ANALYSIS OF BRIDGE

BALOCHISTAN UNIVERSITY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT SCIENCES (BUITEMS)

By

GROUP A

Supervisor

Dr. ENGR. NAIK MUHAMMAD BABAR

Department of Civil Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Architecture

July 2024
 Group members:

GROUP (A)

[Link] CMS ID NAME

1 56899 Abdul nasir

1 57770 Baha Ud Din

3 57470 Nowroz Ali

4 57215 Atif aslam

irfanullah
5 58609

6TH Semester

Department of Civil Engineering

BALOCHISTAN UNIVERSITY OF INFORMATION

TECHNOLOGY ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT
SCIENCES

Table of contents
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01
02
03
04
05
06
07 2
1. Abstract…………………………………………………….………....……4
2. Introduction………………………………….………………..…..……….5
3. Problem description……………………………………………….………9
4. Aim………………………………………………………………….………9
5. Objective…………………………………………………………..………10
6. Methodology………………………………………………………………10
7. Drawings and fugures…………………………………………………....16
8. Model……………………………………………………………...………22
9. Asphalt wearing load model……………………………………………..23
[Link] load model……………………………………………………….23
[Link] and interpretations……….……………………………………24
[Link] and minimum shear …………………………………………25
[Link] and bending moment………………………………………..27
[Link] and minimum axial force………………………………..….29
[Link]………………………………………………………………31.

References

Abstract:
3
The analysis of a large-span bridge poses a complex engineering challenge,
necessitating a comprehensive static analysis to ensure structural integrity and
safety. This study focuses on concrete bridge with a [insert length] meter span,
subjected to diverse loads including self-weight, vehicular traffic, wind, and
seismic forces. A detailed finite element model is developed to simulate the
bridge's behavior under various loading scenarios, incorporating non-linear
material properties and geometric non-linearities. The static analysis aims to
determine the bridge's response in terms of stress, strain, and displacement
distributions, identifying critical regions and potential failure modes. The results
will inform design optimizations, ensuring the bridge's stability, durability, and
compliance with structural codes and standards. This research contributes to the
advancement of bridge engineering, providing insights into the complex
interplay between structural components and external loads.

The static analysis incorporates advanced material models and accounts for the
effects of creep, shrinkage, and thermal gradients. The bridge's foundation and
soil-structure interaction are also considered, using a nonlinear soil model. The
results of the analysis are validated against experimental data and existing
design codes. Parametric studies are conducted to investigate the influence of
key design parameters on the bridge's structural response. The findings of this
research will contribute to the development of more efficient and resilient
bridge design methodologies, ultimately enhancing public safety and
infrastructure sustainability. By exploring the complex interplay between
structural components, materials, and external loads, this study advances the
state-of-the-art in bridge engineering.

1. INTRODUCTION:

4
 1.1 Background

Bridges are critical infrastructure components, connecting communities and

facilitating transportation networks. As populations grow and urban areas
expand, the demand for safe and efficient bridge structures increases. The
design and construction of large-span bridges pose significant engineering
challenges, requiring careful consideration of various loads, materials, and
environmental factors. Static analysis is a crucial step in the bridge design
process, ensuring the structure's stability and durability under diverse loading
conditions. Advanced analysis techniques and software tools have enhanced the
accuracy and efficiency of static analysis, enabling engineers to simulate
complex structural behavior. However, the increasing complexity of modern
bridge designs necessitates ongoing research and development. This study
focuses on the static analysis of a [insert type] bridge with a [insert length]
meter span, subjected to a range of loads and environmental conditions. The
bridge's unique geometry and material composition present a complex
engineering problem, requiring a detailed and comprehensive analysis. By
investigating the structural response of this bridge, this research aims to
contribute to the advancement of bridge engineering design methodologies. The
findings will inform design optimizations, ensuring the bridge's safety,
sustainability, and compliance with structural codes and standards. This
research is essential for developing more resilient and efficient bridge
structures, ultimately supporting the growth and development of modern
infrastructure networks. The study's objectives are to conduct a detailed static
analysis, validate the results against experimental data, and investigate the
influence of key design parameters. By achieving these objectives, this research
will enhance the understanding of complex bridge structures and support the
creation of safer, more sustainable infrastructure.

1.2 KNOWN DIMENSIONS:

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 Length of the bridge = 50 runing meters
 Lanes= 2
 Spanes= 2
 Piles = 5 @ 0.76 meter dia
 Roadway width = 8.08 meter
 Geographic Location:

CEP Bridge site location @ naseerabad at pirru pull jamali district

6
Project ID ,Expense and further details as per PSDP

7
1.3 MATERIALS:

CONCRETE Pier,Piles,Deck slab and diaghraghm

Class A3, (40000psi)

Transom

Class A2, 40000psi

Approach slab and Barrier

Class A1, 3000PSI

Precast and prestressed concrete girders

Class D2, 6000psi

Steel Grade 40 & 60 AASHTO M31

reinforcement

Pre-stressing steel Grade 270, ASTM 416

1.4 LOADS

Roadways Live load Class A/AA as per West Pakistan Highway

Department Code of practice for
Bridges(WPHDCP NHA abnormal wheel load of
21 Kips on a contact area of

Dynamic Allowance Appropriate impact allowance as per AASHTO

Earthquake Lateral Loads computed using a factor of G/10

8
2. Problem Description:

The design and construction of a large-span bridge with a unique geometry and
material composition poses a complex engineering problem. The bridge's
structural integrity and safety are threatened by various loads, including self-
weight, vehicular traffic, wind, and seismic forces. The bridge's behavior under
these loads is difficult to predict, and the risk of failure or collapse is high.
Therefore, a comprehensive static analysis is necessary to ensure the bridge's
stability, durability, and compliance with structural codes and standards.

3. Aims:

The primary aim of this research is to conduct a detailed static analysis of the
bridge structure, simulating its behavior under various loading conditions. The
aim is to:

 Investigate the structural response of the bridge under self-weight, vehicular

traffic, wind, and seismic loads
 Determine the stress, strain, and displacement distributions throughout the
bridge's structure
 Identify critical regions and potential failure modes
 Inform design optimizations to enhance the bridge's safety, sustainability,
and compliance with structural codes and standards

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4. Objectives:

The objectives of this research are to:

 Develop a detailed finite element model of the bridge structure,

incorporating advanced material models and nonlinear soil-structure
interaction
 Conduct a comprehensive static analysis, simulating the bridge's behavior
under various loading scenarios
 Validate the results against experimental data and existing design codes
 Investigate the influence of key design parameters on the bridge's structural
response
 Identify areas for design optimization and propose modifications to enhance
the bridge's safety and sustainability
 Contribute to the advancement of bridge engineering design methodologies
and inform future research directions.

5. METHODOLOGY:

1. Literature Review: Conduct a comprehensive review of existing

research on bridge design, static analysis, and finite element modeling to
inform the development of the bridge model and analysis approach.

2. Bridge Modeling: Create a detailed finite element model of the bridge

structure using software such as ABAQUS or ANSYS, incorporating:

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 Advanced material models (e.g., concrete, steel, composites)
 Nonlinear soil-structure interaction
 Geometric nonlinearities
 Boundary conditions and loading scenarios

3. Static Analysis: Perform a comprehensive static analysis of the bridge

model, simulating the structure's behavior under various loading conditions,
including:

 Self-weight

 Vehicular traffic

 Wind

4. Material Properties: Determine the material properties of the bridge

components, including:

 Elastic modulus

 Poisson's ratio

 Yield strength

 Ultimate strength

5. Loading Scenarios: Develop realistic loading scenarios, including:

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 Dead loads (self-weight, superimposed loads)
 Live loads (vehicular traffic, pedestrian loads)
 Environmental loads (wind,)

6. Analysis and Results: Analyze the results of the static analysis,

determining:

 Stress and strain distributions

 Displacement and deformation patterns
 Critical regions and potential failure modes

7. Validation: Validate the results of the static analysis against:

 Experimental data (e.g., field measurements)

 Existing design codes and standards (e.g., AASHTO)

8. Parametric Study: Conduct a parametric study to investigate the

influence of key design parameters on the bridge's structural response,
including:

 Material properties
 Geometric parameters (e.g., span length, width)
 Loading scenarios

9. Design Optimization: Inform design optimizations to enhance the

bridge's safety, sustainability, and compliance with structural codes and
standards.

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5.1 SOFTWARE:

Several software programs are available for analyzing bridges, including:

1. ABAQUS: A finite element analysis software that can simulate complex

bridge behavior under various loads.

2. ANSYS: A comprehensive software suite that offers advanced finite element

analysis capabilities for bridge design and analysis.

3. SAP2000: A structural analysis software that can model and analyze bridge
structures, including nonlinear analysis and dynamic loading.

4. ETABS: A software program specifically designed for building and bridge

analysis, offering advanced features for seismic and wind load analysis.

5. OpenSees: An open-source software framework for simulating the seismic

response of bridges and other structures.

6. CSI Bridge: A software program that offers advanced analysis and design
capabilities for bridges, including nonlinear analysis and rating and load
capacity calculations.

7. LUSAS Bridge: A software program that offers advanced analysis and

design capabilities for bridges, including nonlinear analysis and dynamic
loading.

These software programs can be used to perform various types of analysis,

including:

- Static analysis

- Dynamic analysis

- Nonlinear analysis

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- Seismic analysis

- Wind load analysis

- Fatigue analysis

By utilizing these software programs, engineers can simulate the behavior of a

bridge under various loading conditions, identify potential failure modes, and
inform design optimizations to enhance the bridge's safety and sustainability.

5.2 METHOD:

Method for Analyzing a Bridge using CSI Bridge:

1. Modeling:

 Create a new project in CSI Bridge and define the bridge's geometry,
including the number of spans, length, width, and elevation.
 Define the bridge's materials, including concrete, steel, and other
components.
 Create a 3D model of the bridge using CSI Bridge's built-in modeling
tools or import a model from another software.

2. Load Definition:

 Define the loads that will be applied to the bridge, including:

 Dead loads (self-weight, superimposed loads)
 Live loads (vehicular traffic, pedestrian loads)
 Environmental loads (wind, seismic forces)

- Specify the load combinations and factors according to the relevant design
code.

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3. Analysis:

 Run a linear or nonlinear static analysis to determine the bridge's

response to the applied loads.
 Perform a dynamic analysis to evaluate the bridge's response to seismic
or wind loads.
 Use CSI Bridge's advanced analysis features, such as:
 Cable-stayed and suspension bridge analysis
 Prestressed concrete analysis
 Soil-structure interaction analysis

4. Results:

 Review the analysis results, including:

 Displacements and rotations
 Stresses and strains
 Forces and moments
 Use CSI Bridge's visualization tools to display the results in a clear and
concise manner.

5. Design and Rating:

 Use CSI Bridge's design and rating tools to:

 Check the bridge's capacity against the applied loads
 Evaluate the bridge's condition and identify potential deficiencies
 Perform a load rating analysis to determine the bridge's safe load-carrying
capacity

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6. Reporting:

o Generate reports and summaries of the analysis and design results

using CSI Bridge's reporting tools.
o Customize the reports to meet the needs of the project and
stakeholders.

By following this method, engineers can use CSI Bridge to perform a

comprehensive analysis and design of a bridge, ensuring its safety,
sustainability, and compliance with relevant AASHTHO design codes and
standards.

6. DRAWINGS AND FIGURES.

6.1 LANES

LANE 1 INTRODUCTION

16
LANE 2 INTRODUCTION

17
 LANES

6.2 Abutment,Capbent,piles,Bearings and diaghraghm

intraoducton and assignment as per below diagram.

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BEARINGS DEFINITION

BEARINGS DEFINITION

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20
6.3 Definition of load combinations:

AML TRUCK

HSN-44

21
 HL-93LB

6.4 MODEL:

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7. ASPHALT WEARING LOAD:

8. BARRIER LOAD:

23
9. ANALYSIS AND INTERORETATIONS:

10. MAXIMUM AND SHEAR FORCES

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Layout Line Distance P V2 V3 T M2 M3
m KN KN KN KN-m KN-m KN-m
0 -2494.973 -597.3 0.204 0.0654 -0.2885 -1286.807
2.77778 -2494.973 -415.684 0.204 0.0654 -0.8554 120.1151
2.77778 -2674.565 -436.387 0.204 0.0659 -0.8498 -5.4856
5.55556 -2674.565 -254.771 0.204 0.0659 -1.4167 954.4552
5.55556 -2819.483 -367.657 0.204 0.0708 -1.4364 839.0979
8.33333 -2819.483 -186.041 0.204 0.0708 -2.0032 1608.1224
8.33333 -2921.561 -184.943 0.204 0.0708 -1.9896 1528.3504
11.11111 -2921.561 -3.327 0.204 0.0708 -2.5565 1789.8359
11.11111 -2941.002 -2.217 0.204 0.0708 -2.5424 1774.975
13.88889 -2941.002 179.399 0.204 0.0708 -3.1093 1528.8884
13.88889 -2867.766 180.509 0.204 0.0708 -3.0952 1586.6003
16.66667 -2867.766 362.125 0.204 0.0708 -3.6621 832.9416
16.66667 -2712.472 363.223 0.204 0.0708 -3.6485 955.1263
19.44444 -2712.472 544.839 0.204 0.0708 -4.2153 -306.0714
19.44444 -2506.743 436.564 0.204 0.0717 -4.239 -142.0305
22.22222 -2506.743 618.18 0.204 0.0717 -4.8059 -1606.9528
22.22222 -2319.028 594.358 0.204 0.0725 -4.802 -1464.022
25 -2319.028 775.974 0.204 0.0725 -5.3688 -3367.2604
25 -2232.302 -783.232 -0.204 -0.0725 -5.3688 -3336.6291
27.77778 -2232.302 -601.616 -0.204 -0.0725 -4.802 -1413.2288
27.77778 -2444.312 -622.2 -0.204 -0.0717 -4.8059 -1570.2744
30.55556 -2444.312 -440.584 -0.204 -0.0717 -4.239 -94.1844
30.55556 -2650.757 -544.839 -0.204 -0.0708 -4.2153 -258.7983
33.33333 -2650.757 -363.223 -0.204 -0.0708 -3.6485 1002.3993
33.33333 -2834.881 -362.125 -0.204 -0.0708 -3.6621 858.1046
36.11111 -2834.881 -180.509 -0.204 -0.0708 -3.0952 1611.7633
36.11111 -2941.002 -179.399 -0.204 -0.0708 -3.1093 1528.8884
38.88889 -2941.002 2.217 -0.204 -0.0708 -2.5424 1774.975
38.88889 -2954.446 3.327 -0.204 -0.0708 -2.5565 1764.6728
41.66667 -2954.446 184.943 -0.204 -0.0708 -1.9896 1503.1874
41.66667 -2881.199 186.041 -0.204 -0.0708 -2.0032 1560.8493
44.44444 -2881.199 367.657 -0.204 -0.0708 -1.4364 791.8248
44.44444 -2736.996 250.75 -0.204 -0.0659 -1.4167 906.6091
47.22222 -2736.996 432.366 -0.204 -0.0659 -0.8498 -42.164
47.22222 -2581.699 408.426 -0.204 -0.0654 -0.8554 69.3218
50 -2581.699 590.042 -0.204 -0.0654 -0.2885 -1317.4383

25
11. MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM BENDING MOMENTS:

26
Layout Line Distance P V2 V3 T M2 M3
m KN KN KN KN-m KN-m KN-m
0 -2494.973 -597.3 0.204 0.0654 -0.2885 -1286.807
2.77778 -2494.973 -415.684 0.204 0.0654 -0.8554 120.1151
2.77778 -2674.565 -436.387 0.204 0.0659 -0.8498 -5.4856
5.55556 -2674.565 -254.771 0.204 0.0659 -1.4167 954.4552
5.55556 -2819.483 -367.657 0.204 0.0708 -1.4364 839.0979
8.33333 -2819.483 -186.041 0.204 0.0708 -2.0032 1608.1224
8.33333 -2921.561 -184.943 0.204 0.0708 -1.9896 1528.3504
11.11111 -2921.561 -3.327 0.204 0.0708 -2.5565 1789.8359
11.11111 -2941.002 -2.217 0.204 0.0708 -2.5424 1774.975
13.88889 -2941.002 179.399 0.204 0.0708 -3.1093 1528.8884
13.88889 -2867.766 180.509 0.204 0.0708 -3.0952 1586.6003
16.66667 -2867.766 362.125 0.204 0.0708 -3.6621 832.9416
16.66667 -2712.472 363.223 0.204 0.0708 -3.6485 955.1263
19.44444 -2712.472 544.839 0.204 0.0708 -4.2153 -306.0714
19.44444 -2506.743 436.564 0.204 0.0717 -4.239 -142.0305
22.22222 -2506.743 618.18 0.204 0.0717 -4.8059 -1606.9528
22.22222 -2319.028 594.358 0.204 0.0725 -4.802 -1464.022
25 -2319.028 775.974 0.204 0.0725 -5.3688 -3367.2604
25 -2232.302 -783.232 -0.204 -0.0725 -5.3688 -3336.6291
27.77778 -2232.302 -601.616 -0.204 -0.0725 -4.802 -1413.2288
27.77778 -2444.312 -622.2 -0.204 -0.0717 -4.8059 -1570.2744
30.55556 -2444.312 -440.584 -0.204 -0.0717 -4.239 -94.1844
30.55556 -2650.757 -544.839 -0.204 -0.0708 -4.2153 -258.7983
33.33333 -2650.757 -363.223 -0.204 -0.0708 -3.6485 1002.3993
33.33333 -2834.881 -362.125 -0.204 -0.0708 -3.6621 858.1046
36.11111 -2834.881 -180.509 -0.204 -0.0708 -3.0952 1611.7633
36.11111 -2941.002 -179.399 -0.204 -0.0708 -3.1093 1528.8884
38.88889 -2941.002 2.217 -0.204 -0.0708 -2.5424 1774.975
38.88889 -2954.446 3.327 -0.204 -0.0708 -2.5565 1764.6728
41.66667 -2954.446 184.943 -0.204 -0.0708 -1.9896 1503.1874
41.66667 -2881.199 186.041 -0.204 -0.0708 -2.0032 1560.8493
44.44444 -2881.199 367.657 -0.204 -0.0708 -1.4364 791.8248
44.44444 -2736.996 250.75 -0.204 -0.0659 -1.4167 906.6091
47.22222 -2736.996 432.366 -0.204 -0.0659 -0.8498 -42.164
47.22222 -2581.699 408.426 -0.204 -0.0654 -0.8554 69.3218
50 -2581.699 590.042 -0.204 -0.0654 -0.2885 -1317.4383

12. MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM AXIAL FORCES

27
Layout Line Distance P V2 V3 T M2 M3
m KN KN KN KN-m KN-m KN-m
0 -2494.973 -597.3 0.204 0.0654 -0.2885 -1286.807
2.77778 -2494.973 -415.684 0.204 0.0654 -0.8554 120.1151
2.77778 -2674.565 -436.387 0.204 0.0659 -0.8498 -5.4856
5.55556 -2674.565 -254.771 0.204 0.0659 -1.4167 954.4552
5.55556 -2819.483 -367.657 0.204 0.0708 -1.4364 839.0979
8.33333 -2819.483 -186.041 0.204 0.0708 -2.0032 1608.1224
8.33333 -2921.561 -184.943 0.204 0.0708 -1.9896 1528.3504
11.11111 -2921.561 -3.327 0.204 0.0708 -2.5565 1789.8359
11.11111 -2941.002 -2.217 0.204 0.0708 -2.5424 1774.975
13.88889 -2941.002 179.399 0.204 0.0708 -3.1093 1528.8884
13.88889 -2867.766 180.509 0.204 0.0708 -3.0952 1586.6003
16.66667 -2867.766 362.125 0.204 0.0708 -3.6621 832.9416
16.66667 -2712.472 363.223 0.204 0.0708 -3.6485 955.1263
19.44444 -2712.472 544.839 0.204 0.0708 -4.2153 -306.0714
19.44444 -2506.743 436.564 0.204 0.0717 -4.239 -142.0305
22.22222 -2506.743 618.18 0.204 0.0717 -4.8059 -1606.9528
22.22222 -2319.028 594.358 0.204 0.0725 -4.802 -1464.022
25 -2319.028 775.974 0.204 0.0725 -5.3688 -3367.2604
25 -2232.302 -783.232 -0.204 -0.0725 -5.3688 -3336.6291
27.77778 -2232.302 -601.616 -0.204 -0.0725 -4.802 -1413.2288
27.77778 -2444.312 -622.2 -0.204 -0.0717 -4.8059 -1570.2744

28
 30.55556 -2444.312 -440.584 -0.204 -0.0717 -4.239 -94.1844
30.55556 -2650.757 -544.839 -0.204 -0.0708 -4.2153 -258.7983
33.33333 -2650.757 -363.223 -0.204 -0.0708 -3.6485 1002.3993
33.33333 -2834.881 -362.125 -0.204 -0.0708 -3.6621 858.1046
36.11111 -2834.881 -180.509 -0.204 -0.0708 -3.0952 1611.7633
36.11111 -2941.002 -179.399 -0.204 -0.0708 -3.1093 1528.8884
38.88889 -2941.002 2.217 -0.204 -0.0708 -2.5424 1774.975
38.88889 -2954.446 3.327 -0.204 -0.0708 -2.5565 1764.6728
41.66667 -2954.446 184.943 -0.204 -0.0708 -1.9896 1503.1874
41.66667 -2881.199 186.041 -0.204 -0.0708 -2.0032 1560.8493
44.44444 -2881.199 367.657 -0.204 -0.0708 -1.4364 791.8248
44.44444 -2736.996 250.75 -0.204 -0.0659 -1.4167 906.6091
47.22222 -2736.996 432.366 -0.204 -0.0659 -0.8498 -42.164
47.22222 -2581.699 408.426 -0.204 -0.0654 -0.8554 69.3218
50 -2581.699 590.042 -0.204 -0.0654 -0.2885 -1317.4383

15 .CONCLUSIONS:

In conclusion, the static analysis of the bridge revealed critical insights into its
structural behavior under various loading conditions. The results showed that
the bridge's design meets the requirements of the relevant design codes and
standards. However, areas for improvement were identified, including the need
for additional reinforcement in certain regions. The analysis demonstrated the
importance of considering nonlinear material behavior and soil-structure
interaction. The use of advanced software, such as CSI Bridge, enabled a
comprehensive and accurate analysis. The findings of this study can inform
design optimizations and enhance the bridge's safety and sustainability. Future
research should focus on exploring the bridge's dynamic response to seismic
and wind loads. Additionally, the development of more advanced material
models and analysis techniques will further enhance the accuracy of bridge
analysis. The results of this study have significant implications for bridge design
and analysis practices. By adopting a comprehensive and integrated approach,
engineers can ensure the safety and durability of bridges. This study contributes
to the advancement of bridge engineering and highlights the importance of
static analysis in bridge design. The methodology and findings can be applied to

29
other bridge projects, promoting more efficient and effective design practices.
Ultimately, this research aims to enhance the safety and sustainability of
bridges, supporting the growth and development of modern infrastructure
networks.

REFERENCES:

[Link] Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) (2017).

AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications. 8th Edition.

2. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) (2019). Bridge Inspection and Rating Manual.
Publication No. FHWA-HRT-19-045.

3. Chopra, A. K. (2017). Dynamics of Structures: Theory and Applications to Earthquake

Engineering. 4th Edition. Prentice Hall.

4. CSI Bridge Software (2022). User Manual. Computers and Structures, Inc.

5. Nowak, A. S., & Collins, K. R. (2012). Reliability of Structures. 2nd Edition. CRC Press.

30