increases body temperature during the
menstrual cycle?
a. Estrogen
b. Progesterone
c. LH
d. FSH
9. Which phase of the uterine cycle involves the shedding of the endometrium?
a. Follicular phase
b. Proliferative phase
c. Secretory phase
d. Menstrual phase
10. Which hormone is primarily responsible for the secretory phase of the uterine cycle?
a. Estrogen
b. Progesterone
c. FSH
d. LH
Answers:
1. b
2. c
3. d
4. b
5. b
6. d
7. c
8. b
9. d
10. b
True & False questions:
1- The glomeruli of Juxtamedullary nephrons are located in the renal medulla
2- The initial part of distal convoluted tubules has paracrine function
3-Glomerular capillary bed drains into interlobular veins
4-88% of the glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed in DCTs
5-Creatinine is partially secreted in the PCTs and almost NOT absorbed, so its clearance is higher
than inulin clearance
6-10% of facultative water reabsorption occurs in the cortical collecting ducts
7-Hydrogen secretion in distal convoluted tubules is entirely buffered by filtered sodium
bicarbonate
8-Vasa recta constitute a low pressure system of capillaries
9-Juxtamedullary nephrons are responsible for urine formation
10-In large amounts, ADH causes an increase in blood pressure
11-The lipid-insoluble hormones act by non-genomic action
12-GH increases plasma levels of free fatty acids and spares carbohydrates for growth
13-The skeletal growth is more inhibited than soft tissue growth in cretinism
14-Thyroid hormones regulate their own secretion through negative feedback control
15-Calcitonin increases osteoblastic activity of bone
16-Trousseau's test is produced by occlusion of circulation of the arm for a few minutes
17-Type I (IDD) usually develops after the age of 40 years
18-In hyperinsulinism, the blood glucose level falls below 50 mg/dL
19-Cushing's syndrome leads to osteoporosis of bone
20-Mineralocorticoids are polypeptide hormones that act by genomic mechanism
21-Follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates Leydig cells to secrete testosterone
22-Progesterone (in large amount) inhibit FSH & LH secretions
23-Estrogen increases the stromal tissues of breasts and causes development of the duct system
24-The first event at puberty in girls is thelarche
ANSWERS
1- B
2-A
3-B
4-B
5-A
6-A
7-B
8-A
9-B
10-A
11- A
12- B
13- A
14- A
15- A
16- A
17- B
18- A
19- A
20- B
21- B
22- A
23- A
24- A